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401. Joe Biden Administration’s Security Policy and What It Means for the Baltic States

Author:
Martinas Malużinas
Publication Date:
06-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Institution:
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
Abstract:
The aim of this article is to analyse the US security policy during the presidency of Joe Biden, with the main emphasis on military security and its importance for the Baltic states, which perceive the US as the main guarantor of their security. This is particularly important in the context of challenges related to China’s expansion in the region or Russia’s display of strength. Based on realist theories of international relations, using methods of content analysis, synthesis, and comparison, it was possible to analyse the role of the so-called B3 Baltic states in US foreign policy. There is no doubt that the US is positioning itself as one of the key strategic partners of the B3 states; therefore, in this context, it is necessary to consider the US strategic options toward the B3, which have evolved along with the change in the geopolitical situation in the European region. The Kremlin’s invasion of Ukraine confirmed the decisive response of the B3 states, perceiving Russia as a threat to the security of the region. The time frame is limited to Biden’s four-year term in 2021–2024. For research purposes, the contemporary literature in the field of political science and security was used, as well as primary sources related to US decisions and presidential statements that are relevant to this article.
Topic:
Security, Foreign Policy, Donald Trump, Joe Biden, Military Security, and Security Policy
Political Geography:
Russia, Ukraine, United States of America, and Baltic States

402. Transformations of Indian Islamism in the Background of the Activities of Abul A’la Maududi and Jama’at-e Islami

Author:
Anna Zasuń
Publication Date:
06-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Institution:
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
Abstract:
The article attempts a historical and qualitative analysis of Indian-Pakistani Islamism, represented by Abul A’la Maududi and formed by him movement Jama’at-e Islami. Considering the specific context in which Islamist ideas were born in India, i.e. under the influence of nationalist and secular tendencies represented by the leading political forces of the subcontinent (in particular Muslim League and National Congress), the question of the originality and at the same time distinctiveness of Indian and then Pakistani Islamism in the context of similar movements in the Middle Eastern region is fascinating. This is interesting because the Indian context in the evolution of Islamism, although influential, is outside the mainstream of Islamist tendencies. The main aim of this article is therefore to trace the genesis and evolution of Indo-Pakistani Islamism, to examine the political, social and cultural conditions that shaped its character, and then to place it in the broader context of Islamism and the concept of the Islamic state as it relates to the broader context of the Islamic world. An essential basis for the considerations in the article is the views of Maududi himself, both on the Islamic state and Pakistani politics, including nationalism, democracy and the secular system of Pakistan.
Topic:
Nationalism, Islamism, Abul A'la Maududi, and Jama'at-e Islami
Political Geography:
South Asia, India, and Pakistan

403. Economic Interactions and Competitiveness Evaluation: A Study of Romania-Poland Bilateral Relations

Author:
Oleksandra Struk
Publication Date:
03-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Institution:
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
Abstract:
The research aims to evaluate competitiveness of Romania and Poland, focusing on their bilateral relations. The primary research problem revolves around understanding the dynamics and outcomes of economic cooperation between Romania and Poland, especially in the context of their systemic transformations and integration into the European Union. The main hypotheses are the following: (1) Economic cooperation between Romania and Poland has significantly evolved post-EU accession. (2) Bilateral trade and investment have played crucial roles in the economic growth of both countries. (3) Differences in economic policies and sectoral focuses impact the competitiveness of each nation. The study employs a combination of historical analysis, trade data examination, literature review, and competitiveness indices to evaluate the economic relations between the two countries. Key metrics include trade values, investment flows, and economic freedom indices. The author highlights the deep and evolving economic ties between Romania and Poland, underpinned by robust trade relations, significant investments, and shared regional cooperation goals. While the study shows differences in economic policies between Romania and Poland, it does not comprehensively analyze the specific policies and their direct impacts on competitiveness, which could be addressed in further studies.
Topic:
Bilateral Relations, Investment, Trade, Economic Cooperation, and Economic Freedom
Political Geography:
Europe, Poland, and Romania

404. The EU-Viet Nam Investment Protection Treaty and the Perspectives for Polish Investment in Viet Nam

Author:
Dmytro Skrynka
Publication Date:
03-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Institution:
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
Abstract:
The article deals with the key changes in the treaty basis of the regime for Polish investment in Viet Nam, expected after the anticipated entry into force of the Investment Protection Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, of the Other Part (hereafter “EU-Viet Nam Investment Protection Treaty” or “New Investment Treaty”). The article also includes a brief overview of the historical background of the investment relations in Poland and Viet Nam. Some of the key obligations of the parties to the New Investment Treaty are compared with the rules of the 1994 Agreement Between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of Poland for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. For example, the article focuses on the differences in the treaty provisions on the fair and equitable treatment, as well as on the inclusion in the New Investment Treaty of the procedures for the resolution of disputes between states and of the procedures for the investor-state dispute settlement. The article contains references to works of Vietnamese and Polish researchers, legislative acts of Viet Nam, international agreements and documents of international intergovernmental organizations.
Topic:
Treaties and Agreements, European Union, Investment, and Expropriation
Political Geography:
Europe, Poland, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia

405. Silk Road legacy and China’s cultural diplomacy in Sino-Uzbek relations

Author:
Elżbieta Proń
Publication Date:
09-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Institution:
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
Abstract:
In the mid-2020s, Uzbekistan became China’s primary strategic partner in Central Asia (CA). Sino-Uzbek ties’ political and economic nature has been well-researched, but there is a research gap regarding China’s cultural diplomacy towards Uzbekistan. This paper fills this gap by providing a scrutiny of China’s instrumentalization of the Silk Road legacy, the use of archaeological cooperation as a diplomatic tool, and China’s educational diplomacy towards Uzbekistan. It argues that while China’s cultural diplomacy towards Uzbekistan has been built upon China’s diplomacy in Central Asia, Beijing designed it carefully, recognizing the distinctiveness of Uzbekistan’s political and cultural traditions. China’s cultural diplomacy towards Uzbekistan has been mainly fostered via top-down initiatives from Beijing, Xi’an academic and cultural institutions, and professional and academic exchange rather than people-to-people bottom-up interactions. As such, this paper contributes to research on the legacy of the Silk Road in Chinese foreign policy, Sino-Uzbek relations, and China-Central Asian studies.
Topic:
International Relations, Foreign Policy, Cultural Diplomacy, and Silk Road
Political Geography:
China, Central Asia, Asia, and Uzbekistan

406. Reshaping Environmental Peacebuilding: Lessons of the War against Ukraine

Author:
Nataliia Slobodian and Svitlana Andrushchenko
Publication Date:
06-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Institution:
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
Abstract:
This paper discusses how the Russian war in Ukraine has highlighted the significant role of climate security in conflicts, which is often overlooked. The environmental consequences of this war, such as pollution, wildfires, and ecosystem destruction, have far-reaching implications beyond borders, impacting areas like energy and food security, social stability, and healthcare access. Ukraine’s efforts in environmental peacebuilding during the conflict emphasize democratic values, sustainability, climate protection, and justice as essential for negotiations and post-war reconstruction. President Zelensky’s focus on incorporating environmental security principles into the peace process is a unique and noteworthy approach, calling for a deeper understanding of these strategies in global conflicts for both the present and future recovery phases.
Topic:
Environment, Geopolitics, Sustainability, Peacebuilding, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:
Europe and Ukraine

407. Political Impasse and UN Intervention in Cote d'Ivoire

Author:
Henry Kam Kah
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
In this paper we argue that the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Cote D’Ivoire contributed to the return of peace in the country but encountered enormous challenges and scathing criticisms. The mission was established in April 2004 with the aim of normalising the tense political atmosphere in a divided country where rebel forces (Forces Nouvelles) controlled Northern Cote D’Ivoire and government forces controlled the Southern part of the country. The mission was to build community security, trust in the people and institutions and protect human rights in a country torn apart by civil war. Prior to the 2002-2003 cease-fire agreement between belligerents, Cote D’Ivoire’s political terrain was heavily polluted with no agreement on almost every sticky issue. This widened regional and political cracks in the country and the despicable human rights situation re-ignited political violence. Besides, prior electoral concertation fuelled mistrust among politicians and indiscipline reigned supreme in the army threatening peace. Army commanders had soiled their hands in illicit natural resource exploitation and soldiers erected clandestine checkpoints to extort money from the population. Gender-based violence was rife and mercilessly gullible political hawks did not protect the population. Through a content analysis of essentially documents produced by the UN operations in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) we conclude that it was able to navigate through numerous hurdles amidst accusations, counter accusations and virulent criticisms.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Politics, United Nations, Peacekeeping, and Gender Based Violence
Political Geography:
Africa and Côte d'Ivoire

408. Mainstreaming Security Norms as Japanese Strategy to Gain its Global Power: A Content Analysis on ODA Documents

Author:
Surwandono Surwandono, Ratih Herningtyas, and Rizki Dian Nursita
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
Japan's defeat in World War II did not discourage its obsession to become a global power that influences the behaviour of other countries and the world order at large. Following World War II, despite being constrained by the 1947 Constitution, Japan emerged as an economic agent capable of playing a significant role on the global stage through economic and cultural instruments. Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) has become one of the key tools for Japan to actively participate and contribute to current global politics. This article aims to identify Japan's strategy in using ODA to maintain its influence as a global power. Using content analysis of 2015 ODA Charter or Development Cooperation Charter (DCC) and the White Paper on Development Cooperation (WPDC), this article finds that Japan's strategy to maintain its influence at the global level is carried out by prioritising human security norms in ODA distribution. The Japanese government consistently applies normative and operational norms regarding human security rather than national security to ensure acceptance from recipient countries. These efforts begin with the development of Japan's legal governance framework, which is designed in a smart, systematic, objective, and visionary manner. Japan demonstrates how a country facing constitutional constraints can become a stable global power.
Topic:
Security, Foreign Policy, Development, Development Aid, and Human Security
Political Geography:
Japan and Asia

409. ECOWAS Freedom of Mobility and its National Security Implications for Nigeria

Author:
Ayodeji Aduloju and Abimbola Opanike
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
This study examines the effects of the ECOWAS Free Movement Protocol on national security in Nigeria in the context of a wider regional and global security landscape. From primary data drawn from structured interviews and fieldwork, combined with secondary sources, the research argues that while the Protocol facilitates regional integration and regional trade, at the same time it interacts with Nigeria's narrow institutional capacity, insecure borders, and corruption and hence amplifies security vulnerabilities. However, blaming insecurity on the porousness of borders in isolation could miss the intricacy of interaction among transnational criminal networks, weak multilateral enforcement institutions, and the inherent gap between the ECOWAS integration vision and domestic enforcement realities. This study employs both functionalism and the regional security complex theory to place Nigeria's national security issues within the frameworks of regional interdependence and international systemic processes. The findings of the study propose that effective security governance in Nigeria requires not just better management of the borders but also regional coordination and institutional reforms to address both internal and external drivers of insecurity.
Topic:
National Security, Regional Politics, ECOWAS, and Insecurity
Political Geography:
Africa and Nigeria

410. Can Social Constructivism in IR Shape Foreign Policies?

Author:
Anmol Mukhia
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
From time to time, North Korea and China’s relations have been analyzed by different scholars as a byproduct or satellite state of China. We often debate power, war, and allies from a realist understanding. However, the constructivist approach has not been addressed much. The significant developments during the Korean War were symbolic, shared ideas, and the creation of identities, which were crucial to understanding the state’s choice and preference in foreign policy decision-making. In this article, I draw on the work of the constructivist approach to argue the North Korean and China relations during the Korean War. In this way, the constructivist explanation can be suitable for explaining the dynamics of North Korean and China ties because they look at the history and social dynamics within states for its outcome.
Topic:
International Relations, Foreign Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Social Constructivism
Political Geography:
China, Asia, and North Korea

411. Sino-Russian Cooperation and its Impacts on Central Asia

Author:
Giorgio Romano Schutte and Diego Noveli Valadares
Publication Date:
09-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
This article analyzes Sino-Russian cooperation in Central Asia, examining China’s growing economic presence and the reconfiguration of Russian influence in the region. Since 2014, Western sanctions and geopolitical tensions have led Moscow and Beijing to deepen their partnership. While China expands investments through the Belt and Road Initiative, Russia maintains its central role in regional security and financial influence. The study argues that despite China’s rise, Central Asia has become a space for strategic accommodation, where both powers avoid direct conflicts and consolidate their global presence.
Topic:
Security, Foreign Policy, Economics, International Cooperation, Bilateral Relations, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and Investment
Political Geography:
Russia, China, Central Asia, and Asia

412. Foreign Policy in the Bolsonaro Government for Israel: The Two-Level Game and Pentecostal Influence

Author:
Mohammed Nadir and Pedro Henrique Thuler de Oliveira
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
President Jair Bolsonaro's government saw several ruptures in relation to the political tradition of Brazilian diplomacy, and nowhere was this as clear as in the changes that occurred in the long relationship between Brazil and the State of Israel. Using Robert Putnam's Two-Level Game theory, this work aims to understand the influence that changes in the domestic context caused by Bolsonaro's election motivated this rapprochement with the State of Israel, especially taking into account the influence that Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal groups exerted throughout this process.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Religion, Bilateral Relations, and Jair Bolsonaro
Political Geography:
Middle East, Israel, Brazil, Palestine, and South America

413. East Asian Cooperation Approaches Towards Latin America and the Caribbean

Author:
Carlos David Zavarce Velasquez
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
This paper analyzes and compares the development cooperation approaches promoted by Japan, China, and South Korea toward the Latin American and Caribbean region in the post 2015 period. The study applies the analytical frameworks of Lancaster (2007) — institutions, ideas, interests, and organizations — and Kragelund (2019) — vectors— relying on qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources. The findings indicate that, while each country's cooperation approach has its own features — for instance, Japan and South Korea are OECD members, whereas China is a practitioner of South-South cooperation — all three prioritize financial cooperation over other forms of engagement.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, Development, International Cooperation, and OECD
Political Geography:
East Asia, Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean

414. Changing Place: The New International Order and Brazil

Author:
Luiz Augusto Faria
Publication Date:
02-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
Institution:
Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Abstract:
The fracture of the world order and the falling of US hegemony are the context in which Brazil's national interest must be built. The possible change in its peripheric position to the place of a player with more global influence is examined. In order to do this, Brazilian relations with its Latin America and Caribbean neighbors are examined, and how they could help to redefine its place in the world order. Finally, this article will address domestic issues that affect foreign policy, by identifying the role of class struggle between different social forces that define our national social formation, its will for power in the world system and its international alliances for its repositioning in global hierarchy.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, Strategic Interests, International Order, and Regional Power
Political Geography:
Brazil and South America

415. Navigating US-China technology competition among Middle Powers: study of Chilean response

Author:
Andrés Orlando Bórquez Basáez and Dorotea López Giral
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
Institution:
Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
Abstract:
Amid intensifying US–China rivalry over digital governance, middle powers like Chile face growing pressure to navigate an increasingly fragmented global order. This article examines Chile’s response through expert interviews and analysis of three key technology cases involving Chinese firms. The findings show that Chile has adopted a Hedging Strategy, limiting involvement in sensitive tech projects aligned with US security concerns, while continuing to attract Chinese investment in areas like electromobility and renewables. The study underscores the combined impact of geopolitical tensions, domestic bureaucratic constraints, and the challenges of engaging with China, whose growing presence still requires a process of mutual adaptation. These dynamics raise questions about Chile’s priorities and the limits of its autonomy in this complex context.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, Science and Technology, Bilateral Relations, Strategic Competition, and Middle Powers
Political Geography:
China, Asia, Latin America, North America, Chile, and United States of America

416. Impact of China–Latin America Transportation Infrastructure Cooperation on Latin American Economies: A Project Data Study (2009–2023)

Author:
Cao Ting
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
Institution:
Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
Abstract:
Since the beginning of the 21st century, China and Latin American countries have actively collaborated across various fields, including politics, economy, culture, and technology. Transportation infrastructure cooperation has emerged as a key aspect of this relationship. This article analyzes the characteristics of China–Latin America transportation infrastructure cooperation using project data from 2009 to 2023 and evaluates its effectiveness and future prospects. The findings indicate that this cooperation has yielded significant achievements; however, challenges remain in areas such as communication with indigenous communities and environmental protection. Moving forward, it is essential for China and Latin America to deepen their collaboration, prioritize quality projects through strategic planning, and promote the green development and digitalization of transportation infrastructure.
Topic:
Infrastructure, Transportation, Economic Integration, and Regional Economy
Political Geography:
China, Asia, and Latin America

417. Divergent status-seeking in elite clubs: Brazil, China, and the BRICS expansion in Latin America

Author:
Luis Gouveia Junior
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
Institution:
Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
Abstract:
BRICS increased its geopolitical reach with a recent expansion. However, a divergent status-seeking, conceptualized as antagonistic strategies to gain status, emerged in BRICS during this process. While China defended the expansion, Brazil hesitated to accept it. Focusing on Latin America, where both seek to gain status, I analyzed how Brazil’s and China’s divergent status-seeking influenced the applications of Argentina, Bolivia, Cuba, and Venezuela for BRICS. I concluded that status-seeking motivations drove the candidacies of these states. However, Brazil served as a gatekeeper, potentially hardening the acceptance of Latin American countries in BRICS due to status calculations. Argentina’s entry was more acceptable for Brazil’s strategy to garner prestige than Venezuela’s. Meanwhile, China defended a broader expansion, supporting all four candidacies.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, Geopolitics, BRICS, Regional Politics, and Status
Political Geography:
China, Asia, Brazil, South America, and Latin America

418. Cinema as soft power: China’s strategic narratives in Brazil

Author:
Paulo Menechelli
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI)
Institution:
Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IBRI)
Abstract:
This paper examines how China leverages cinema as a soft power tool in Brazil, focusing on film festivals, co-productions, and Confucius Institute initiatives. Adopting a poststructuralist approach, it analyzes the strategic narratives embedded in these efforts and their reception by Brazilian audiences. While initiatives like the Looking China Youth Film Project show promise, challenges persist, including Hollywood’s dominance and limited audience reach. The delayed 2017 co-production agreement underscores the complexity of bilateral cultural engagement. By highlighting both the potential and limitations of China’s cinematic strategy, the paper contributes to understanding the cultural dimensions of China–Latin America relations.
Topic:
Diplomacy, Soft Power, Cinema, and Strategic Narratives
Political Geography:
China, Asia, Brazil, and South America

419. A Costly Illusion of Control: No Winners, Many Losers in U.S.-China AI Race

Author:
Paul Triolo
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
The aggressive U.S. approach to China risks triggering conflict between the two nations while upending any progress to a global framework for AI safety and security
Topic:
Conflict Prevention, Security, Science and Technology, Bilateral Relations, Innovation, and Artificial Intelligence
Political Geography:
China, Asia, North America, and United States of America

420. Tehran’s Red Lines, Trump’s Maximum Pressure, and Regime Survival

Author:
Ali Fathollah-Nejad
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Progress toward a potential nuclear deal between the United States and Iran stalls, amid a high-stakes process for Tehran and others
Topic:
Nuclear Weapons, Treaties and Agreements, Donald Trump, and Regime Survival
Political Geography:
Iran, Middle East, North America, and United States of America

421. Great Power Competition Makes Its Exit as Middle Eastern AI Ambitions Grow

Author:
Vincent J. Carchidi
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
As the Trump Administration downgrades the policy importance of science and technology, Middle Eastern states are pursuing tech autonomy
Topic:
Science and Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Donald Trump, Autonomy, Strategic Competition, and Great Powers
Political Geography:
Middle East

422. Silicon Borders: The Global Justice of AI Infrastructure

Author:
Johannes Himmelreich
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Washington uses ‘chokepoints’ to restrict global access to AI development, but this approach may threaten U.S. national security while creating significant moral dilemmas
Topic:
Development, National Security, Infrastructure, Borders, and Artificial Intelligence
Political Geography:
North America and United States of America

423. The Future of Democracy in the Age of Deepfakes

Author:
Hany Farid
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
AI-generated content has already begun to work against us, rather than for us. To ensure this technology brings benefits rather than harms, we must institute immediate changes
Topic:
Science and Technology, Democracy, Artificial Intelligence, and Deepfakes
Political Geography:
North America and United States of America

424. What Counts as Legal Knowledge in the Age of AI?

Author:
Thomas Skouteris
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
AI is here—like it or not. Educators need to create new ways to facilitate the entrance of this technology into legal and academic spaces
Topic:
Education, Law, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Academia
Political Geography:
Global Focus

425. Recognizing a Palestine State: What’s New—and What’s Not

Author:
Bidisha Biswas
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Australia is the latest G8 nation to pledge recognition of an independent Palestine, but long before Western capitals took action, recognition of the Palestinian state echoed across India, Indonesia, South Africa, and much of Latin America in a shared sentiment of justice rooted in anti-colonial solidarity
Topic:
Solidarity, Palestinians, Anti-Colonialism, Recognition, and G8
Political Geography:
Middle East, India, and Palestine

426. Governing AI Under Fire in Ukraine

Author:
Anna Mysyshyn
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Ukraine offers an opportunity to examine how democracies may balance innovation, accountability, and human rights in the age of autonomous warfare
Topic:
Human Rights, Governance, Democracy, Accountability, Innovation, Artificial Intelligence, Russia-Ukraine War, and Autonomous Weapons Systems
Political Geography:
Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

427. Artificial Intelligence Offers Learning Opportunities in the Global South

Author:
Javaid Sofi and Junaid Nabi
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
A pilot program for AI-assisted instruction in Nigeria indicates a promising avenue for democratizing access to education around the world
Topic:
Democratization, Education, and Artificial Intelligence
Political Geography:
Africa, Nigeria, and Global South

428. Beyond Automation: Managing the Integration of AI into Human Civilization

Author:
ChatGPT
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
As AI transforms education, law, and global policy, how can we integrate it wisely—balancing innovation with ethics, equity, and human agency in everyday life?
Topic:
Education, Law, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, Equity, Agency, ChatGPT, and Global Policy
Political Geography:
Global Focus

429. From Symbolic Victories to a People’s Victory: How Gaza Forged Global Recognition of Palestine

Author:
Ramzy Baroud
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
A story of two tracks: the symbolic quest for a state and the daily reality of a people fighting for their existence
Topic:
Self Determination, Zionism, Resistance, and Palestinians
Political Geography:
Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

430. Gaza: Israel’s AI Human Laboratory

Author:
Anwar Mhajne
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Israel’s use of artificial intelligence has wreaked horrific destruction on Gaza; this technology will likely be sold across the globe in the near future
Topic:
Science and Technology, Weapons, Artificial Intelligence, Armed Conflict, and 2023 Gaza War
Political Geography:
Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

431. Hybrid Writing: Authority, Ethics, Agency

Author:
Thomas Skouteris
Publication Date:
05-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Though generative artificial intelligence has facilitated the emulation of form, it cannot take responsibility for what is written. Agency remains at the heart of writing once all else can be automated
Topic:
Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, Authority, Writing Center, and Agency
Political Geography:
Global Focus

432. Ending the War In Gaza: What Must Be Done Now

Author:
Gershon Baskin
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Israel’s military juggernaut will not be stopped in Gaza without significant international pressure and a range of conditional sanctions
Topic:
Sanctions, Armed Conflict, and 2023 Gaza War
Political Geography:
Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

433. Lebanon: Political Imagination, Accountability, and a New Roadmap for Regional Stability

Author:
Ayman Mhanna
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Independent media, some syndicates, civil society organizations, student movements, reform-minded entrepreneurs, and the diaspora continue to carve out spaces of accountability, even as national institutions flounder.
Topic:
Accountability, Armed Conflict, 2023 Gaza War, and Regional Stability
Political Geography:
Middle East and Lebanon

434. Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Author:
Raphael Cohen-Almagor
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
Building a new future for Israelis and Palestinians will require flexibility, compromise, and dedication from both sides as well as the international community.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Diplomacy, Negotiation, and Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
Political Geography:
Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

435. Trump’s Peace Plan for Gaza: The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown

Author:
The Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cairo Review of Global Affairs
Institution:
School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
Abstract:
The most recent ceasefire deal proposed by the U.S. president makes big promises, but can it deliver?
Topic:
Donald Trump, Ceasefire, Armed Conflict, and 2023 Gaza War
Political Geography:
Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Gaza

436. Ukraine: Socio-Political Challenges of the Transition from War to Peace and Post-War Recovery

Author:
Yuri Yakymenko and Razumkov Centre
Publication Date:
12-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
National Security and Defence
Institution:
Razumkov Centre
Abstract:
Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022, is now in its fourth year. Ukraine and its international partners are making considerable efforts to halt russian aggression and to achieve a just and lasting peace. However, progress towards this goal is complicated by the unpredictable and personalised policies of the United States — one of Ukraine’s main strategic partners, as well as by turbulent shifts in the geopolitical landscape amid dangerous trends of militarisation and polarisation within the international community, by the detachment of countries of the Global South from the Ukraine war, by the growing «rightward shift» in political sentiment across the EU and the increasing influence of radical populist forces. The main obstacle to peace in Ukraine, however, remains russia’s aggressive neo-imperial policy and the aggressor’s persistent unwillingness to end the war.
Topic:
Politics, Recovery, Society, Post-Conflict, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:
Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

437. The Impact of Trump’s Anti-Immigration Discourse on Asylum Applications in the Balkans (2017–2021)

Author:
Vasil Pavlov and Siddharth Kanojia
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
Immigration has become an increasingly contentious political and social issue in Europe over the past decade. The growing influx of asylum seekers has been driven by deteriorating security conditions, armed conflicts, and political and economic instability in various regions, alongside the comparatively higher living standards in Europe. As a global hegemon, the United States has indirectly shaped migration patterns in peripheral regions such as the Balkans. This paper examines how President Donald Trump’s anti-immigration discourse during his first term (2017–2021) coincided with an approximately 45% decrease in asylum applications from the Balkans. Drawing on official statistics and employing Critical Discourse Analysis, the study explores how US rhetoric influenced regional policy emulation. The findings underscore the transnational impact of populist discourse and call for a critical reassessment of migration governance in key transit regions.
Topic:
Migration, Immigration, Populism, Donald Trump, Asylum, and Securitization
Political Geography:
Eastern Europe and Balkans

438. Consular Protection in Crisis: Vietnam’s Response During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author:
Hanh Thi Nguyen and Linh Hoang Vo
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
Consular protection represents a core function through which states uphold their responsibilities and deliver essential services to citizens residing or traveling abroad, particularly during times of crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to these efforts, testing the capacity of governments worldwide. Vietnam, despite being a middle-income country with limited resources, mounted an effective response to protect its citizens overseas. This article presents Vietnam’s experience as an instructive case study, analyzed through the lens of Tindall and ’t Hart’s general analytical framework for consular protection in emergency situations. The findings highlight the importance of adapting existing theoretical frameworks to better reflect the constraints faced by developing countries and to address the complexities introduced by globally disruptive crises.
Topic:
Developing World, Crisis Management, COVID-19, Middle-Income Countries, and Consular Protection
Political Geography:
Asia, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia

439. Securitization Theory Insights on the Formation of an EU Army

Author:
Iva Zutic
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the narrative securitized by Eurofederalists in support of establishing an EU army. The main objective is to identify and categorize the assertions employed by securitizing actors in their speech acts, examined through the framework of securitization theory. To assess the impact of this securitized narrative, the study evaluates its reception among the EU public before and after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine. The research reveals that securitizing actors cluster their assertions around four advantages: strategic, political, societal, and economic. Furthermore, the findings indicate that by framing these advantages within their narrative, securitizing actors have successfully influenced public opinion in the EU to favor the establishment of an EU army.
Topic:
Defense Policy, Public Opinion, European Union, Economy, Army, Securitization, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:
Europe

440. The Weaponization of Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels as Instruments of Geopolitical Leverage in the EU–Russia Context

Author:
Nataliia Khoma and Maiia Nikolaieva
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This paper examines how energy functions as a strategic instrument of geopolitical coercion, focusing on Russia’s prolonged weaponization of natural gas and the European Union’s evolving response. Building on Soviet-era infrastructure, Moscow has employed price increases, supply cuts, and control of pipelines to pressure states. At the same time, the EU has countered with sanctions, diversification of suppliers, and accelerated investment in renewable energy. For more than fifty years, energy has served as leverage that blurs the boundary between economics and security, imposing heavy economic and political costs on both producers and consumers. Interdependence amplifies these vulnerabilities, allowing energy to operate as a “weapon” on both supply and demand sides. Although the EU plans to end Russian gas imports by 2027, Moscow’s continuing circumvention efforts demonstrate that energy remains a critical tool of power and national security worldwide.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, European Union, Fossil Fuels, Energy, Russia-Ukraine War, and Weaponization
Political Geography:
Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

441. Protecting Fundamental Freedoms and Promoting Gender Equality: The Case for Binding Quotas on Macedonian Corporate Boards

Author:
Emilija Gjorgjioska, Margarita Janeska, Tatjana Spaseska, and Aneta Risteska Jankuloska
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes gender balance on the boards of companies listed on the Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE). Despite formal equality, statistics reveal persistent vertical segregation in top management. A comparative assessment places North Macedonia favorably within the Western Balkans and the European Union; however, further progress is still needed. Adopting a legal gender quota, as outlined in Directive (EU) 2022/238, would help close the gap, fulfill obligations under CEDAW, and reinforce the country’s commitment to the United Nations’ fifth Sustainable Development Goal on gender equality, ensuring that fundamental freedoms, gender balance, and equal remuneration are upheld in practice rather than merely acknowledged.
Topic:
European Union, Sustainable Development Goals, Corporations, Gender Equality, and Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE)
Political Geography:
Europe, Eastern Europe, and North Macedonia

442. Accessing Foreign Policy Information in the Digital Age: Evidence from Greece

Author:
Péter Kacziba
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
The digitalization of governance and media has increased the visibility and accessibility of foreign policy, reshaping how citizens engage with international affairs. However, limited research exists on how digital platforms influence the way foreign policy information is accessed and evaluated in specific national contexts. This study addresses this gap by examining the case of Greece. Drawing on a nationwide online survey conducted in February 2024 (N = 800), this analysis investigates citizens’ source preferences, perceptions of credibility, and engagement patterns across socio-demographic groups. The findings reveal that digital platforms have emerged as the dominant sources of foreign policy information. Nevertheless, traditional dynamics of political polarization, selective trust, and fragmented media consumption remain prevalent. These results underscore the constraints of digitalization in expanding democratic participation and highlight the need for foreign policy research and practice to pay greater attention to public opinion and societal dynamics.
Topic:
Foreign Policy, Public Opinion, Democracy, Media, Polarization, and Digitalization
Political Geography:
Europe and Greece

443. Freedom and Personal Autonomy as the Foundation of Private International Law and the Cornerstone of Individual Rights in the AI Era

Author:
Antoni Abat i Ninet
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
An examination of private international law manuals and relevant legislation demonstrates that the autonomy of the will constitutes a fundamental epistemological principle underpinning the field. However, this freedom is neither absolute nor unbounded. The binding force of pacta sunt servanda, the limitations imposed by public law, the operation of mandatory rules (lois de police), the demands of public policy (ordre public), and the necessity of protecting weaker parties all constrain its exercise. In contemporary private international law, the principle has evolved into a pervasive and dynamic norm, deeply embedded in legal practice while continuously adapting to new challenges. In the emerging era of artificial intelligence, the autonomy of the will must be reaffirmed as a cornerstone of individual rights, ensuring the preservation of personal freedom amidst technological transformations.
Topic:
International Law, European Union, Artificial Intelligence, Autonomy, Freedom, Immanuel Kant, and Individual Rights
Political Geography:
Europe

444. Strategic Trade Diversification: Engagement of the Visegrad Group with the Western Balkans

Author:
Lubica Zubalova, Kristina Drienikova, and Nastasia Matusova
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
The Visegrad Group countries (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia) and the Western Balkan countries share strong historical trade and cultural ties, and their trade relations are becoming increasingly significant in the context of geopolitical changes and economic transformations in the region. Recent trends indicate growing mutual trade, and analysis of the Trade Complementarity Index reveals high trade compatibility, confirming the potential for effective cooperation. The Trade Intensity Index also shows high values, particularly for Hungary. This paper evaluates trade exchanges and examines the intensity and compatibility of economic relations, with a focus on the Visegrad Group countries’ trade with Serbia, their key trade partner. The results suggest that enhanced cooperation between the regions could bring substantial economic benefits and strengthen regional stability and competitiveness.
Topic:
Regional Cooperation, International Affairs, Trade, Visegrad Group, and Regional Stability
Political Geography:
Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czechia, and Western Balkans

445. Artificial Intelligence and Politics: Legal Dilemmas and Risks to Democracy

Author:
Daniele Battista and Gabriele Uva
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
The rapid progress of AI has raised questions about its political, ethical, and legal impact, particularly regarding institutional transparency and citizens’ privacy. This study examined the implications of AI in European politics, evaluating whether it enhances democracy or fosters algorithmic manipulations that contravene ethical and legal norms. Adopting a deductive approach, it examined narratives, scenarios, and expectations regarding the use of AI in decision-making and governance mechanisms. The aim was to offer a critical perspective on the dynamics at play, highlighting the risks, opportunities, and legal protections available. The study contributed to the academic debate on the ethical and regulatory implications of AI in governance, providing insights for future regulation and public policy.
Topic:
Politics, European Union, Democracy, Ethics, Privacy, Artificial Intelligence, Data, and Decision-Making
Political Geography:
Europe

446. Constitutionalizing the Environment in 21st Century Europe: Innovations for Greener Constitutions

Author:
Goce Kocevski
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes and systematizes innovations in the constitutional entrenchment of environmental protection provisions, moving beyond the mere recognition of the right to a healthy environment or the affirmation of general policy declarations. Using the comparative constitutional method, it examines relevant provisions in the constitutions of France, Montenegro, Hungary, Austria, and Slovenia. The findings reveal significant diversity in the scope and manner of environmental constitutionalization, contrasting with the similarities observed among constitutions adopted in the 1990s. Identified approaches include the integration of environmental law principles, the constitutional recognition of procedural environmental rights, and the establishment of institutions dedicated to environmental protection. These constitutional innovations demonstrate significant potential for broader adoption, thereby strengthening frameworks for environmental protection and enhancing the safeguarding of human rights and liberties.
Topic:
Environment, Human Rights, Constitution, Innovation, and Amendment
Political Geography:
Europe

447. Libertarian Perspectives on Social Change: The Overton Window and the Role of the State in Macedonian Society

Author:
Nikola Lj. Ilievski
Publication Date:
04-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes public opinion on the state’s role in Macedonian society. The Ideological Carreau and the Overton Window of Political Possibilities frameworks visually represent the findings. The primary objective was to develop a reliable tool for measuring public attitudes and monitoring potential shifts in political culture. To gather the necessary data, an online political quiz was created. The responses were analyzed using arithmetic means to determine public opinion’s central tendencies and position them within the Ideological Carreau. The analysis revealed that public attitudes toward the state’s role predominantly align with the conceptual model of the liberal democratic state and the ideological orientation of modern liberalism.
Topic:
Public Opinion, Ideology, State, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Social Change, and Overton Window
Political Geography:
Europe and North Macedonia

448. Criminal Dimensions of Forced Sterilization of Romani Women: A Focus on Gender-Based Violence and Deprivation of Liberty

Author:
Olga Koshevaliska and Roze Surlovska Ristevska
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This paper examines the forced sterilization of Romani women as a serious violation of human rights and a fundamental denial of personal liberty. Drawing on legal, sociological, and feminist frameworks, the analysis demonstrates how this practice reflects intersecting forms of racial and gender-based discrimination within healthcare systems and state institutions. Romani women in vulnerable socio-economic circumstances have been systematically denied autonomy over their reproductive choices, highlighting broader patterns of structural exclusion. The findings emphasize the need to address forced sterilization not only as a criminal offense but also as a form of institutionalized violence that requires urgent legal, policy, and institutional reforms to protect personal liberty and advance reproductive justice.
Topic:
Women, Gender Based Violence, Roma, Discrimination, Systemic Racism, Liberty, Antigypsyism, and Forced Sterilization
Political Geography:
Europe

449. India–Japan Defense Partnership in the Indo-Pacific: Geopolitical Prospects and Challenges Under Trump

Author:
Yen Pham Thi
Publication Date:
10-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This article examines the India–Japan defense partnership in the Indo-Pacific, focusing on its geopolitical prospects and challenges under the Trump administration. Strengthened by shared concerns over China’s rising influence and the convergence of their Indo-Pacific strategies, the partnership has evolved beyond symbolic engagement to include joint exercises, technology sharing, and defense dialogues aimed at preserving a free and rules-based regional order. At the same time, India’s reliance on Russian defense equipment, Japan’s dependence on US security guarantees, and the “America First” policy under Trump pose significant constraints. To sustain and deepen cooperation, both nations must enhance bilateral mechanisms, pursue strategic autonomy, expand multilateral engagements, and promote regional norms. These steps are essential for building a resilient, sustainable, and strategic partnership in the Indo-Pacific amid a shifting US foreign policy landscape.
Topic:
Defense Policy, Partnerships, Geopolitics, and Donald Trump
Political Geography:
Japan, China, India, Asia, and Indo-Pacific

450. Crossroads of Peace: Advancing Regional Integration and Global Trade Through Post-Conflict Cooperation

Author:
Gevorg Papoyan and Albert Hayrapetyan
Publication Date:
07-2025
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
This article examines the potential economic benefits of the Crossroads of Peace (CoP) initiative proposed by the Government of Armenia. To assess regional trade dynamics, three indicators were applied: the Export Similarity Index (ESI), the Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). The findings reveal that the ESI between Armenia and its regional partners, Türkiye and Azerbaijan, is 0.25, indicating minimal competition in export markets. In contrast, the TCI score of 0.5 from the region to Armenia suggests a relatively higher degree of complementarity, highlighting stronger opportunities for regional exports to Armenia than vice versa. Furthermore, Armenia’s projected trade volume with Türkiye in 2024 is estimated at USD 787 million, underscoring the initiative’s potential to foster significant economic exchange.
Topic:
Exports, Trade, Regional Economy, Freedom of Movement, and Post-Conflict
Political Geography:
Turkey, Caucasus, Armenia, and Azerbaijan