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15101. Twentieth Century Internationalism in Law

Author:
Ole Spiermann
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
The 20th century saw the transformation of international law into a legal discipline concerned with the practical application of law. It was fuelled by a manifold variety of treaties, procedures and institutions. Still, international lawyers persisted in conceiving and judging their discipline against a background coloured by national legal traditions. International lawyers did not overcome the optimist and evolutionary tradition based on the assumption that international law is but an ever closer approximation of national legal systems; nor did lawyers escape the flip side of this tradition, i.e., doubt and insecurity about international law and its basis. Rather than facilitating international law as a practical discipline, a superficial understanding of internationalism reinforced fetishisms of the discipline's theoretical past, not least the axiom that states only are proper subjects of international law. To a degree, international law has expanded at the price of becoming less separate from national law and national legal traditions.
Topic:
International Law

15102. Jurisdiction and Compliance in Recent Decisions of the International Court of Justice

Author:
Aloysius P. Llamzon
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
International institutions are plagued by too many expectations and too little power. One striking example is the International Court of Justice. Its malcontents criticize the Court as an ineffective player in achieving international peace and security, largely because of its perceived inability to control state behaviour. Scholars have long blamed this on the ICJ's 'flawed' jurisdictional architecture, which is based entirely on consent. Anything less than a clear indication of consent by the defendant state in a given case is thought to run serious non-compliance risks. This article takes issue with that assessment. By analysing the ICJ's final decisions since the landmark case of Nicaragua v. US, one finds that the manner in which the ICJ was seised of jurisdiction is actually a poor predictor of subsequent compliance. Rather, through complex mechanisms of authority signal and the political inertia induced by those decisions, almost all of the Court's decisions have achieved substantial, albeit imperfect, compliance. Thus, despite the likelihood that states will continue to reduce the scope of the ICJ's compulsory jurisdiction, the World Court will remain a vital, if limited, tool in resolving inter-state disputes and a force for world public order.
Topic:
Security
Political Geography:
United States

15103. The Effect of Jus Cogens Norms: Whoever Opened Pandora's Box, Did You Ever Think About the Consequences?

Author:
Ulf Linderfalk
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
This article forms a contribution to the ongoing scholarly debate on the possible effect of jus cogens norms. For the purpose of the article, it is assumed that peremptory norms certainly exist in positive international law. According to the argument, even if we limit the effects of jus cogens norms to those described in the 1969 Vienna Convention, the jus cogens concept takes us farther than most commentators seem to realize. This is due partly to the power potential invested in the jus cogens concept, partly to the intricate structure typical of legal norms. In fact, as argued in this article, if we take the existence of peremptory international law to its logical consequence, it will carry too far: most actors on the international arena will consider the effects unacceptable. Using as an example the jus cogens norm most often referred to in the literature - the principle of non-use of force - it is a purpose of the present article to establish this proposition as valid. A second purpose is to attract attention to what appears to be the really crucial question for further discussion: How should the effects of jus cogens be limited? Whoever opened the Pandora's Box that once contained the jus cogens concept obviously did not fully realize the consequences that this would have for international law in general. How can this situation be remedied?

15104. Legality of the Deployment of Conventional Weapons in Earth Orbit: Balancing Space Law and the Law of Armed Conflict

Author:
Michel Bourbonnière and Ricky J. Lee
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
The Bush Administration of the United States recently released a revised National Space Policy. Although the revised National Space Policy can be interpreted as a step towards the weaponization of space, it does not necessarily weaponize space. It nonetheless brings to the forefront important legal issues concerning the basing of conventional weapons in space. The present international law matrix on the issue of space-based weapons is to be found in international space law, principally in the Outer Space Treaty, where certain prohibitions apply to nuclear weapons and to weapons of mass destruction. Space must also be used for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development. Space objects must be registered in accordance with the Registration Convention. The UN collective security system and the customary right of self-defence govern the use of force or jus ad bellum. The means and methods through which self-defence is exercised are in turn governed by international humanitarian law. Should space be weaponized the basing of these weapons and their use will be subject not only to international space law but also to the UN Charter and to international humanitarian law. The interface between these legal regimes consequently gains in importance, possibly forcing a reinterpretation of certain space treaties along with a correction in state practice.
Topic:
Humanitarian Aid, Nuclear Weapons, and United Nations
Political Geography:
United States

15105. Torture and State Immunity: Deflecting Impunity, Distorting Sovereignty

Author:
Lorna McGregor
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
In recent judgments, the claim has been made that immunity, as a procedural rule, does not affect substantive norms but merely diverts the claim to an alternative forum. As such, the claim is made that immunity does not equate to impunity. Yet, within a context in which the courts of the state in which the torture allegedly took place are very often unavailable and diplomatic protection does not amount to an alternative means of settlement, the provision of immunity in foreign courts contributes to, justifies, and may even constitute the resulting impunity. At the same time, the framework within which immunity is addressed tends to lend itself to such a result. Courts routinely cite sovereign equality, par in parem non habet jurisdictionem, dignity, and comity as legitimate bases on which to grant immunity without considering the evolution of these doctrines. As a result, the contemporary application of immunity is premised on 1648 understandings of doctrines such as sovereignty, thus positioning the state above the law, a result which renders the prohibition of torture impotent.
Topic:
Sovereignty

15106. The Duty of States Parties to the Convention against Torture to Provide Procedures Permitting Victims to Recover Reparations for Torture Committed Abroad

Author:
Christopher Keith Hall
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
The universal criminal jurisdiction provisions of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ('the Convention') which require each state party to extradite or submit any case involving a foreigner in territory subject to its jurisdiction suspected of torture committed abroad against another foreigner to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. What is not generally known is that Article 14 of the Convention, which contains no geographic restriction, requires each state party to ensure in its legal system that any victim of an act of torture, regardless of where it occurred, obtains redress and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. Despite two recent decisions, one by a Canadian court and the other by the House of Lords, which erroneously asserted the contrary, an authoritative interpretation by the Committee against Torture, the ordinary meaning of the wording of Article 14, the structure of the Convention, and the drafting history all confirm that Article 14 applies to torture committed abroad regardless of the nationality of the perpetrator or the victim.

15107. Immunity for Torture: Lessons from Bouzari v. Iran

Author:
Noah Benjamin Novogrodsky
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
This article assesses the implications of the Canadian case of Bouzari v. Islamic Republic of Iran in which sovereign immunity barred recovery against a foreign state for acts of torture. Part 2 describes the case and the courts' rejection of arguments centred on the hierarchy of jus cogens norms, implied waiver and common law principles. Part 3 evaluates parallel developments in the United States and demonstrates the commonalities and differences associated with efforts to overcome immunity in the two countries. Part 4 examines potential amendments to Canada's State Immunity Act with a view to balancing considerations of comity with a just and workable means of holding states accountable for grave human rights abuses.
Topic:
Human Rights
Political Geography:
United States, Iran, and Canada

15108. State Immunity and Hierarchy of Norms: Why the House of Lords Got It Wrong

Author:
Alexander Orakhelashvili
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
The proper way of addressing the impact of normative hierarchy on state immunity is to adopt the normative-evidentiary approach cleansed of preconceptions motivated by certain risk factors that possess only theoretical significance. The European Court stated in Al-Adsani on the hierarchy of norms issue without properly examining most of its crucial aspects. The Joint Dissenting Opinion of six judges has exposed the weaknesses in the Court's reasoning. Still, some national courts, especially the House of Lords in Jones v. Saudi Arabia, have taken the Al-Adsani ruling as axiomatic, and accepted its outcome without enquiring into whether the line of reasoning the European Court had pursued was consistent or supported with evidence. The outcome is an unfortunate thread of judicial decisions, which do not properly examine the impact of the hierarchy of norms on State immunity, and consistently uphold the impunity of the perpetrators of torture as well as the denial to victims of the only available remedy.
Political Geography:
Europe and Saudi Arabia

15109. All Things to All People? The International Court of Justice and its Commentators

Author:
Jörg Kammerhofer and André de Hoogh
Publication Date:
11-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Abstract:
Despite the technical prowess of both the editors and the contributors to this unique and comprehensive commentary on the Statute of the ICJ, a book of this nature cannot be all things to all people. The practitioner will miss a closer reading of the Court's jurisprudence and a more exhaustive bibliography; the theoretician will lament the lack of theoretical foundations for many of the dogmatic arguments put forward. But this volume is as good as they come, both in terms of the medium and format chosen. The commentary fulfils most of the demands made of it by practitioners and scholars alike.

15110. Introduction. The Judge, the Historian, the Member of Parliament…

Author:
Isabelle Delpla, Xavier Bougarel, and Jean-Louis Fournel
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Le 11 juillet 1995, l'enclave et la ville de Srebrenica, en Bosnie orientale, tombaient aux mains des forces nationalistes serbes du général Mladic qui ont organisé le transfert forcé des femmes et des enfants, massacré plus de 7 500 Bosniaques et, dans les mois suivants, déterré et transporté les cadavres dans des fosses secondaires afin de dissimuler les traces du crime. L'enclave avait pourtant été officiellement déclarée « zone de sécurité » par les Nations unies en 1993, et ses habitants – dont des milliers de réfugiés venant de toute la Bosnie orientale – placés sous la protection de la communauté internationale, représentée en l'occurrence par un bataillon de casques bleus néerlandais. Le massacre de Srebrenica a été rapidement perçu comme le symbole des contradictions, erreurs et fautes, voire des crimes qui ont marqué la politique de « maintien de la paix » prônée par les grandes puissances et l'ONU en ex-Yougoslavie. L'horreur de ce dernier grand massacre de la guerre de Bosnie (1992-1995) a sans doute joué un rôle important dans l'intervention de l'OTAN contre les Serbes de Bosnie à la fin de l'été 1995 qui, à son tour, a conduit à la conclusion des accords de Dayton quelques mois plus tard. Le massacre de Srebrenica a ainsi été tristement fondateur pour l'Europe de l'après-Guerre froide, et notamment pour l'émergence d'une politique européenne de sécurité et de défense. A une échelle plus globale, l'issue tragique de la politique des « zones de sécurité » en Bosnie orientale a contribué à redéfinir les règles d'engagement et l'établissement des responsabilités nationales et internationales dans les opérations de type militaro-humanitaire.
Topic:
Security and Cold War
Political Geography:
Europe, Bosnia, and Sochi

15111. The Inquiries of the ICTY. Interview with Jean-René Ruez

Author:
Jean-René Ruez
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
This article presents the principal results, the process, the working methods and the limits of the investigation carried out by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) concerning the Srebrenica massacre of July 1995. This investigation brought to light a vast operation to forcibly displace the women and children and to execute the men. The executions were organised and took place in three phases: (1) a sporadic phase, (2) a systematic phase, and (3) a phase of moving and hiding the bodies. The investigation revealed the military architecture underlying this operation of prisoner extermination. Despite the immensity of the crime scene, the police commissioner uses classic investigative methods (crossing of testimony, search and seizure, etc.) and plays the role of coordinator for a team of investigators and experts (in archaeology, forensic medicine, ballistics, etc.), working to put together the pieces of a huge puzzle.  Cet article présente les résultats principaux, le déroulement, les méthodes de travail et les limites des enquêtes menées par le Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY) sur le massacre de Srebrenica de juillet 1995. L'enquête a mis au jour une vaste opération de transfert forcé des femmes et des enfants et d'exécutions des hommes. Ces exécutions organisées ont été menées en trois phases, d'abord sporadiques puis systématiques, puis de déplacement et dissimulation des corps. L'enquête a révélé l'architecture militaire de cette opération d'extermination des prisonniers. Devant l'énormité de la scène de crime, le commissaire de police utilise des méthodes d'investigation classiques (croisement de témoignages, perquisitions, etc.) et joue le rôle d'un coordinateur d'une équipe d'enquêteurs et d'experts (en archéologie, en médecine légale, en balistique, etc.) pour rassembler les pièces d'un immense puzzle.
Political Geography:
Yugoslavia and Balkans

15112. Essay on the “report-style”: characteristics and temporalities in the construction process of a public truth

Author:
Jean-Louis Fournel
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
En s'appuyant sur une étude de différents rapports rédigés entre 1999 et 2004 à propos du massacre de Srebrenica, cet article entend mettre en évidence la façon dont peut s'élaborer une « vérité publique ». Tout rapport est basé sur un contrat de lecture particulier qui induit des constantes voire des contraintes (auteur collectif, liens entre auditions, enquêtes et rédaction, recommandations éventuelles, analyse de la causalité etc.), ce qui contribue à définir une « forme-rapport ». L'article s'attarde notamment sur une constante particulière, à savoir les relations entre trois formes de temporalités : temps des événements, temps mobilisé dans le rapport, temps de l'enquêteur. Au terme de l'analyse, maintes ambiguïtés demeurent sur la sélection des données, l'éventuelle auto-censure, le statut de l'information publiée et l'utilisation des résultats, la crédibilité des causalités, les effets sur les opinions publiques et les gouvernements. Les rapports encouragent ainsi une complexité qui, paradoxalement, joue au bénéfice de la recherche d'une vérité des faits mais aussi, parfois, aux dépens d'une saisie du sens historique.

15113. Reconsidering the French Parliamentary Mission of Information on the Srebrenica events (2001)

Author:
Pierre Brana
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
A lumière de son expérience de député, Pierre Brana analyse le travail de la Mission d'information parlementaire française sur Srebrenica au regard des logiques propres à un tel dispositif parlementaire, qui tiennent notamment à la distinction entre commission d'enquête et mission d'information. Ce travail parlementaire est soumis à de fortes contraintes (temporelles, d'élaboration collective, etc.) et bénéficie d'un faible pouvoir d'investigation, d'où certaines de ses limites. Le rapport porte d'ailleurs la trace des désaccords entre parlementaires, notamment de ceux de l'auteur avec ses collègues. Bien que la culture d'investigation et l'intérêt pour les affaires internationales soient encore insuffisants chez les élus (jusqu'en 1997, les affaires étrangères échappaient à toute mission de ce type), ce genre de commission contribue néanmoins au développement d'une culture de la critique.
Political Geography:
Balkans

15114. Reflecting on the NIOD Report: Academic Logics and the Culture of Consensus

Author:
Pieter Lagrou
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Le rapport commandité par le gouvernement néerlandais en 1996 sur les responsabilités du pays dans la chute de l'enclave de Srebrenica, publié en avril 2002, est exceptionnel à plusieurs titres, dont le volume – plus de 7 000 pages –, les moyens et les sources mis à la disposition de l'équipe de douze chercheurs et l'impact. Sa publication a provoqué la démission du gouvernement. Afin de comprendre ce rapport, il est important de l'insérer dans une tradition nationale de recours aux commissions d'enquête comme outils de consensus politique. La démarche même de la commission, son positivisme, sa cohérence qui n'admet aucune contradiction, son insistance sur les responsabilités en haut lieu tout en prenant soin de ne pas s'attarder sur celles des militaires de Dutchbat eux-mêmes, contribuent plus à clore un débat national qu'à l'alimenter.

15115. Reopening wounds? The Bosnian Parliament and the Bosnian Responsabilities' Issue

Author:
Xavier Bougarel
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
In the summer of 1995 already, various polemics broke out on possible tactical mistakes of the Bosniac political and military leaders and on a hypothetical abandonment of the Srebrenica enclave. Later on, these polemics were fed by the internal conflicts of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the first demonstrations of the enclave's survivors, and the forecoming general elections of September 1996. Against this background, the Parliament of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina organized on the 1st of August 1996 a debate on the causes of the fall of Srebrenica. The analysis of this debate allows for a better understanding of the ways in which the question of the possible Bosniac responsibilities in the fall of Srebrenica is in fact related to larger interrogations on the way the SDA leaders exerted political power and defined their war aims.   Dès l'été 1995, diverses polémiques ont vu le jour sur de possibles erreurs tactiques des dirigeants politiques et militaires bosniaques ou un hypothétique abandon de l'enclave de Srebrenica. Par la suite, ces polémiques ont été alimentées par les dissensions internes au Parti de l'action démocratique (SDA), les premières manifestations des survivants de l'enclave et l'approche des élections générales de septembre 1996. Dans ce contexte, le Parlement de la République de Bosnie-Herzégovine a organisé le 1er août 1996 un débat sur les causes de la chute de Srebrenica. L'analyse de ce débat permet de mieux comprendre comment la question des éventuelles responsabilités bosniaques dans la chute de Srebrenica renvoie en fait à d'autres interrogations plus larges sur les modes d'exercice du pouvoir politique par les dirigeants du SDA d'une part, sur leurs buts de guerre d'autre part.
Political Geography:
Balkans

15116. On the Republika Srpska's Government Report

Author:
Michèle Picard and Asta Zinbo
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Cet article présente les origines, la mise en place, le travail et les suites du rapport par lequel le gouvernement de la Republika Srpska (RS) a, en juin 2004, reconnu la réalité du massacre de Srebrenica de juillet 1995. A l'origine, la Chambre des droits de l'Homme de Bosnie-Herzégovine a rendu en 2003 une décision qui ordonnait à la RS de faire une enquête sur les événements de Srebrenica. Suite à cette décision, le gouvernement de la RS a institué une commission aux travaux de laquelle un représentant de la Commission internationale pour les personnes portées disparues (ICMP) a été associée. Cet article présente d'abord le point de vue de la Chambre, puis celui de l'ICMP, institutions à la fois distinctes et complémentaires des juridictions pénales, qui, s'appuyant sur le principe de la défense des droits de l'Homme, considèrent les droits et le sort individuels des victimes de Srebrenica, morts et survivants, et la responsabilité collective du gouvernement de la RS.
Topic:
Government
Political Geography:
Balkans

15117. Comparing Inquiries and Reports on Srebrenica: Facts, Responsabilities, Intelligibility

Author:
Isabelle Delpla
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
A partir d'une comparaison des enquêtes et des rapports sur Srebrenica, cet article analyse la manière dont ces textes établissent les faits, déterminent les responsabilités et proposent des modèles d'intelligibilité. Les enquêtes du TPIY sont déterminantes pour la connaissance du massacre. Les rapports divergent dans l'assignation des responsabilités internationales dans la chute de l'enclave, reflétant un tropisme (inter)national, très dommageable dans le cas des rapports français et hollandais du NIOD. Les réponses à la question « pourquoi Srebrenica ? », plus convaincantes dans l'analyse du « faire » que du « laisser faire », posent le problème des analogies, du cadre de référence et des jeux d'échelles pertinents (local, régional, étatique, international). Elles soulignent les limites d'une focalisation « locale » sur Srebrenica et l'importance de ne pas séparer l'analyse de la chute de Srebrenica de celle de Zepa.
Political Geography:
Balkans

15118. Hors-themes: The political analysis of a rebellion. A “governance through violence” in Northern Ivory Coast

Author:
Michel Galy
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
A la suite de travaux sur la « guerre nomade » ouest africaine, on s'interroge ici sur la sociologie politique d'un mouvement rebelle, entre ethnicité et internationalisation. Quels écarts entre les pratiques de violence discontinue envers les civils et les discours anti-discriminations, entre épuration ethnique larvée et positions révolutionnaires ? L'étude des strates successives du mouvement rebelle, des clans et groupes qui le composent aboutit à un « diagramme de pouvoirs » qui va des communautés locales aux alliances avec les pays voisins et aux soutiens occidentaux. Mais un approfondissement de la genèse du mouvement montre en fait certains caractères « post-modernes » de telles rebellions, où la sympathie plus ou moins manipulée de médias étrangers aboutit, via un sigle au début largement artificiel (MPCI), à une véritable co-création d'un mouvement politico-militaire, dont militaires, politiques et humanitaires occidentaux se sont emparés sans recul critique - notamment en refusant de connaître l'« idéologie mandingue », symétrique de « l'ivoirité » et justifiant par avance une violence conquérante. C'est aussi l'occasion, en termes foucaldiens, de jauger la « gouvernance par la violence » de la zone rebelle, mais aussi sa gouvernementalité : en termes d'informalisation des trafics en tous genres, de résistance des communautés villageoises, de persistance des factions militaires sous-tendues par les clivages de l'ethnicité ; enfin d'analyser les dilemmes politiques du mouvement rebelle, entre création d'un proto-Etat peu viable (ou son rattachement au Burkina), et ralliement - moyennant compensations -au processus de réintégration nationale, de désarmement et de participation au processus électoral.
Topic:
Governance
Political Geography:
Africa and Côte d'Ivoire

15119. Regards sur l'entre deux: Concerning « Regards sur l'entre-deux » (2005-2007)

Author:
Antonia Garcia Castro
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
Créée il y a deux ans, cette rubrique entend explorer les relations complexes du culturel et du politique. L'ouverture que cet espace permet n'est pas formelle, elle n'est pas que thématique, notre propos est de rendre possible le dialogue avec des interlocuteurs dont nous partageons un certain nombre de préoccupations, quelles que soient les disciplines, voire les métiers des uns et des autres. Priorité, en effet, est donnée aux artistes (plasticiens, musiciens, écrivains, notamment) sans qu'ils aient l'exclusivité. L'important pour nous est l'échange, et les possibles articulations entre une œuvre, une pensée - non nécessairement issue du monde universitaire - et les grands pôles de recherche de notre revue. A plus d'un égard, notre rubrique est un « chantier », un terrain d'expérimentation : nous cherchons et proposons, d'un dossier à l'autre, ce que nous pensons être la manière la plus juste de présenter - quels que soient les sujets -, une démarche, une voix. Ce chantier nous le revendiquons pour autant qu'il nous permet d'explorer tous les jours les modalités mêmes d'un dialogue possible, en dépit des éventuelles différences.

15120. Regards sur l'entre deux: Lettre to the Junta of le Monde

Author:
Jean-Pierre Faye
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
J'écrirai à la Junte du Monde, surtout si le temps se faisait plus perméable à la transmission des expériences, des doutes, des grosses certitudes. Je dirai : oui, j'étais à la fenêtre, j'attendais de voir. Je voyais le fils ramasser les médicaments pour sa mère, les sachets pharmaceutiques dans sa main. En passant le fils était vu par sa mère, voyant le petit R. qui se faisait attaquer par les forces de l'ordre.

15122. Foreword

Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Cultures & Conflits
Institution:
Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:
No abstract is available.
Topic:
Foreign Policy
Political Geography:
Yugoslavia

15123. Existe-t-il une religion civile républicaine?

Author:
Jean Baubérot
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
La notion de « religion civile » provient, on le sait, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, et elle a été, ces dernières décennies, reprise et réinterprétée par des sociologues et des historiens. En France, il est assez courant d'opposer la « laïcité républicaine » (française) à la religion civile américaine. Cet article propose, au contraire, l'hypothèse que la question de la « religion civile » se situe au coeur de la spécificité de la laïcité française dans sa dimension historique comme dans son actualité. La Cour constitutionnelle italienne considère, depuis 1989, le principe de laïcité comme fondamental ; plusieurs pays (Portugal, Russie) ont inscrit la laïcité dans leur Constitution ; le Québec a explicitement laïcisé ses écoles en 2000, etc. Et, pourtant, la laïcité continue d'apparaître souvent comme une « exception française » Or cette exceptionnalité n'est nullement conforme à la pensée des pères fondateurs de la laïcité française : Ferdinand Buisson, le maître d'oeuvre (au côté de Jules Ferry et de ses successeurs) de la laïcisation de l'école, et Aristide Briand, l'auteur principal de la loi de séparation des Églises et de l'État de 1905, envisageaient la laïcité de façon universaliste et non substantialiste : il existe pour eux des pays plus ou moins laïques, et la France n'est pas le pays le plus laïque du globe.
Topic:
Civil Society, Government, and Religion
Political Geography:
United States, Europe, and France

15124. Religions, genre, et politiques laïques en France, XIXe-XXe siècles

Author:
Florence Rochefort
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
In the French polemics over the Islamic headscarf, the relationship between secularism and sexual equality has sometimes been made out to be an artificial one. The articulation between politics, religion, secularism, and women's rights is examined here over the longue durée. Since the beginning of the secularization process during the French Revolution, a minority has championed an egalitarian conception of secularization. Rivalries between or convergences of political and religious authorities have driven an ambivalent and not very equal secularization, creating secular pacts that rely on gender pacts to the detriment of equality. This dynamic reversed itself beginning in the 1960s with the battle for legal contraception and abortion, which shook one of the very bases of French Catholicism to its foundation. The headscarf affairs revealed the egalitarian effects of secularism and favored the elaboration of thought about secularism in conjunction with sexual equality, which, whatever the various interpretations of that thought may be, could prove to be a non-negligible benefit.
Topic:
Islam
Political Geography:
France

15125. The Muslim Presence in France and the United States: Its Consequences for Secularism

Author:
Jocelyne Cesari
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
All too often, the question of Muslim minorities in Europe and America is discussed solely in socioeconomic terms or with a simplistic focus on the Islamic religion and its purported incompatibility with democracy. This article focuses instead on the secularism of Western host societies as a major factor in the integration of Muslim minorities. It compares French and American secularism and argues that while French-style secularism has contributed to present tensions between French Muslims and the French state, American secularism has facilitated the integration of Muslims in the United States-even after 9/11.
Topic:
Economics
Political Geography:
United States, America, and Europe

15126. Fascinating Les Halles

Author:
Rosemary Wakeman
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
This article considers the site and space of Les Halles as an ongoing intellectual fascination. It specifically looks at how architects have historically approached Les Halles as a “site of modernity” and puts into context the most recent renovation and the architectural competition to design Les Halles in 2004-2005. It will consider the projects and their viability from a cultural perspective and open the question of the site and the city's future form.

15127. Architecture and Biopolitics at Les Halles

Author:
Meredith TenHoor
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
Until 1969, when Paris's wholesale food markets were moved to the Parisian suburb of Rungis, Les Halles, the market district in the center of Paris, fed much of the city's urban population. Les Halles was not simply a place where food was bought and sold, but also a highly visible and symbolically charged node of communication between the countryside, the state, and the bodies of Parisian citizens. Due to its centrality and visibility, Les Halles came under enormous pressure to physically symbolize the state's relationship to the “market.” In turn, the architecture of the markets at Les Halles came to stand in for the powers of the state to organize a flow of goods from farm to body. From the 1763 construction of the Halle au blé, to the 1851 ground-breaking on Victor Baltard's iron and glass market pavilions, to the construction of the Centre Pompidou and the Forum des Halles in the 1970s and 1980s, the markets at Les Halles were regularly redesigned and rebuilt to accommodate and/or produce shifting notions of architectural, social, and financial order.
Topic:
Communications
Political Geography:
Paris

15128. L'enjeu métropolitain des Halles

Author:
Thierry Baudouin and Michèle Collin
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
During the Fordist period, the state transformed the historic site of Les Halles, in the heart of Paris, into the agglomeration's chief mass transit gateway. Efforts to make the site into a veritable tool of social, cultural, and economic metropolitan development are struggling because of governmental modalities that remain very marked by centralism. A majority of citizens, notably those living in suburban Paris, actively stake a claim to this metropolitan dimension and to the rich possibilities of this tool. The article principally analyzes the territorializing practices of suburban youths, whose multiple subjectivities are still poorly integrated into the site. Les Halles thus reveals the question of the correspondence of these establishing metropolitan practices to the reality of the centralized institutions around Paris intramuros.
Political Geography:
Paris

15129. Les rapports ambigus entre politiques et citoyens: le cas du réaménagement du quartier des Halles à Paris

Author:
Pierre Diméglio and Jodelle Zetlaoui-Léger
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
While Mayor Bertrand Delanoë had omitted the renovation of Les Halles in his plans for the city in his 2001 inaugural address, in 2002, at the urging of the RATP and Espace Expansion, he decided to create a working group to undertake this project during his tenure. Having made citizen participation a new goal for local government, he also announced that the project would be undertaken with Parisians, especially local associations. The first part of this article emphasizes the different postures that elected politicians, engineers, and experts have adopted over the course of forty years vis-à-vis the question of citizen participation in urban planning. The second part explores the decision- making process for the Les Halles renovation over the last four years; it considers the issues and difficulties linked to the implementation of participatory plans incorporating residents––whether they are members of local groups or not––in complex urban planning projects.
Topic:
Government
Political Geography:
Paris

15130. On the Intellectual Sources of Laïcité: Rousseau, Constant, and the Debates about a National Religion

Author:
Helena Rosenblatt
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
That French Protestants gave strong support to laïcité is by now well established. Whether this support was due to ideological dispositions within Protestantism or to Protestantism's practical relationship to history can be debated; what cannot be debated is the disproportionate role Protestants played within the Third Republic and among the early proponents of laïcité. In recent work, Patrick Cabanel has even made a compelling case for the Protestant sources of laïcité, placing particular emphasis on the Protestant entourage of Jules Ferry (1832-1893) and stressing the inspiration provided by the pro-Protestant intellectual, Edgar Quinet (1803-1875).
Topic:
Religion
Political Geography:
Europe and France

15131. Religion, politique et régulation juridique aux États-Unis

Author:
Fabienne Randaxhe
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
From a French perspective, the relationship between the state and religion in the United States may seem paradoxical. On the one hand, the American nation was the first one to have established, by constitutional means, a separation between religious bodies and the political realm. On the other hand, religious and political spheres in the US still seem to overlap to some extent. While French approaches tend to regard US laïcité as uncertain and incomplete, this article discusses whether laïcité is in the US incomplete or aware of tensions to be lessened among religious, political and social forces. I focus on legal regulation and consider the notion of accommodation as a particular form of legal laïcité.
Topic:
Politics
Political Geography:
United States and America

15132. Religion et politique en France dans le contexte de la construction européenne

Author:
Jean-Paul Willaime
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
Strongly marked by the weight of the past, the French approach to State-Religion- Society relations has distinct qualities, and especially a strong confrontational and emotional dimension. This essay address the evolution of these relations and their tensions by focusing on three subjects that make manifest the relationship between politics and religion in important ways, namely, schools, sects, and Islam. The arena of the school is especially significant in three respects: the link between public and private schools; the question of what should be taught about religion, and the display of religious expression by students. The essay considers these matters within the context of wider transformations in religion (secularization) and politics (disenchantment and changes in the state's role in society). It concludes by situating recent developments in the context of globalization and especially Europeanization.
Topic:
Development, Globalization, and Islam
Political Geography:
Europe and France

15133. Les élections françaises de 2007

Author:
Gérard Grunberg
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
The 2007 presidential elections have been the most important in France since 1981 because they provoked ruptures in the way the state and the French political system function. These ruptures, which this essay explores, include: the structural advantage the Right now has over the Left in national elections; the extension of the president's power and role in the regime; the transformation of the French political parties system into bipartism; and, finally, evolution inside the two major French parties due not only to the personality, ideas and choices of their respective candidates but also to the growing role of the president in the regime and its effects.
Political Geography:
France

15134. Analyse de l'élection présidentielle des 22 avril et 6 mai et des élections législatives des 10 et 17 juin 2007: une rupture politique?

Author:
Pascal Perrineau
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
Nicolas Sarkozy's victory in the 2007 French presidential elections represents a true rupture: rupture with years of political apathy, rupture with what was an escalating rise of political protest, rupture with a “law” that since 1981 seemed to require that every outgoing majority be beaten. Sarkozy's electoral victory was substantial. It was built on a notion that what the French were looking for was a strong sense of direction, and it gave rise to a dynamic of striking change right after the election (a political opening to the left, a shift in presidential style, disarray in the Socialist Party, and the marginalization of the National Front).
Topic:
Politics and Law

15135. La singularité française: la campagne présidentielle de Ségolène Royal

Author:
Frédérique Matonti
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
For the first time, a woman has come close to becoming the president of France. This essay examines the conditions that account for why Segolène Royal was chosen as Socialist candidate for the presidency. These conditions were above all political and were linked to key features of the Socialist Party. But her nomination also needs to be understood in the context of the parity law. To an important extent this law reinforced the gendered order, and Ségolène Royal's candidacy emerged readily in the wake of the law. The essay goes on to analyze the candidate's campaign. Before and during the primary campaign, the general framework was conducive to her ascendancy. But, after the primaries, critics were sharp: Royal was portrayed as ever less competent. Although there is a sociological basis for the voting of 2007, misogyny also played a part in Ségolène Royal's defeat.
Topic:
Law
Political Geography:
France

15136. Once Again, From a Distance: Martinique and the French Presidential Election of 2007

Author:
William Miles
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:
Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:
In May 2007, Martinique did not follow the rest of France in endorsing Nicolas Sarkozy in his bid to become president. Along with the other overseas French states Guadeloupe and Réunion (but not Guyane), Martinique supported rather the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal. Martinique thereby distanced itself from the rest of the République—as it had done in 1995—by backing a left-wing presidential candidate rather than the ultimately victorious right-wing one. 2007 represents the converse of 1981, when Martinique voted for the rightist candidate but France as a whole elected a leftist (François Mitterrand). Over time, being at electoral odds with the nation as a whole has become less troubling for Martinicans: independence, which most islanders oppose, is no longer seen at stake in presidential outcomes. On the other hand, Martinicans have become progressively resigned to their peripheral status within French presidential politics.
Political Geography:
France

15137. Table of Contents

Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
No abstract is available.
Political Geography:
Afghanistan and Iraq

15138. Editor's Note

Author:
Ahmed I. Samatar
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
This special volume has a complicated history, and its release has been long in coming. The distant hinterland includes many months of preparation and discussion to form what became the National Civic Forum (NCF). Twenty-seven Somalis, made up of a mixture of scholars, senior professionals, and highly experienced national figures, assembled in Nairobi, Kenya, in late 2004 to start a disciplined exploration of the Somali conditions and what might possibly be done about them. That initial and successful retreat led to a public and widely circulated press release that underscored a nonpartisan commitment to the well-being of the Somali people through ideas that stress unity, peace, freedom, and constitutional civic life.
Political Geography:
Kenya, Somalia, and Nairobi

15139. Security and Reconciliation in Post-Conflict Society: The Matter of Closing the Books in South Africa and Somalia

Author:
Janis Grobbelaar and Jama M. Ghalib
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
At the more macro and general level, this article is concerned with societal transition towards the rule of law and sustainable democracy in post-conflict societies. It departs from an understanding that sufficient institutional capacity, in particular that needed to root and implement the rule of law, is ultimately required if secure, peaceful, and democratically viable post-conflict-ridden society is to be built and maintained over time. It assumes, in other words, that a legitimate and functioning normative order and a culture predisposed to such an order are key to security, reconciliation, and sustainable democracy. More particularly, the article engages the time and the methods, as well as the concerns of transition from societal violence, authoritarianism, and tyranny, towards the rule of law and secure democracy. To use Jon Elster's words, it deals with “the time” of attempting “to close the books” after a cessation of conflict has been agreed to and democracy is introduced.
Political Geography:
South Africa and Somalia

15140. The Porcupine Dilemma: Governance and Transition in Somalia

Author:
Ahmed I. Samatar
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
As of this writing, too far from “civil happiness,” Somalis continue sliding deeper into a fallen time—pitiful victims of their own follies and an ill-informed, if not manipulative, international and regional system. More precisely, the fight over the state in the past decade and a half has been at once violent and so disabling that, in the eyes of the rest of the world, Somalis have become the paradigmatic embodiment of self-inflicted politicide. Dismayingly, though the Somali state institutions are no more, the contestants wage their battles as if the prize is just waiting to be picked up. Oblivious, then, to the fact that the state and governance are more than the sum of capricious self-promotion and claims of Potemkin political appellations and appointments, the aggressively ambitious bestow a vulgar concreteness to Jorge Luis Borges' metaphor of the condition of “two bald men fighting over a comb.” The ultimate costs of the death of the state and subsequent communal strife are a withering of the national civic identity and spirit and, therefore, a descent into a form of moronic existence. Six instantiations of this condition are: (a) disunity exemplified by some in the northern Somali Republic (Somaliland) calling for a separate sovereignty in that region; (b) an essentialization of clanist maneuvers and mischief that have proven to be incapable of producing legitimate and competent leaders fit for the challenges of the epoch, let alone bring forth workable institutions for the immediate juncture; (c) the degeneration of Mogadishu from the once breezy, relatively cosmopolitan nerve-center of the post-colonial order to a dilapidated hell's gate overwhelmed by new deadly conflagrations and mountains of illdisposed filth; (d) a deepening socioeconomic impoverishment, barely assuaged by remittances from relatives in the diaspora, decline in educational opportunities and standards, and deteriorating public health, including the return of polio; (e) an acute national vulnerability to easy bamboozlement, and now direct military intervention or invasion by foreign actors, particularly neighboring Ethiopia; and (f) a mixture of incredulity and contempt on the part of the larger global community. To be sure, these negative attributes (and many more) make up the defining face of Somali reality. But it is also vital to note that, among the paradoxes of the current sharp cut in time (the meaning of civil war), numerous ordinary women and men, in every zone of the country, have taken it upon themselves to address the immediate concerns of their families and neighborhoods, the virus of sectarian cabals, and, commensurately, keep the candle of civic values flickering for a future undergirded by a peaceful and legitimate and competent governance.
Political Geography:
Ethiopia and Somalia

15141. Somalia: Education in Transition

Author:
Lee Cassanelli and Farah Sheikh Abdikadir
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
We begin with the premise that education is a basic human right, as well as a precondition for any serious effort to return peace, prosperity, and justice to Somalia's citizens on a lasting basis. The collapse of the Somali state and the subsequent civil war(s) have altered most aspects of Somali life; but they have been particularly devastating in the area of education, where an entire generation has lost out on one of the most precious opportunities of childhood. The restoration of regular schooling is critical if Somalis expect to survive the present upheaval and envision a hopeful future. Education can provide structure and stability for children who have been traumatized by war. It is the starting point for creating a skilled workforce that can compete in the global economy. Education fosters the intellectual discipline necessary to solve problems, and the civic virtues essential for good governance. Good education can help reduce gender inequalities, child exploitation, and the likelihood of future violence in the wider society.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15142. Somalia's Post-Conflict Economy: A Political Economy Approach

Author:
Abdi Ismail Samatar
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
Much discussion has taken place about reviving the Somali economy since the dawn of the new century. These conversations have not critically assessed what bedeviled the Somali economy during the tenure of the old regime and since its collapse. Further, no one has yet articulated an appropriate framework that accounts for the country's past and the ways in which a new Somali order can profitably learn from and engage with recent developments in the global environment. The factors that crippled the old order and that sustain the civil war must be identified and contained, if not fully controlled, during and after the transition. Among the ills that plague the Somali economy are structural constraints, mismanagement of public resources, a political elite whose preoccupation is looting the commons, lawlessness and warlord rule, and a disorganized public that failed to unite against a sectarian political agenda that stoked conflict between communities. The prospect that the transition will be economically successful is grim unless a conscious and concerted effort is made to reduce these political liabilities.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15143. Reviving the Somali Economy: Business Regulation and Development Opportunities Associated with Globalization

Author:
Yusuf Ahmed Nur
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
This contribution suggests a number of business and economic policies that a new government of the Somali Republic might consider in order to put the country on the path to successful economic reconstruction and development. The proposed policies are derived from a critical reassessment of today's integrated and interdependent world economy, which presents both opportunities and dire threats that could jeopardize the sovereignty and statehood of Somalia. The crucial role of a good and strong government is emphasized. Recent developments are also integrated into the analysis. The essay concludes by suggesting policies for creating a business and investment climate that guides and regulates (but does not stifle) the entrepreneurial spirit of the Somali people, which has flourished for fifteen years in the absence of state and government.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15144. Health Care Services in Transitional Somalia: Challenges and Recommendations

Author:
Mohamed Gedi Qayad
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
Universal access to health care is an ideal goal for all nations. Nations often base their health care development plans on this principle. In Somalia, provision of health care services was also driven by this principle, and delivery of services was publicly funded like other social services, such as education. However, that goal was never achieved and the health status indicators for Somalia, even before the collapse of the central government, showed grim statistics.
Political Geography:
Somalia

15145. National Civic Forum Charter (English and Somali)

Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:
Macalester College
Abstract:
The National Civic Forum is an independent, non-partisan organization founded by a cohort of Somali scholars and professionals who met on September 20th–24th, 2004 in Nairobi, Kenya. NCF's mission is to generate and disseminate creative ideas that may assist in educating the Somali people in order for them to establish a democratic political order, durable peace, justice, rule of law and sustainable development.
Political Geography:
Kenya, Somalia, and Nairobi

15146. Civil Society-State Relations in Turkey in the Context of Political Culture: The Case of Trade Union

Author:
Armağan Öztürk
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bilgi
Institution:
Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:
Makale sendikal çözümleme üzerine daha çok altyapı ilişkilerine atıfta bulunan tarihsel-ekonomik perspektifi, toplumsal yapı ve siyasal kültüre değinen alternatif bir okumayla zenginleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Temel iddia Türkiye'de siyasi kültürün örgütlü toplumun gelişmesini yapısal özelikleri nedeniyle geciktirdiği yönünde olduğudur. Dayanışmacı, paternalist, popülist, elitist, cemaatçi, solidarist ve patrimonyal kültürel öğeler çatışma karşıtı bir eylem-söylem zemini yaratmaktadır. Bu zemin, seçkinci pratiğin kendini sivil toplum içinde yeniden üretmesine olanak sağlayan meşrulaştırıcı bir dizi politik enstrümanı mümkün kılar. Sendikalar da sağcı popülizmin ve cemaatçiliğin koşullanması altında patronajcı mantığı içselleştirmişlerdir. Kamusal imkânların patronajcı kullanımı hükümet ile sivil toplumu bir çıkar ağı sistemi ile birbirine bağlayan yozlaşmış siyaset örgütlenme biçimine yol açmıştır. Sendikaların araçsal siyasete tabi olması ya da sendikanın patronajcı bilince teslim olması olgusu örgüt özelinde temsil sorununu ve birçok noktada bu sorunu kesen bir sendikal demokrasi-sendikal bürokrasi karşıtlığını beraberinde getirmektedir.
Topic:
Trade
Political Geography:
Turkey and Latin America

15147. A Trajectory of Center-Periphery Relations in Turkish Politics and 27 May 1960 Coup

Author:
Serdar Gülener
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bilgi
Institution:
Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Amerikalı sosyolog Edward Shils tarafından ortaya konmuş olan ve Şerif Mardin tarafından Türk siyaseti'ne uyarlanan merkez-çevre ikiliğini açıklamak ve bu ikiliği 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesi'nde kullanmaktır. Öncelikli olarak Edward Shils'in merkez ve çevre kavramları ile ne anlatmak istediğine değinilmiş, daha sonra, bu kavramlar ile Türk siyaseti'ne tarihsel bir bakış açısı sunan Şerif Mardin'in merkez ve çevre kavramları anlatılmıştır. Son olarak ise 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesi'ne giden süreç, darbe ve bu darbenin bir ürünü olan 1961 Anayasası merkez-çevre ikiliği açısından değerlendirilmiştir.
Topic:
Politics and History
Political Geography:
Turkey

15148. Financial Crisis and Fiscal Policies in Globalization: A Latin America Experience

Author:
Ayça Şimşek
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bilgi
Institution:
Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:
Dünya ekonomisinde küreselleşme süreci ile birlikte hızla artan dışa açılma eğilimleri özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerin finansal piyasalarında önemli değişimlere yol açmıştır. Bu ülkelerde erken dışa açılma (finansal piyasaların gelişimini tamamlamadan dışsal aktörlere açılması) ve sığ piyasaların varlığı piyasaların dışsal şoklardan etkilenme derecesini arttırarak krizlerin oluşumunu tetiklemiştir. Latin Amerika ülkeleri bu özellikleri bünyesinde barındıran ve dolayısıyla krizlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenen ülkeler olmuşlardır. Bu ülkelerin finansal piyasalarında 1960'lı yıllardan itibaren küreselleşmenin hız kazanmasıyla birlikte krizler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu krizler ile mücadelede özellikle IMF tarafından önerilen ortodoks ekonomi politikaları uygulanmış ve bu çerçevede sıkı para ve maliye politikası önlemleri ile finansal krizlerin piyasalar üzerindeki etkileri azaltılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak bu politikalar; uygulama sonuçları itibariyle kısa dönemde finansal piyasalarda kısmi bir iyileşme sağlamışsa da uzun dönemde ekonomide daraltıcı etkilere yol açarak reel ekonomideki durgunluk sürecini körüklemiştir. Dolayısıyla bu piyasalarda krizlerle mücadelede uygulanan para ve maliye politikalarının eşanlı yürütülmesi ve bu bağlamda makroekonomik politikaların birbiriyle tutarlılığı önem taşımaktadır. Bu açıdan Latin Amerika ülkelerinde reel piyasaları daraltmadan finansal risklerin azaltılmasını sağlayacak güvenilir ve istikrarlı bir ekonomi politikasının uygulanabilirliğinin sağlanması, sadece finansal istikrarın değil tüm makroekonomik istikrarın gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli görülmektedir.
Topic:
Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
Latin America

15149. Financial Liberalization in Turkey

Author:
Serpil Döm
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bilgi
Institution:
Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de finansal serbestleşme uygulamaları ve ekonomik büyümeye olan etkileri incelenmektedir. Yaygın görüşe göre finansal sistemin serbestleşmesi; yabancı portföy akımlarına sınırlamaların kalkması ve yabancı fon girişleri, ekonomik büyümenin motoru olarak kabul edilmektedir. Karşıt görüşe göre ise, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yabancı kaynaklı büyük fon hareketleri ve sistemden ani çıkışlar finansal krizlerin baş aktörleri olarak görülmektedir. Genel anlamda finansal serbestleşmenin faydaları ve olumsuz etkileri gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından; özelde ise, Türkiye açısından ele alınmaktadır.
Topic:
Trade Liberalization
Political Geography:
Turkey

15150. Market Orientation Control in Public Administration

Author:
Hamza Al
Publication Date:
03-2007
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Bilgi
Institution:
Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:
Son yıllarda kamu yönetiminde parçalı fakat kendi içersinde tutarlı birtakım değişimler meydana gelmektedir. Dikkat çeken en önemli değişimlerden birisi kamu kesimi ile piyasa arasındaki ilişkidir. Geleneksel yaklaşımdan farklı olarak yeni yaklaşım, piyasa değerlerinden beslenmektedir. Bununla ilişkili diğer bir gelişme de, yönetimde süreçlerden çok sonuçlara odaklanılmasıdır. Kamu kesimi yönetiminin piyasa tutkusu ve sonuçlara odaklanması, yönetim anlayışı gibi denetim anlayışını da etkilemektedir. Artık denetimin de piyasa değerleriyle performans kriterleriyle yapılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir.
Topic:
Markets
Political Geography:
Turkey