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28362. Disarming the Subject: Remembering War and Imagining Citizenship in Peru | Désarmer le sujet : souvenirs de la guerre et citoyenneté imaginée au Pérou
- Author:
- Kimberly Theidon
- Publication Date:
- 09-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- War and its aftermath serve as powerful motivators for the elaboration and transmission of individual, communal, and national histories. These histories both reflect and constitute human experience by contouring social memory and producing truth effects. These histories use the past in a creative manner, combining and recombining elements of that past that serve to interests in the present. In this sense, the conscious appropriation of history involves both remembering and forgetting—both being dynamic processes permeated with intentionality. This essay explores the political use of the narratives being elaborated in rural villages in the department of Ayacucho regarding the internal war that convulsed Peru for some fifteen years. Each narrative has a political intent and assumes both an internal and external audience. Indeed, the deployment of war narratives has much to do with forging new relations of power, ethnicity, and gender that are integral to the contemporary politics of the region. These new relations impact the construction of democratic practices and the model of citizenship being elaborated in the current context.
- Topic:
- Gender Issues, War, Citizenship, and Memory
- Political Geography:
- South America and Peru
28363. Forced Urbanization as a Counter-Insurgency Policy. Everyday Life inside Strategic Villages Built in Argentina (1976-1978) | L’urbanisation forcée comme politique contre-insurrectionnelle La vie au sein des villages stratégiques construits en Argentine (1976-1978)
- Author:
- Pamela Colombo
- Publication Date:
- 09-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- The military program for building “strategic villages”, which emerged at the beginning of the Cold War, sought to develop ex nihilo urban spaces to displace rural populations living in zones influenced by guerrilla groups. This article analyses the Rural Relocation Plan implemented in the Argentinian province of Tucumán between 1976 and 1978 that led to the construction of four strategic villages. In doing so, it seeks to establish whether or not space has the power to transform a community’s political and social life in the long term. This article equally addresses the following three questions: What is everyday life like in spaces where military and civil worlds cohabit and hybridize? What are the characteristics of urban spaces designed to dissuade populations from rising up in support of the guerrillas? The analysis of in-depth interviews conducted with the inhabitants of strategic villages in Tucumán allows for an examination of the social and political effects of forced urbanization as a counter-insurgency technique.
- Topic:
- Counterinsurgency, Displacement, Space, and Violence
- Political Geography:
- Argentina and South America
28364. Producing Undesirables at the Border. Border Control Practices at a European Airport | La fabrique des indésirables Pratiques de contrôle aux frontières dans un aéroport européen
- Author:
- Andrew Crosby and Andrea Rea
- Publication Date:
- 09-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Based on empirical research in a European airport, this article analyses how border guards control third-country nationals by advancing an anthropology of the power of border control as exhibited by the use of symbolic violence and discretionary state power. Leaning on the theories of street-level bureaucracies and organizations, we analyze the work practices, professional routines and organization of the work of border guards in order to show how border guards activate and constitute the border and the control of mobility. We argue that control at the airport is based both on the influence of the network-border and on a dramaturgical performance of bureaucratic governance, which is meant to create legitimate travelers and undesirable passengers, while circumventing potential protests of the latter and simulating accountability toward the broader public of citizens. As such, border control is more of a symbolic act than an efficient tool of immigration policy.
- Topic:
- Immigration, Border Control, Borders, and Bureaucracy
- Political Geography:
- Europe
28365. Ethnographying State Violence: Narratives and Experiences of Victims of the “War on Drugs” in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico | Ethnographier la violence d’État : récits et expériences des victimes de la lutte contre le narcotrafic à Ciudad Juárez, Mexique
- Author:
- Chiara Calzolaio
- Publication Date:
- 09-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- With over ten thousand victims, the Mexican city of Ciudad Juárez was one of the most violent theatres of the war against drug trafficking, which was initiated by the former Mexican president, Felipe Calderón, during his 2006-2012 mandate. This article draws parallels between, on the one hand, the manner through which the government problematized the rise in homicides and, on the other hand, the experiences of some of the victims of violence inflicted by law enforcement agencies. Drawing from ethnographic material collected between 2008 and 2011, the practices of state violence implemented during the last military operation are approached here through the experiences and narratives of victims.
- Topic:
- War on Drugs, State Violence, Ethnography, and Violence
- Political Geography:
- Central America, Mexico, and Ciudad Juarez
28366. Defining Down Sovereignty: The Rights and Responsibilities of Nations
- Author:
- Amitai Etzioni
- Publication Date:
- 03-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- Defining down sovereignty" refers to the normative thesis that sovereignty should not grant a state absolute protection against armed intervention in its internal affairs by other states, and that instead the international community should condition such immunity on states living up to particular standards. This essay suggests two modifications to this thesis. First, the international community should spell out the kinds of failures to protect civilians that can justify armed interventions by other states, as well as which agency has the authority to determine when such failures have occurred. In other words, the international community should determine how low to set the bar for intervention, and who makes the rules. Second, the international community needs to establish an additional international responsibility, namely, a responsibility to prevent international terrorism. The essay treats both of these modifications as shared international normative understandings; it does not attempt to translate these changes into international law.
- Topic:
- Sovereignty, Terrorism, Leadership, State Building, and Armed Conflict
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
28367. Equality as a Global Goal
- Author:
- Edward Anderson
- Publication Date:
- 06-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were established following the UN Millennium Declaration, which was approved by the UN General Assembly in September 2000. Described by some as the “world's biggest promise," they set out a series of time-bound targets to be achieved by the international community by 2015, including a halving of extreme poverty, a two-third reduction in child mortality, a three-quarter reduction in maternal mortality, and universal primary education. The MDGs were, however, often criticized for having a "blind spot" with regard to inequality and social injustice. Worse, they may even have contributed to entrenched inequalities through perverse incentives. As some have argued, in order to achieve progress toward the MDG targets at the national level, governments focused their attention on the "easy to reach" populations and ignored more marginalized, vulnerable groups. The aim of this essay is to examine the extent to which this widespread criticism has been successfully addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), approved by the UN General Assembly in September 2015.
- Topic:
- United Nations, Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, and Equality
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
28368. Swedish Feminist Foreign Policy in the Making: Ethics, Politics, and Gender
- Author:
- Karin Aggestram and Annika Bergman-Rosamond
- Publication Date:
- 09-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- In 2015 the world’s first self-defined feminist government was formed in Sweden. As part of that ambitious declaration, Sweden also became the first state ever to publicly adopt a feminist foreign policy, with a stated ambition to become the "strongest voice for gender equality and full employment of human rights for all women and girls." To be sure, launching a feminist foreign policy is a radical policy change. At the same time, this policy is embedded in the broader global efforts to promote gender equality in the international arena, which we have seen evolving over the past few decades in the aftermath of the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. The resolution "reaffirms the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping, humanitarian response, and in post-conflict reconstruction and stresses the importance of their equal participation and full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security."
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Gender Issues, United Nations, Peacekeeping, Humanitarian Intervention, and Feminism
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Sweden
28369. Ending Statelessness Through Belonging: A Transformative Agenda?
- Author:
- Kristy A. Belton
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- Belonging. The subject conjures up a realm of emotions. In today's world, where increasing numbers of people are on the move, whether voluntarily or forced, it captures the nostalgia one feels for a home left behind or the yearning one has for acceptance in a new community. It can produce feelings of joy or loss even from a distance, as when one follows political, sporting, or family events from afar. It encompasses sentiments of anguish, fear, and resentment when those who wish to belong are rejected or when those within a group feel threatened by those from without. For all the talk today of an interconnected, globalizing world where borders are “not just permeable, but . . . shot through with large holes,” most of us still expect our national borders—the borders of the state where we belong—to be impenetrable, except through the preapproved legal channels.
- Topic:
- Globalization, Displacement, Borders, and Belonging
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
28370. Many Worlds, Many Theories, Many Rules: Formulating an Ethical System for the World to Come
- Author:
- Nicholas Onuf
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- There are many ways to speak about the modern world, and many theories setting it apart. I focus on a world facing economic decline and a return to the status-ordering of traditional societies. With republican theory as a backdrop, I show that an updated virtue ethics constitutes an ethical system uniquely suiting any society that is significantly status-ordered.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Ethics, and International Relations Theory
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
28371. Towards the Global Study of International Relations
- Author:
- Andrew Hurrell
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This article reviews recent critiques of the wester-centrism of mainstream International Relations. It argues that the overriding challenge is to try to move beyond critique and to develop a global study of international relations that insists on the importance of the systemic, of the global, but that also takes the critiques seriously and builds on them productively.
- Topic:
- International Relations, International Relations Theory, Academia, Eurocentrism, and Area Studies
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
28372. Many worlds, many nature(s), one planet: indigenous knowledge in the Anthropocene
- Author:
- Cristina Yumie Aoki Inoue and Paula Franco Moreira
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This article explores the idea of many nature(s) and its implication for the studies of global environmental politics. It discusses the inadequacy of the nature-society dichotomy and argues for epistemological parity, as well as for the recovery of indigenous knowledge systems. Looking at indigenous knowledge uncovers many ways to consider nature and contributes to recast global environmental studies in the Anthropocene.
- Topic:
- Environment, Politics, Indigenous, Nature, and Hybridization
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and Global Focus
28373. International Relations Theory in Brazil: trends and challenges in teaching and research
- Author:
- Fernanda Barasuol and André Reis da Silva
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This article presents a preliminary analysis of the teaching of International Relations Theory (IRT) and the use of theory in Brazilian academic research. We evaluate the teaching of IRT by analyzing courses' curricula and syllabi. Our analysis of the use of IRT in Brazilian research is based on Doctoral dissertations, CNPq-funded technical reports and papers published in Brazilian journals.
- Topic:
- International Relations, International Relations Theory, Academia, and Knowledge Production
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America
28374. Rethinking IR from the Amazon
- Author:
- Manuela Picq
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This article proposes Amazonia as a site to think world politics. The Amazon is invisible in the study International Relations (IR), yet its experiences are deeply global. I present the international dynamics at play in Amazonia at different historical moments to posit that this periphery has contributed to forging the political-economy of what is refer to as the core. The Amazon's absence from the study of IR speaks about the larger inequality in processes of knowledge production. Serious engagements with Amazonia are one way to invite a plurality of worlds in the production of theories, disrupting global divisions of labor in knowledge production ally.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Indigenous, and Knowledge Production
- Political Geography:
- Amazon Basin and Global South
28375. Implementing decisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement in Brazil: is there a place for transparency and participation?
- Author:
- Camila Capucio
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This paper aims to discuss the democracy gap in the implementation process of decisions of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System in Brazil and possible measures to increase its transparency and accountability. Although the selection of the implementation measure is a sensible political choice that impacts a wide spectrum of different interest groups in diverse manners, government shall give publicity and transparency to the selecting process, making possible for interest groups and agents to present their arguments regarding the possible implementation paths and connecting state governance structures to stakeholders, and allowing the collective and legitimate construction of public interest.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, International Trade and Finance, World Trade Organization, and Policy Implementation
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America
28376. Foreign Policy Analysis in Latin American democracies: the case for a research protocol
- Author:
- Dawisson Belém Lopes, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta de Faria, and Manoel Santos
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- In this article we propose an alternative theoretical path to study contemporary Latin American foreign policies, evoking the notion of 'public policy cycle' to explain how democratic regimes in the region have been able to expand their autonomy over time. For that, we will first identify the sources of a given country's foreign policy, both at home and abroad, as well as its decision-making and implementation mechanisms. With regard to methodology, by replacing sheer deductivism for some inductivism, this approach also innovates in allowing more rigorous comparative politics and, consequently, new general theories about Latin American politics and policies.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy and Democracy
- Political Geography:
- Latin America
28377. What does the field of International Relations look like in South America?
- Author:
- Marcelo de Almeida Medeiros, Israel Barnabé, Rodrigo Albuquerque, and Rafael Lima
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This article provides a comprehensive picture of IR in South America by applying content analysis to 7,857 articles published in 35 journals from six South American countries from 2006 to 2014 in order to discover what the predominant theories, methods and research areas in this field are, how scholars tend to combine them in their research designs, and what the profiles of regional journals are, regarding their epistemological, methodological and subject preferences. The findings reveal a predominantly Positivist and largely Qualitative discipline, resembling North American and European IR.
- Topic:
- Research, International Relations Theory, Academia, Knowledge Production, and Content Analysis
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America
28378. Wandering decarbonization: the BRIC countries as conservative climate powers
- Author:
- Eduardo Viola and Larissa Basso
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- This article discusses the role of China, Russia, India and Brazil in the climate regime. It describes the trajectory of their emissions, of their domestic policies and of their international commitments, and argues that, despite their responsibility in causing the problem, they have been conservative forces in the climate regime.
- Topic:
- Climate Change, Politics, BRIC, and Decarbonization
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, India, and Brazil
28379. International cooperation on transboundary aquifers in South America and the Guarani Aquifer case
- Author:
- Pilar Carolina Villar
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
- Institution:
- Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
- Abstract:
- International cooperation on groundwater takes many forms. The mobilization of different actors helps to promote cooperation initiatives in South America, where the most well known case is the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS). This article intends to analyze how international actors have motivated cooperation on transboundary aquifers and its repercussions in South America, especially in the case of the GAS.
- Topic:
- International Cooperation, Natural Resources, Water, Governance, and Aquifers
- Political Geography:
- South America
28380. Women, Drug Policies, and Incarceration: A Guide for Policy Reform in Colombia
- Author:
- Rodrigo Uprimny, Margarita Martínez, Luis Felipe Cruz, Sergio Chaparro, and Nina Chaparro
- Publication Date:
- 10-2016
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Dejusticia
- Abstract:
- The war on drugs has been a failure: even though more people have been incarcerated, accused of drug crimes, the consumption of substances hasn’t reduced, the narcotic traffic keeps growing and the violence associated to it has increased. The drug policy in Colombia has focused on criminalizing and imprisoning the lowest-ranking members of the drug trade, who are mainly poor people that occupy a marginal relationship with the business and with society. And there is a particular tendency for single mothers, who haven’t been able to find a formal job, to get involved in the illegal drug trade networks, developing high-risk tasks which are poorly remunerated. This document, on the one hand, makes a diagnosis about the situation of women linked with drug crimes in Colombia and the impact that has in their lives and families. On the other hand, It also offers public policy recommendations aimed at mitigating incarceration’s disproportionate effects on these women, with an eye toward preventing such effects in the future.
- Topic:
- War on Drugs, Women, Criminal Justice, Mass Incarceration, and Drugs
- Political Geography:
- Colombia