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15651. The Unknown Citizens. Information Control and Circulation in a French Deportation Camp.

Author:
Nicolas Fischer
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Parmi les espaces d'internement destinés aux étrangers qui se multiplient aujourd'hui en Europe, les centres de rétention administrative présentent la particularité de se trouver directement au contact des sociétés occidentales, mais aussi de leurs espaces publics. Ces centres s'insèrent alors dans un dispositif plus général de détection des étrangers présents irrégulièrement sur le territoire des Etats Schengen. Il doivent à ce titre permettre de prélever sur eux une information favorisant leur éloignement du territoire ou tout au moins leur « traçabilité ». A travers l'exemple d'un centre de rétention français, cette contribution s'efforce d'analyser l'organisation de ce prélèvement de l'information, mais elle envisage également la manière dont cette organisation est infléchie voire déjouée par la possibilité d'un contact non formalisé et non maîtrisé des étrangers retenus avec l'espace public dont ils ont été retranchés, notamment à travers le transport de l'information par les équipiers de la Cimade présents au centre.
Political Geography:
Europe

15652. Detention of Foreigners: Europe Faced with the Maltese Syndrome

Author:
Claire Rodier and Catherine Teule
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
La République de Malte, située à mi-chemin entre le continent européen et l'Afrique, est depuis toujours à la croisée des circuits migratoires. Avec l'élargissement du 1er mai 2004, Malte est devenue une des portes d'entrée de l'Union européenne pour des centaines de personnes qui échouent par choix ou plus souvent par hasard sur ses plages. Pour faire face à ce phénomène, les autorités maltaises ont mis en œuvre une politique d'enfermement systématique des étrangers qui arrivent irrégulièrement, y compris lorsqu'il s'agit de demandeurs d'asile. Les conditions matérielles de détention ne répondent pas aux standards minimums en matière d'hygiène et de respect de la vie privée. Ceux qui sollicitent l'asile sont soumis à un régime incompatible avec les normes internationales. Par ailleurs, même si Malte accorde un certain nombre de permis de séjour à caractère humanitaire, la sortie des « camps » ne se traduit pas par une intégration dans le pays, où aucune politique d'accueil des réfugiés n'est organisée. La plupart d'entre eux rejoignent donc d'autres pays de l'UE où ils ont vocation à devenir sans-papiers. Mais c'est bien de l'Union européenne que dépendent les solutions pour éviter que Malte ne transforme sa politique de contrôle des frontières en machine répressive aux seules fins de dissuader les réfugiés.
Political Geography:
Europe

15653. The Expansion and the Subcontracting of EU's Logic of Confinement : the Case of Morocco

Author:
Abdelkrim Belguendouz
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
The political evolution of Europe, the anti-migration policies of European States, and those called "justice, liberty, security" (JLS) weight more and more on the Maghreb countries. Through cooperation and dominated partnerships, Europe imposes its neighbours to subcontract the tracking down, dissuasion and moving away of migrants. Having a financial interest in such collaboration Morocco becomes, as its neighbour countries, an advanced experimentation terrain for the logics of repression and locking of those who exile towards Europe. The euro Mediterranean relations are therefore increasingly oriented by this fight against immigration.
Topic:
Security
Political Geography:
Europe and Morocco

15654. The Camp, Revealer of an Disquieting Policy towards Foreigners

Author:
Mathieu Bietlot
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Contrairement aux discours officiels qui les banalisent, les centres pour étrangers sont à proprement parler des camps, c\'est-à-dire des lieux de maintien sous contrôle de groupes d\'humains indésirables. Ils ne sont pas pour autant comparables aux camps de déportation ou d\'extermination propres aux régimes totalitaires : leurs fonctionnement et fonctions en diffèrent énormément. Parallèlement voire en opposition à leurs fonctions officielles (limiter les flux migratoires et organiser le rapatriement des étrangers non admis), les camps pour étrangers effectuent une série de fonctions officieuses ou d\'effets de pouvoir qui se situent davantage à l\'extérieur qu\'à l\'intérieur des camps. Ces fonctions sont d\'ordres symbolique, politique, policier et économique. L\'ensemble du dispositif de contrôle des flux migratoires contribue à confiner l\'étranger dans l\'image, la place et le rôle que lui réservent nos sociétés : il n\'est plus question de discipliner une masse de travailleurs immigrés mais de gérer les effets indésirables de la mondialisation des échanges et d\'utiliser la précarité de l\'immigration irrégulière pour expérimenter ou asseoir davantage les appareils répressifs, la dérégulation du rapport salarial et la flexibilisation fonctionnelle ou numérique du travail. De sorte que le fonctionnement réel et symbolique des camps s\'inscrive dans un schéma de société plus global : le néolibéralisme sécuritaire. La société de contrôle sécuritaire succède à la société disciplinaire de Foucault : les mécanismes sécuritaires sont à la mondialisation et à la production post-fordiste, ce que les disciplines étaient à l\'intégration nationale et à la production fordiste. La peur qui façonne de nouvelles réalités, justifie et fait fonctionner automatiquement le pouvoir sécuritaire en constitue le diagramme.

15656. Seminar Report on "Diasporas"

Author:
Mathieu Bietlot
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
C'est dans le cadre des séminaires de lectures de la revue Cultures Conflits qu'a eu lieu la présentation de l'ouvrage Les Diasporas de Stéphane Dufoix, paru dans la collection « Que-Sais-Je » (PUF). L'exposé de Stéphane Dufoix a été suivi d'un échange de questions avec la salle.

15658. Foreword

Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
No abstract is available.
Political Geography:
Europe

15659. Editorial. Suspicion and Exception

Author:
Miriam Perier and Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
No abstract is available.

15660. International, Imperial, Exceptional

Author:
R.B.J Walker
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Claims about the international, the imperial and the exceptional are all currently used to analyse contemporary political life. This paper explores what is at stake in each of these three concepts and examines the relationship between them ; affirms the decreasing salience of concepts of the international and the imperial and the increasing force of concepts of the exceptional ; sketches a threefold critique of Schmitt's particular understanding of sovereignty as a capacity to decide exceptions ; considers the implications of this critique for Kant's status as a critical theorist ; and tries to open up the question of what it has come to mean to invoke the exceptional since the attacks of New York and the invasion of Iraq. Il est souvent fait recours aux termes international, impérial etexceptionnel pour analyser la vie politique contemporaine. Cet article explore ce qui se joue en chacun de ces trois concepts et examine les relations qu'ils entretiennent ; il insiste sur la saillance perdue des concepts d'international et d'impérial et la force croissante des concepts de l'exceptionnel ; il esquisse une triple critique de la conception particulière de la souveraineté par Karl Schmitt, entendue comme la capacité à décider des exceptions ; il prend en considération les implications de cette critique sur le statut de penseur critique attribué à Kant ; il essaye enfin d'ouvrir sur la question de savoir ce que signifie le fait d'invoquer l'exceptionnel depuis les attaques sur New York et l'invasion de l'Irak.
Political Geography:
Iraq and New York

15661. The Globalisation of (in)Security? Reflexions on the Field of the Professionals of Unease Management and Analyses of the Transnationalisation of the (in)Securitisation Process

Author:
Didier Bigo
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
This article suggests a discussion on the premises on which rest a specific vision of global (in)security – as a "natural" consequence of the attacks suffered by the US, Australia, Turkey, Spain, and very recently the United-Kingdom – and the corollary of a unique and efficient solution: the globalisation of security professionals and their cooperation against barbarism. Referring to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault's works, the author tries to understand when and how this discourse on the "globalisation of (in)security" developed through the notions of field of the professionals of unease management and of transnationalisation of (in)securisation processes. A particular attention is given to the way in which these processes are linked to the transformations of political violence but also to the European and Transatlantic development of the police, military, and intelligence agencies, to their structuration in a professional field, and to their effects on our societies of risk, doubt, and uncertainty. Cet article se propose de discuter les prémisses sur lesquelles repose une certaine vision de l'insécurité globale – conséquence « naturelle » des attentats ayant frappé les Etats-Unis, l'Australie, la Turquie, l'Espagne et tout récemment le Royaume-Uni – et le corollaire d'une solution efficace unique : la mondialisation des professionnels de la sécurité et leur collaboration contre la barbarie. Prenant appui sur les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu et de Michel Foucault, l'auteur se propose de comprendre quand et comment s'est développé ce discours sur la « mondialisation de la sécurité » à travers les notions de champ des professionnels de la gestion des inquiétudes, et de transnationalisation des processus d'(in)sécurisation. Une attention particulière est portée sur la manière dont ces processus sont liés aux transformations de la violence politique mais aussi au développement européen et transatlantique des appareils policiers, militaires, de renseignement, à leur structuration en un champ professionnel, et à leurs effets sur nos sociétés du risque, du doute, de l'incertitude.
Topic:
Security
Political Geography:
United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Turkey, Spain, and Australia

15662. An "Invisible, Faceless" Enemy. Police, Intelligence and Anti-Terrorism Agencies post 9.11

Author:
Laurent Bonelli
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Following the spectacular and deadly September 11th, 2001 attacks in the US and the March 11th, 2004 attacks in Madrid, the western intelligence services have seen their role and weight increase in the fight against radical Islam. This text, based on a fieldwork on French, Spanish and British intelligence services aims at analysing the evolution of their missions and analysis of the question. Breaking with an overly-mechanical approach that would consider the transformation of these missions as the result of an "adaptation" to new threats, this text shows that their nature and form result both from the evolution of clandestine groups' activities and their perception; the effects of the continuity of their analysis grids and of the perpetual work of re-legitimisation that they lead among certain parts of the State apparatus. This article thereby contributes to shedding light on specific aspects of the practical modes of political violence regulation in the western democracies that are often underrated. Après les attentats spectaculaires et meurtriers du 11 septembre 2001 aux Etats-Unis, puis ceux du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, les services de renseignement occidentaux ont vu leur rôle et leur poids s'accroître dans la lutte contre le radicalisme musulman. A partir d'une enquête portant sur les services français, espagnols et britanniques, cet article analyse les évolutions de leurs missions et de leurs analyses de cette question. Rompant avec une approche mécaniste, qui verrait dans la transformation de ces missions le simple fruit d'une « adaptation » à de nouvelles menaces, il montre que leur nature et leur forme résultent à la fois de l'évolution de l'activité des groupes clandestins et de leur perception ; des effets de la permanence des grilles d'analyse des services de renseignement qui avaient été forgées sur d'autres terrains ; et du travail perpétuel de relégitimation que ces services vont mener auprès de certains secteurs de l'appareil d'Etat. Il contribue de la sorte à éclairer certains aspects souvent méconnus des modes pratiques de régulation de la violence politique dans les démocraties occidentales.
Topic:
Islam

15663. Biometry and Flows Mastering. Towards a Geo-Technopolis of "Mobile Lives"

Author:
Philippe Bonditti
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Nous nous proposons ici d'explorer les imaginaires politiques à l'œuvre derrière le recours accru à l'identifiant biométrique et plus généralement aux nouvelles technologies. Ceci pour rappeler, d'abord, combien le recours à l'outil biométrique, informé par des imaginaires spatio-temporels non nécessairement compatibles, s'inscrit pourtant pleinement dans la prolongation des logiques historiques de contrôle et de surveillance des individus par l'Etat ; pour insister ensuite sur la convergence, de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique, des logiques à l'oeuvre dans la transformation des pratiques de contrôle et de surveillance des individus par l'Etat, convergence ici principalement relayée par l'imaginaire technicien et sa spatio-temporalité propre ; pour tenter de montrer enfin que ces développements renvoient en fait bien davantage à l'articulation problématique entre, d'une part, un souci de gestion/maîtrise du vivant-en-mobilité et, d'autre part, les cadres spatio-temporels de la souveraineté depuis lesquels sont développés ces mécanismes de gestion.

15664. Controlling Foreigners, Passengers, Citizens : Surveillance and Counterterrorism

Author:
Valsamis Mitsilegas
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Recent years witnessed calls for the intensification of surveillance and the monitoring of people globally. This article will examine this intensification of surveillance in the European Union, by analysing legislation requiring carriers to transmit to immigration authorities passenger data, an agreement between the Community and the US on the transfer of passenger name records (PNR) to US authorities, and EU plans to introduce biometrics in passports and visas and enhance the interoperability of EU databases (such as SIS and VIS). These developments, justified by a 'war on terror' discourse, widen the net of surveillance and raise a number of questions regarding legitimacy, democracy and the protection of fundamental rights in the EU. They also appear to be at odds with the concept of the EU as a borderless area. The article will address these issues by analysing the negotiations, content and implications of these initiatives. Ces dernières années les demandes d'intensification de la surveillance et des contrôles du mouvement des personnes au niveau mondial se sont développées. Cet article examine cette intensification de la surveillance au sein de l'UE en analysant la législation obligeant les transporteurs à fournir les données personnelles des passagers aux services d'immigration, un accord entre l'UE et les Etats-Unis sur le transfert des « passenger name records » (PNR) aux autorités américaines, et les plans européens d'introduction de données biométriques aux passeports et visas et d'amélioration de l'interopérabilité des bases de données européennes (SIS et VIS notamment). Ces développements, justifiés par un discours de « guerre au terrorisme », élargissent le réseau de la surveillance et soulèvent un certain nombre de questions sur la légitimité, la démocratie, et la protection des droits fondamentaux dans l'UE. Ils apparaissent également en décalage avec le concept de l'UE comme espace sans frontières. Ce texte abordera ces questions en analysant les négociations, le contenu et les implications de telles initiatives.
Topic:
Development
Political Geography:
Europe

15665. The State of Exception, the Judge, the Foreigner and Human Rights: Three Challenges from the UK Courts

Author:
Elspeth Guild
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
This essay examines the transformation of the relationship of the judges and the executive in the UK through the intermediary of the supranational law. By analysing three judgments of the UK courts in December 2004, one sees the fundamental change which is taking place as regards the location of sovereignty. This article considers three judgments which raise doubts regarding the separation of rights. By refusing to accept the differentiation between the citizen and the foreigner, the courts destroy the basis for the exclusion of the foreigner from human rights. The mechanism by which the courts do so is the incorporation of international human rights law into the national level. So by reaching out to the globalisation of justice, the judges reinforce their position as the arbiters of national action and behaviour whether within or outside the state. The border is no longer place of determination, be it the border of the state, the border of the state of exception or the border between the citizen and the foreigner. Cet article examine la transformation de la relation entre les juges et les membres de l'exécutif au RU par l'intermédiaire du droit supranational. On observe, en analysant trois jugements rendus par les cours britanniques en décembre 2004, le changement fondamental en cours au sujet de la localisation de la souveraineté. Cet article évoque trois jugements qui soulèvent des doutes quant à la séparation des pouvoirs. En refusant d'accepter la différenciation entre le citoyen et l'étranger les cours détruisent la base pour l'exclusion de l'étranger des droits de l'Homme. Le mécanisme utilisé pour ce faire est l'incorporation du droit international au niveau national. En invoquant ainsi la mondialisation de la justice, les juges renforcent leur position d'arbitres de l'action et du comportement nationaux que ce soit à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur de l'Etat. La frontière n'est plus déterminante, qu'il s'agisse de la frontière de l'Etat, de la frontière de l'état d'exception, ou de la frontière entre le citoyen et l'étranger.
Topic:
Human Rights

15666. Regards Sur L'entre-Deux: Invisibilizing the Visible: The Sculptures of Jorge Iglesias

Author:
Antonia Garcia Castro
Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Le dispositif est une sorte de toute petite scène éclairée par deux ampoules électriques. L'une côté cour. L'autre côté jardin. Côté cour, un vase. On le dirait ancien. Couleur ocre. Tout comme la toile de fond. Rien d'autre. Soudain, une main fait son entrée, va vers le milieu de la scène ; un des doigts semble se glisser dans quelque chose. Dans quoi ? On ne voit que le fond ocre. Pourtant, le bout du doigt disparaît. Puis, réapparaît. Très lentement la main saisit le vase ancien et le transporte vers ce même point situé au milieu de la scène : le vase est couché, comme suspendu dans l'air. La main ramène le vase à sa place avant de se diriger vers l'une des ampoules : elle en masque en partie la lumière. C'est alors qu'on la voit. Le contour apparaît clairement sous l'effet de cette lumière diffractée : c'est le contour d'une bouteille, ocre elle aussi, située au milieu de la petite scène. Visible seulement si l'une des ampoules est masquée. Invisible sous trop de lumière.

15667. Foreword

Publication Date:
06-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
In the current context of the "global war against terrorism", the doctrines of national security are being extended to the whole of the world. They are one of the dimensions of the new dynamics of exception putting security in the forefront as the most central value, thus relegating liberty and justice to past times. Through the presentation of the research initiated by three teams of the European programme ELISE (European Liberty and Security), this new issue of Cultures Conflits tries to shed new light on these security dynamics. It tries to rearticulate the relations between practices of exception and logics of enmity and suspicion. This issue replaces the current focus on the analysis of the 9/11 attacks and the finding of an easily accessible explanation by a focus on the understanding of antiterrorist policies and of their consequences on social cohesion. Thus the contributions of this issue shed new and more critical light on these political “responses” that lead some to present as “new” what is not. They show that by adopting a very broad definition of emergency, these responses transform suspicion into a “certainty” and this “certainty” into a proof of guiltiness.
Topic:
Security
Political Geography:
Europe

15668. Foreword: Franco-Brazilian Dialogue on Violence and Democracy

Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
In France as in Brazil, violence and its modes of usage are thesubject of vivid and intense debates. The acts of violence inquestion have, however, little in common. The authors of this newissue of Cultures Conflits propose to examine the terms of thesedebates that feature and combine in complex shapes myths of nationaldemocracies, media representations, and the (in)abilities of thestate to effectively regulate the social sphere. These Franco-Brazilian dialogues on violence and democracy are part of a largercultural exchange linking since long Latin America and Europe - as Glauber Rocha and Roberto Rossellini remind us. An asymetricexchange, if any, marked by the feeling of being perpetually trappedin an unfinished development. This has, however, never prevented themto show significant inventive capacities, .Confllictual dialogue, useful when the (re)discovery of self isdeveloped through the mirror of the other.
Topic:
Development
Political Geography:
Europe and Brazil

15669. Foreword

Publication Date:
12-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Confrontées d'une part à des sociétés civiles à secourir dans l'urgence et d'autre part à des gouvernements pour lesquels priment la pacification, la reconstruction et le développement, les ONG ont-elles trouvé leur équilibre d'action et de mise en oeuvre des principes qui les légitiment ? Que savons-nous du fonctionnement interne des différentes ONG humanitaires ?
Topic:
Government

15670. Table of Contents

Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
No abstract is available.

15671. Dedication

Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
In the scales of concentrated sadness, the sudden loss of an exceptional compatriot is one of the most acute. In the early morning of July 11, 2005, Mr. Abdulkadir Yahya Ali was assassinated at his residence in Mogadishu, and in front of his wife. Activists come in a variable quality; Abdulkadir was sterling—that is, he was a tireless, courageous, reasoned, and optimistic devotee of national reconciliation and peace, and a founding member of the National Civic Forum. He joins the unsung heroes whose lives have been cut short by murderers antithetical to the return of national solidarity and justice to Somali time. We pray that Allah will reward him for his noble earthly deeds on behalf of the Somali people.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15672. Editor's Note

Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
Volume five of Bildhaan is a tad different than earlier issues. First, we are pleased to offer, in print, pieces that appeared, though updated, on electronic sites that cater to readers on Somali affairs. Second, we are formalizing a section that, in the future, will record documents, no matter how controversial, that we deem to be of critical value for constructive debates on the nature and directions of the Somali people and society. Third, Abdi and Ahmed Samatar's writings are overrepresented. Though we promise not to make this a habit, we feel the pertinence and timeliness of all three pieces to be compelling enough. Fourth, Bildhaan, as we promised in the inaugural volume in 2001, is open to both scholarly and artistic contributions. Fifth, in the spirit of the editorial essay in this volume, we plan to occasionally publish opinion pieces—including responses to the editorial included here—that reflect on contemporary and substantive issues. Consequently, we invite our readers to submit well-written and carefully reasoned pieces (around 3,000 words) for consideration.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15673. Transition and Leadership: An Editorial

Author:
Ahmed I. Samatar and Abdi Ismail Samatar
Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
Let's begin with one fundamental assertion: We both feel deeply for Somalia and its people—our people. In the heat of this moment, some might dismiss such a sentiment as rather anachronistic. But even if there is some grain of truth to that judgment, we hold firmly that the instinct is a viable and deliberate mistiming commensurate with the imperatives of the long durée. Our loyalty, therefore, is to no individual or political group. On the contrary, we define ourselves as civic scholars whose sole interest is to make whatever small contribution our modest talents will allow to the revival of Somali national identity, dignity, and purpose. This brief essay's central concern, then, is the direction of the country in the wake of the recent announcements of a new leadership and political institutions. We offer these thoughts, though somewhat melancholic in word and tone, with the hope that our compatriots will use the new tidings as a potentially valuable development (albeit not a tabula rasa as one would have wished for); that is, a fleeting opportunity to be used to move out of the current morass and positively forge ahead towards an authentic renewal.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15674. In Limbo: Dependency, Insecurity, and Identity amongst Somali Refugees in Dadaab Camps

Author:
Awa M. Abdi
Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
Somalia is still in a protracted political limbo as it enters its fifteenth year of “statelessness.” Despite the precarious situation of Somali refugees scattered across many parts of the world, both the country and the plight of its refugees remain off the radar of the world media. The atrocities committed in the process of the overthrow of Siyaad Barre's regime in 1991, and the clanistic power struggles that followed, led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Somalis. The refugees initially fled to the neighboring countries of Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya, subsequently moving on to countries near and far. Those who were fortunate enough to escape the trials and tribulations inherent in exile in countries such as Kenya, where existing resources are barely able to meet the basic needs of the native population and where most refugees still remain in closed camps, moved on to more prosperous countries where they obtained refugee status. Most were not so fortunate, however.
Political Geography:
Kenya and Somalia

15676. Ethiopian Ethnic Federalism and Regional Autonomy: The Somali Test

Author:
Abdi Ismail Samatar
Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
In the 1990s in Africa, two sharply contrasting models of state-society relations and the role of ethnicity in national affairs have emerged. The first is the unitary dispensation that rejects the ethnic classification of its citizens while cognizant of the ill effects of a race and ethnicbased apartheid order. The African National Congress (ANC) and its allies in South Africa opted for a strategy they thought would ensure the country's political and administrative restructuring but would not perpetuate sectarian ethnic identity at the expense of citizenship. Consequently, the post-apartheid regional administrative structure and boundaries are not based on ethnicity. Further, the populations in these regions elect their provincial councils, and have gained some degree of fiscal autonomy, although South Africa remains a unitary state. A key manifestation of the system's competitiveness is the fact that opposition parties have governed two of the wealthiest and most populous regions for most of the past decade and the ANC has been unable to dislodge them until the most recent election in 2004. Although the ANC won the most votes in Kwa Zulu–Natal and the Western Cape, it lacks a majority in these provincial councils to unilaterally form regional administrations. This openness of the political process has made possible a significant degree of regional autonomy in a unitary system.
Political Geography:
Africa, South Africa, and Somalia

15677. In Siyaad Barre's Prison: A Brief Recollection

Author:
Mahamud M. Yahya
Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
In my view and in the view of many witnesses of Somalia's recent history, an important element of the terrible abuse of power and authority during the dictatorial regime of the late Gen. Mohamed Siyaad Barre was the arbitrary and widespread detention of dissidents, political opponents, and even ordinary Somalis who just expressed an honest opinion on the state of affairs in their country. These incarcerations were usually without any charges, and, in the end, without trial. For this reason, men like Aden Abdillah Osman, the first President of the Somali Republic; Premier Abdirazak H. Hussein; the late Mohamed Ibrahim Egal, ex-President of the self-declared Somaliland Republic and former Prime Minister of Somalia; Abdillahi Issa, First Foreign Minister; Gen. Mohamed Abshir Muse, former Commander of Somalia's Police Force; Michael Mariano, pioneer nationalist, Parliamentarian, and distinguished civil servant; Col. Abdillahi Yusuf, current President of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia; the late Gen. Mohamed Farah Aideed, former USC leader; and Col. Jama Ali Jama, one-time president of the Puntland region; each had to spend months or years in detention, some in solitary confinement. But they were never brought to a real court of justice because they were simply being persecuted for reasons that included possibly rallying righteous disapproval and discontent, competition for power, or because Siyaad Barre disliked them personally.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15678. A Thorn in the Sole: Short Story

Author:
Ahmed Ismail Yusuf
Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
Mayxaano was a twenty-six-and-a-half-year-old revered writer, though I have to remind you there were many people who reviled her, too. She debated with men about politics, philosophy, and religion with gusto. She wore her hair loose, without the Muslim head-scarf. She ran track and field, leaving most men in the dust, and, worst of all, it was rumored that she dared to write critical articles about the repressive regime in Somalia in newspapers abroad. Women vilified her publicly yet admired her privately. Men of all shades, however, would stumble over each other to have her attention for even a minute.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15679. For the Record: International Crisis Group Report on Somaliland: An Alternative Somali Response

Author:
Ahmed I. Samatar and Abdi Ismail Samatar
Publication Date:
07-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
The International Crisis Group's (ICG) most recent report on the Somali Republic deals with developments in the Northern region (Somaliland). It narrates what the informed knew all along: (a) that peace has been restored in most of the North for the past decade while the rest of the country, particularly Mogadishu and the southern third, are mired in violence; (b) that some semblance of constitutional order and administrative structure is in place; (c) that most of the public refused to accept naked force as a political instrument to deal with political problems; and (d) that corruption is pervasive among the political elite. Conceptually, the ICG report is divided into three parts. First, it provides a brief review of Somali political history. Second, it sketches the evolution of the region since the collapse of the Somali government in 1991 and the declaration of the region's breakaway status from the rest of the country. Finally, it focuses on three elections organized in the last three years, in order to buttress the claim that the region deserves to be recognized as a sovereign country. This information raises pivotal questions about the profile of the region as well as the fate of the Somali people. Together, these two points invite a timely, wide, and thoughtful debate among Somalis and others concerned. After serious cogitation upon the details of the document, we submit that the Report presents important points for the international community to come to the aid of the people of the region to consolidate their communal achievements—particularly in the areas of stability, economic advancement, and institution building. However, the Report fails to clinch the argument for international recognition of a new sovereign Somaliland state in the Horn of Africa. The rest of this critical assessment elucidates this proposition.
Political Geography:
Africa and Somalia

15680. Editorial

Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:
The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:
The Africa Law Institute is pleased to announce the publication of its second issue of the African Journal of Legal Studies (“AJLS”). While delayed, we hope that the improvements made since launching our first issue last year will have made the wait worthwhile.
Political Geography:
Africa

15681. Ending Impunity: The Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia

Author:
Chernor Jalloh and Alhagi Marong
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:
The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:
This article argues that Liberia owes a duty under both international humanitarian and human rights law to investigate and prosecute the heinous crimes, including torture, rape and extra-judicial killings of innocent civilians, committed in that country by the warring parties in the course of fourteen years of brutal conflict. Assuming that Liberia owes a duty to punish the grave crimes committed on its territory, the article then evaluates the options for prosecution, starting with the possible use of Liberian courts. The authors argue that Liberian courts are unable, even if willing, to render credible justice that protects the due process rights of the accused given the collapse of legal institutions and the paucity of financial, human and material resources in post-conflict Liberia. The authors then examine the possibility of using international accountability mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court, an ad hoc international criminal tribunal as well as a hybrid court for Liberia. For various legal and political reasons, the authors conclude that all of these options are not viable. As an alternative, they suggest that because the Special Court for Sierra Leone has already started the accountability process for Liberia with the indictment of Charles Taylor in 2003, and given the close links between the Liberian and Sierra Leonean conflicts, the Special Court would be a more appropriate forum for international prosecutions of those who perpetrated gross humanitarian and human rights law violations in Liberia.

15682. United Nations Resolutions and the Struggle to Curb the Illicit Trade in Conflict Diamonds in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author:
Mungabalemwa Koyame
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:
The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:
This article examines the extent to which revenues from the trade in rough diamonds have funded civil war in African countries and the difficulties encountered by the United Nations in putting an end to it. As case studies, the article considers the conflicts in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone where the illicit trade in rough diamonds, also referred to as "conflict diamonds" or "blood diamonds," provided most of the funds used by rebel groups in their war efforts. The article further examines the role played by the diamond industry, the international community and diamond importing countries such as the United States and Belgium in the trade of conflict diamonds. The article concludes that several resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council concerning "conflict diamonds" were at times not successful because of indifference on the part of the international community.
Topic:
United Nations
Political Geography:
Africa and United States

15683. L'Envers et L'Endroit de L'Interprétation Islamiste du Concept de Jihad en Droit Islamique

Author:
Bruce Mabley
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:
The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:
The concept of jihad plays a key role in Islamic Law at the same level as several other juridical notions. Although jihad has not been considered to form one of the official legal sources of Islamic Law (usul al-fiqh), it has taken on a modern conceptual interest. The history and evolution of jihad will be irrevocably altered by the existence of an epistemological break occurring in the early 9th century. The closing of the gate of ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) has a two fold impact on the changing juridical context as well as the geopolitical distribution of Islamist thinking in Africa and elsewhere. For Islamist scholars and political activists, jihad becomes a means, a testimony to Islam's pertinence and a desirable end. For example, the rising interest in the Islamic legal code (shari'a) and its political state aspirations is seen to be facilitated by calls for jihad. Lastly, three examples of modern jihad are considered and evaluated in light of Islamic legal precepts and of the controversy surrounding the closing of the gate of ijtihad.

15684. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the Demystification of Second and Third Generation Rights under the African Charter

Author:
Justice C. Nwobike
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:
The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:
This article argues that the decision of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in the Ogoni case represents a giant stride towards the protection and promotion of economic, social and cultural rights of Africans. This is predicated on the African Commission's finding that the Nigerian Government's failure to protect the Ogoni people from the activities of oil companies operating in the Niger Delta is contrary to international human rights law and is in fact a step backwards since Nigeria had earlier adopted legislation to fulfill its obligation towards the progressive realization of these rights. The findings of the African Commission demonstrate that economic, social and cultural rights are not vague or incapable of judicial enforcement. They also illustrate how the Charter can be interpreted generously to ensure the effective enjoyment of rights. Novel and commendable as the decision is, it is not without its shortcomings. These shortcomings lie in the failure of the Commission to pronounce on the right to development, its silence on the desirability of holding transnational corporations accountable for human rights violations, and the institutional weakness of the Commission in enforcing its decisions.
Political Geography:
Africa

15685. The Roh Moo Hyun Government's Policy toward North Korea

Author:
Choong Nam Kim
Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
Despite the emergence of a second North Korea nuclear crisis, President Roh Moo Hyun has expanded the sunshine policy that he inherited. As a result, the Roh government has experienced difficulties in managing both its North Korea policy and the U.S.-ROK alliance. The engagement policy is based on the assumption that inter-Korean cooperation will reduce tension on the Korean peninsula and induce change in the North. The policy appears to be reasonable for the long term, but not for the short term, especially for the resolution of immediate and complex issues such as the North Korea nuclear problem.
Political Geography:
United States and North Korea

15686. The Gaeseong Industrial Park and the Future of Inter-Korean Relations

Author:
Youn-Suk Kim
Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
Battered by a nearly bankrupted economy and continuous food shortages, North Korea has been cautiously opening its doors to strike economic deals with South Korea in recent years. The closed nature of the North's economy has resulted in low industrial productivity and efficiency, technological backwardness, and, in the end, economic stagnation. The North is also concerned that with the disparity in economic levels, unification with the South might result in the virtual absorption of the North into the South. Thus, the South's policy in this regard has been to reassure the North that unity through absorption is neither feasible nor desirable under the current state of military confrontation.
Political Geography:
South Korea and North Korea

15687. The North Korean Economy at a Crossroads: Problems and Prospects

Author:
Dick K. Nanto
Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
North Korea stands at a crossroads now that is every bit as momentous as its decision to invade South Korea in 1950. What Kim Jong-il does over the short- and medium-term will put his country either on a path leading to reconciliation with the world and economic and military security or a path leading to a nuclear standoff or military hostilities. As this drama plays out on the world stage, the economy of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea plays a critical role. Economic forces play a twopronged role. Starvation and dismal economic conditions exert pressures on Pyongyang from inside the country, while the prospect of economic assistance and normalized trade and investment relations with other nations provide a powerful incentive for the North Korean leaders to undertake actions that otherwise would be difficult. North Korean is in transition. It can turn back state socialism, state control, and starvation, or it can take the road of China and the states of the Former Soviet Union and join the rest of the world.
Political Geography:
South Korea, North Korea, and Korea

15688. The ROK-US Alliance During the Bush and Roh Administrations: Differing Perspectives and Their Implications for a Changing Strategic Environment

Author:
Bruce E. Bechtol Jr. Ph.D.
Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
The ROK-US Alliance has been in a state of flux almost since the beginning of the Roh Moo-hyun administration in early 2003. As of the writing of this article, many issues remain up in the air, including the future role of USFK on the Korean Peninsula, the cost of maintaining troops and equipment on the Peninsula (and who will pay for them), the transformation of USFK as a military force, and the move south of both US Army units close to the DMZ and Headquarters USFK in Seoul.
Political Geography:
United States, Korea, and Seoul

15689. China and the Six-Party Talks: The New Turn to Mediation Diplomacy

Author:
Samuel S. Kim
Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
During more than a half century of its checkered international life, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has not been known for self-initiated mediation diplomacy in the world's trouble spots. Thus, China's uncharacteristically proactive mediation efforts in the second US-DPRK nuclear standoff, both reflects and affects significant changes in its foreign-policy thinking and behavior. Beijing's seemingly abrupt policy shift provides a timely case study for examining its changing role in the shaping of a new international order in East Asia in general and on the Korean peninsula in particular.
Political Geography:
China and Beijing

15690. Russia's Interests and Objectives on the Korean Peninsula

Author:
Peggy Falkenheim Meyer
Publication Date:
09-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
The North Korean nuclear crisis that began in October 2002 has presented a challenge for Russia. The crisis began when a North Korean official allegedly acknowledged that his country had been pursuing a secret uranium enrichment program. Since then, Pyongyang has withdrawn from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, expelled International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors, and restarted plutonium reactors whose operations were frozen under a 1994 agreement with the United States. North Korea has claimed that it has processed spent nuclear fuel rods and that it possesses nuclear weapons.
Political Geography:
Russia, North Korea, and Korea

15691. U.S.-North Korean Relations: From the Agreed Framework to the Six-party Talks

Author:
Larry Niksch
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
U.S.-North Korean relations since the end of the Cold War have been dominated by the issue of North Korea's nuclear program, specifically by evidence and a U.S. assessment that North Korea has used its nuclear program to attempt to produce nuclear weapons. From the time of a major policy speech in Seoul by Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz in early 1991 to the present, successive U.S. administrations have had a priority policy objective of eliminating the nuclear program. The objective expanded after 1998 to include North Korean missiles and chemical and biological weapons. The United States has attempted three different diplomatic initiatives with this aim: the negotiations that led to the signing of the U.S.-North Korean Agreed Framework in October 1994; the Perry initiative of 1999-2000; and the six-party talks of 2003-2004. The United States, with South Korea, also initiated four-party talks with North Korea, including China, over a Korean peace treaty in the 1997-1999 period.
Political Geography:
United States, South Korea, North Korea, and Seoul

15692. Dealing with Pyongyang In Search of a More Effective Strategy

Author:
C. Kenneth Quinones
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
Double failure does not yield success. North Korean leader Kim Jong Il and US President George Bush claim they want a “peaceful diplomatic solution” to the Korean Peninsula's nuclear woes, but their strategies have failed to achieve their avowed goals. More effective strategies are urgently needed. But first we need to figure out what is really impeding progress on both sides.
Political Geography:
United States, North Korea, and Korea

15693. Advancing Democracy for South Korea: Beyond Electoral Politics and Presidential Impeachment

Author:
Young Whan Kihl
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
South Korea is a trailblazer on the path toward liberal democracy in Asia. Following the 1987 democratic "opening" and transition, the Republic of Korea (ROK) has moved on toward democratic consolidation with a series of drastic reform measures. It moved on to "deepening" democracy and ambitious institution building. As a result, Korea is today recognized internationally as both a thriving democracy and a vibrant capitalist economy. Freedom House Country Ratings continue to place South Korea in the ranking of a liberal democracy, with an average score of 2.0. The ratings for 2005 gave South Korea an average of 1.5 for the two categories of "political rights" and "civil liberties" on a "freedom scale" of 1 to 7, where 1 represents the highest degree of freedom and 7 the lowest. In 2004, South Korea emerged as the 10th largest economy in the world, with a GDP of US$667.4 billion and a per capita GNP of US$16,900.
Political Geography:
Asia, South Korea, and Korea

15694. Protest and Democratic Consolidation: A Korean Perspective

Author:
José Alemán
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
Scenes of workers or other citizens clashing with riot police are a common occurrence in South Korea. While this may come as no surprise to most adult Koreans, such collective mobilization challenges established theories of democratization and democratic consolidation that strongly associate the latter with moderation of social protests.
Political Geography:
South Korea and Korea

15695. Political Implications of E-voting in Korea

Author:
Hyeon-Woo Lee
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
The development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has had substantial effects, not only on everyday life but also on public sphere. It is possible through ICT to realize new concepts like electronic government and electronic democracy. In the meantime, a considerable number of discussions have been conducted on E-voting. The advocates who agree with E-voting strongly insist on accepting it for several reasons, including an increase of the voting rate along with reduced costs, greater accuracy, and the enhanced efficiency of ballot counting. On the other hand, those who oppose the adoption of Evoting hold strongly that there should be care in adopting an E-voting system. They cite possible security and mechanical troubles.
Political Geography:
Korea

15696. Understanding Anti-Americanism Among South Korean College Students

Author:
Haesook Chae
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
During a half-century long alliance between South Korea and the United States, South Koreans have been, for the most part, staunchly pro-American. This began to change in the early 1980s, especially in the aftermath of the Kwangju Incident. Since then, anti- Americanism has ebbed and flowed in South Korea. In light of this, the recent resurgence of anti-Americanism could arguably be dismissed as merely the latest wave in a familiar pattern, and, thus, one that will eventually fade away, just as it has in the past.
Political Geography:
United States, America, and South Korea

15697. ROK's Nuclear Experiments: A Successful Case of Alliance Management

Author:
Steven Kim
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
The startling disclosure by the South Korean (Republic of Korea: ROK) government on September 2, 2004, that a small group of its scientists had conducted secret nuclear experiments in 1982 and 2000 raised immediate concerns about possible implications for the six party talks to resolve the North Korean nuclear crisis, including relations among three principals in the talks—South Korea, North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea: DPRK), and the United States. The first concern was that the revelations might put a strain on ROK and US relations, stemming from their differing views over the disposition of the ROK's nuclear issue by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nation's nuclear watchdog; and second was that the DPRK might take advantage of the incident to pursue its own self-interested agenda. Of the two, the possible negative impact on ROK-US relations was the bigger concern among many observers. With ROK-US relations showing strain over the proper negotiating strategy toward the DPRK, it was feared that further differences between the ROK and the US over the South Korean nuclear issue might aggravate their relationship, and, thus, impede the progress of the six-party talks.
Political Geography:
United States, South Korea, North Korea, and Korea

15698. The South Korea-Chile Free Trade Agreement: Implications for Regional Economic Integration in East Asia

Author:
Youngshik D. Bong and Heoun Joo Jung
Publication Date:
03-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:
International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:
Regionalism has surfaced as one of the focal points in international relations in the new millennium. There has been a dramatic increase in the creation of new regional trading agreements (RTAs) in the past decade. By early 2004, the number of RTAs submitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has doubled in the past decade. More than 273 agreements have been negotiated, 190 of which have come into force.
Political Geography:
East Asia, South Korea, and Chile

15699. Toward A Richer Institutionalism for International Law and Policy

Author:
Kenneth W. Abbott
Publication Date:
12-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:
Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:
In 1992, early in the renaissance of scholarship at the junction of international relations theory (IR) and international law (IL), I suggested that the coming years might see 'the emergence of a new joint discipline' like that which had already emerged in law and economics. It is probably fair to say that a true joint discipline does not yet exist and may never come into being. Yet the appearance of this Journal—a valuable and timely addition to the intellectual landscape—highlights the remarkable interdisciplinary progress made in little more than fifteen years.

15700. The Relative Autonomy of International Law or The Forgotten Politics of Interdisciplinarity

Author:
Jan Klabbers
Publication Date:
12-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:
Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:
It goes without saying (but probably needs to be said) that the Foreign Office lawyer preparing a draft declaration on, say, the right to development, should have some understanding of development theory: she would be well-advised to know that there are various theories, not easily reconcilable with each other, on how development is best to be achieved. By the same token, it goes without saying (but might need to be said) that the practicing trade lawyer who does not have a grasp of the basic economics of international trade might not be best-placed to advise her clients. Likewise, it goes without saying (but perhaps needs to be said) that the practitioner at a Ministry of Defence contemplating whether or not to treat prisoners of war decently would enhance the quality of her decisions if she were to have an understanding of such things as game theory and reciprocity.