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15002. Globalization and Turkish Business Associations: The Case of TÜSIAD
- Author:
- Berrin Koyuncu
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- This study aims to analyze the impact of globalization processes on the leading Turkish business association in Turkey, the Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen Association, TÜSIAD. It is believed that there is a need to focus on globalization processes within the context of Turkish business life by taking TÜSIAD as a case since the Association has played an important role in linking the Turkish economy to the global market, and acting as a strong internal actor of globalization in Turkish politics and the economy. It is argued that, in the TÜSIAD case, the impact of globalization revealed itself as the transformation of a business association, in terms of its role as a pressure group concerned with the particular interests of businessmen, to a civil society organization concerned with the general interests of the country, with its emphasis on democracy and EU membership.
- Topic:
- Globalization
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
15003. Küresellesme ve Bilgi Toplumu: Egitimin Küresellesmesi ve Neo-Liberal Politikalarin Etkileri
- Author:
- Mehmet Dikkaya and Deniz Özyakisir
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- The concept of globalization which refers to the transformation of economies especially emerged after 1980 has been the central focus of discussions in both academic and politic environments. The impact of this concept has been examined with different dimensions. From this point of view, this study overviews the results of the globalization process with regard to the information society and educational policies. The study also analyzes the information society as a new social paradigm of globalization and emphasizes how education has been transformed in line with the neo-liberal policies in contemporary settings.
- Topic:
- Globalization
15004. Identity Fragmentation and Identity Governance within the Triangle of Globalization, the European Union and Turkey
- Author:
- Haluk Özdemir
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- This article is based upon the assumption that the European Union has a goal of resolving certain problems pertaining to globalization that its members face, and that Turkey views the membership procedure as a solution of such problems. The awakening sub-identities and the erosion of dividing borders are causing nation-states to face a series of problems concerning sovereignty and identity, such as ontological security and identity fragmentation. To solve such problems, the nation-states compromise their single-centered and assimila¬tionist identity management policies in favor of multi-centered identity governance. With identity governance, not only the national governments, but also the local authorities and the European Union have a word on identity issues. Identity governance, despite dwindling sovereign rights, is performed successfully within the European Union, and is recommended to the Turkish government. From Turkey's side, as a solution to the problem of identity fragmentation, the membership process provides a common, unifying and shared goal for groups with different identities.
- Topic:
- Globalization and Governance
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
15005. Globalization of Culture and Change of Established Political Positions
- Author:
- Kudret Bülbül
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- This article argues that the modernization process has created standardization in different areas of life, while culture has been relatively and independently preserved during this process. Nevertheless, it is difficult for societies to sustain independent compartments in the cultural area while employing standardized techniques, institutions, and principles in the areas of economics, politics, and technology. This article explores the reflections of members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) on cultural globalization, since the TGNA is the main policy maker in Turkey. Although the perceptions of TGNA members generally differ, according to whether they are members of the AKP (Justice and Development Party) the CHP (Republican People's Party), their approaches do not depart greatly from that expected from general theoretical discussions. The approaches of the members of parliament (MPs) do not pertain to Turkey only.
- Topic:
- Globalization and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
15006. Review Essay -- The Evolution Of The Welfare State: Social Rights And The Nationalization Of Welfare In France, 1880-1947
- Author:
- Kristen Stromberg Childers
- Publication Date:
- 06-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- In late May 2005, French voters resoundingly defeated a proposal to adopt a new constitution for the European Union, voting 55 percent to 45 percent to reject a document in which President Jacques Chirac had invested more than a little of his personal political capital. While there were many reasons cited for this negative vote, one issue that surfaced frequently in discussions of the constitution was the French people's concern for their social security benefits and the fear that "liberal" and "Anglo-Saxon" models of the welfare state might come to dominate the EU and would threaten France's hard-won social rights. Here, of course, "liberal" referred to a model of unrelenting laissez-faire economics, rather than the moniker hurled in contemporary American political debates. It is highly significant that the deathblow to the constitution should come from France, where the EU symbolized for many a chance to regain grandeur on the international scene and an opportunity to counterbalance the "hyperpower" of the United States.
- Political Geography:
- United States, Europe, and France
15007. Des quartiers sans voix: Sur le divorce entre la Gauche et les enfants d'immigrés
- Author:
- Olivier Masclet
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- This article examines why the activism of the children of North African immigrants has not been noticed or recognized by elected officials of the Communist Party. Through historical and ethnographic study of a Communist municipality in the greater Paris region, the article first demonstrates that this militancy, far from being a new thing, is inscribed in the traditional forms of the militancy associated with the "banlieues rouges." In order to understand the urban activists' invisibility in politics, the author analyzes the negative representations of the group from which they come and the tensions between North African immigrants and local officials of the Left, tensions linked to urban renewal in the industrial suburbs. The detour through the history of the "red suburbs" thus reveals the structure of the tense relations between the Left and the housing projects, which seem to be disowned not only economically but also politically.
- Topic:
- Economics
- Political Geography:
- North Africa
15008. The Other French Exception: Virtuous Racism and the War of the Sexes in Postcolonial France
- Author:
- Nacira Guénif-Souilamas
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Twentieth-century France invented for itself an "exception" that successfully preserved the French culture industry. Postcolonial France is experiencing another "French exception" that renders a "virtuous racism" commonplace and legitimates the discrimination that expresses this racism by identifying the undesirable "new French" as scapegoat figures. Four gender-specific stereotypes strengthen the belief that there is a form of sexism exclusive to the segregated neighborhoods of the suburbs that are inhabited primarily by French people of immigrant and colonial descent. Associated with the central figure of the garçon arabe are the beurette, the veiled Muslim French woman, and the secular Muslim. The article argues that the model of abstract, universalist France has become one of a fundamentalist republicanism that plays diverse expressions of otherness and singular identities off of one another in order to preserve a soft regime of oppression.
- Political Geography:
- France
15009. Y a-t-il un « problème des quartiers sensibles »? Retour sur une catégorie d'action publique
- Author:
- Sylvie Tissot
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- The November 2005 riots in France brought new attention to debates over the situation of underprivileged areas. Rather than analyzing what happened in these areas, this article examines how this social problem was constructed and publicized and has since become an object of public policy since the end of the 1980s. The political focus on underprivileged areas was not primarily or only an effect of increasing concrete problems, like unemployment, poverty, or juvenile delinquency. Instead, it resulted from and contributed to a fundamental restructuring of the French welfare state, by authorizing a recentering of public action on specific urban spaces––rather than across the nation–– and on social ties, rather than economic reality. This constructivist study seeks to understand why politicians, experts, or civil servants have associated the question of "underprivileged areas" with certain problems (like lack of communication and the weakening of social ties) while ignoring others (such as ethnic discrimination).
- Political Geography:
- France
15010. "Maintaining the Class": Teachers in the New High Schools of the Banlieues
- Author:
- Frédéric Viguier
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Over the past twenty years, a silent revolution brought 70 percent of a generation to the baccalauréat level (up from 33 percent in 1986), without ensuring students corresponding job opportunities. Sociologists have analyzed the impact of this educational democratization, which sought to solve the economic crisis by adapting the younger members of the French workforce to the new economy of services: it has paradoxically accentuated the stigmatization of youths from working-class and immigrant families who live in suburban housing projects. Therefore, high school teachers have had to deal with students' profound disillusionment with education. Moreover, teachers have been central to all of the recent political controversies in France regarding cultural difference. While there are books, pamphlets, and memoirs reflecting their experiences, there is no research exploring the discrepancy between high school teachers' expectations and those of their predecessors. This article explores this discrepancy and its contribution to the social and political construction of the "problème des banlieues."
- Political Geography:
- France
15011. Myths and Realities in the 2006 "Events"
- Author:
- George Ross
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- The "events" around Dominique de Villepin's abortive promotion of the CPE in spring 2006 were seen by many as a great popular victory in the defense of France's social model and another, albeit modest, version of May 1968. Others, particularly Anglophone neoliberals, saw them as proof that the French were incapable of reform. Both conclusions were wrong. The events and defeat of the CPE may have been enjoyable for many involved, but they resolved none of France's underlying and debilitating economic problems. On the other hand, the neoliberal view that the French are averse to real social policy reform is incorrect. Instead, the unresolved dilemmas surrounding the CPE episode are in large part the product of a particular strategy of reform, the "social management of unemployment," that has nourished and intensified dangerous–– unavowed––social dualism in France. The present problem, illustrated indirectly by the events, is that political actors and social partners are unable to cooperate sufficiently to confront this dualism.
- Topic:
- Reform
- Political Geography:
- France
15012. Le CPE est mort––et maintenant?
- Author:
- Erhard Friedberg
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- The failure of the CPE does not prove the impossibility of reform in France, but rather illustrates political actors' incompetence when it comes to developing and leading reform efforts. The article argues the foregoing thesis by reviewing different moments when competence in these matters would have been able to make a difference. It then examines the collateral damage of this aborted reform with regard to the adminstration's capacity to act and with regard to the French political landscape from now until the 2007 presidential elections.
- Topic:
- Reform
- Political Geography:
- France
15013. The Musée du Quai Branly: Art? Artifact? Spectacle!
- Author:
- Herman Lebovics
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Designed by Jean Nouvel, the Musée du Quai Branly, the just-opened museum of African, Amerindian, Pacific, and Asian cultures, covers a city block on the Left Bank of Paris's museum row. Both in landscaping and internal layout, Nouvel wished to frame the building within his understanding of the cultures on display inside, but also within its setting in the metropolitan capital. Objects collected in the imperial age now are displayed in what French officials see as the postcolonial era. But how were the pieces on display to be shown: as works of art or well-made cultural artifacts? Nouvel took the lead in evoking a vision of the cultures on display that is closer to Joseph Conrad's dark tales than to enlightened contemporary scholarship and museology on these societies. Neither an art nor an ethnography museum, the Musée du Quai Branly is a spectacle about the societies of the global South.
- Political Geography:
- Africa, Paris, and Asia
15014. Review Essay -- NOVEMBRE 2005: sous les émeutes urbaines, la politique
- Author:
- Valérie Sala Pala
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Tout commence le 27 octobre 2005, à Clichy-sous-Bois, petite commune de la région parisienne. Deux adolescents de parents immigrés, se pensant poursuivis par la police, se réfugient dans un transformateur EDF et y trouvent la mort. Ce drame marque le point de départ d'une vague d'émeutes urbaines d'une ampleur et d'une durée exceptionnelles, même au regard des soulèvements les plus emblématiques dans les « quartiers » depuis les années 1980 (« été chaud » de 1981 dans les Minguettes, dans l'Est lyonnais, émeutes de 1990-91 dans les banlieues de Lyon et Paris). Nées le jour même à Clichy-sous-Bois, ces émeutes s'étendent rapidement à la banlieue parisienne puis à de nombreuses villes de province et durent trois semaines. La proclamation, le 8 novembre, de l'état d'urgence— mesure à haute teneur symbolique, puisqu'elle s'appuie sur une loi votée durant la Guerre d'Algérie et utilisée une seule fois depuis cette époque (en 1985, en Nouvelle- Calédonie)—ajouta au caractère exceptionnel de ces événements qui amenèrent des observateurs du monde entier à s'interroger sur la crise du « modèle français », jusqu'à soulever dans certains cas, de façon effarante, la perspective d'une « guerre civile ».
15015. Review Essay -- Of Tour Buses And Politics: American Tourists in France in the Twentieth Century
- Author:
- Nancy L. Green
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Tourists take travel seriously (up at 6 a.m., visiting several monuments a day, followed by Paree-by-night). So should historians. Not only because it is one of the world's major industries, but because tourism is at the crossroads of culture and consumption, pleasure and politics. Harvey Levenstein, a cultural historian (first of food, more recently of tourism), and Christopher Endy, a diplomatic historian, have published two very complementary, stimulating, and, gee, fun, books on cross-cultural encounters of a particular type.
- Political Geography:
- America and France
15016. Editorial. The Voluntary Death of the Combatant: Sacrifices et Stratégies
- Author:
- Louis-Jean Duclos and Daniel Hermant
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Le présent numéro qui traite de la « mort volontaire combattante » met l'accent sur le contexte polémique de ce geste et indique fortement l'intention stratégique de ses auteurs ou promoteurs, sans que pour autant nous ne nous fassions beaucoup d'illusions sur la dimension rationnelle et l'efficacité de ces calculs. Il souligne également la dynamique de l'acte et la complexité des motivations qui y mènent, ce qui exclut de nos analyses les explications purement individuelles - psychologiques et bien sûr psychiatriques - ; nous utilisons le terme de « sacrifice » pour qualifier cette démarche. Nous n'avons pas repris dans notre titre le mot « kamikaze », même si l'actualité en recommande l'usage, parce qu'il pose problème...
- Political Geography:
- France
15017. Political violence, bombings and “Kamikaze-operations”: how the 11th of September is “hijacking” the future
- Author:
- Daniel Hermant
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- After September the 11th, the perception of terrorist-bombings has been restructured around the topic of suicide through the image of the kamikaze. The author analyses the underpinnings of this change that implies a focus on the unforeseeable character of violence, the tendency of radicalisation and that leads to inevitable generalisations. Because of its long-term consequences, this focus might amount to a “hijacking” of the future. He pursues by highlighting the destabilising consequences of this situation in our societies, in particular in the field of anti-terrorism that paradoxically has become very polemic.
- Political Geography:
- France
15018. The quasi-contract of suicidal combat
- Author:
- Louis-Jean Duclos
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- The typological approach of voluntary polemical death, whether it is military or militant, murderous or purely declamatory, reveals a diversity of individual behaviours with complex antecedents, ranging from pathological compulsions to strategic calculation. To draw on the metaphor of the contract, as with common law crimes, in the analytical framework of combat suicide represents a great methodological advantage both in terms of the identification of the authors and the victims of the suicidal act and of its causes, object and effects. Once all emotional pollutions have been put aside, the apprehension of “kamikaze operations” reveals the limits of a conduct that is more desperate than efficient. Comment analyser ces pratiques suicidaires qui vont de l'immolation de soi sans victimes immédiates au geste kamikaze le plus meurtrier ? Que pouvons-nous comprendre aux motivations de leurs auteurs ? L'attentat-suicide serait-il devenu l'archétype même de l'acte brutal de violence qualifié de "terroriste" et le kamikaze, sa figure évidente ? A travers l'histoire et au-delà du Proche-Orient, ce numéro explore les logiques sacrificielles, les enjeux stratégiques de la mort volontaire combattante.
- Political Geography:
- France
15019. An essay on an Islamic thanatocracy. The case of the Arab and Islamic combatants of suicide
- Author:
- Bruno Etienne
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Western media often use the word "kamikaze" to designate suicidal combatants. The latter however use a quite different vocabulary referring to the Islamic culture and the status of death, suicide and martyrdom within the historiography used by "Islamists". The latter word is also polysemous and in order to explain suicidal operations we have first to make distinctions between groups having different aims but the references of which might be common: the Hamas is neither the Algerian GIA, the Lebanese Hizbollah, and even less Al-Qaeda. Misperceptions of these differences often characterise the analysis of these groups. Our duty is therefore to try to explain and understand the unacceptable.
- Political Geography:
- Arabia and Algeria
15020. The combatants of “certain death”. The sense of sacrifice seen through the “Great War”
- Author:
- François Lagrange
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Testimonies and historical analyses often identify the experiences of the combatants of the “Great War” to sacrifices. Nothing links them, at first looks, to the defined features of voluntary death (kamikazes or suicide-bombings). However some elements allow, at the margins, for example in the frame of the French experiences of WWI, to see common traits between the discourses on self-sacrifice on the one hand, voluntary death on the other. An analysis of the conceptions of military authors before 1914 allows reconstructing their radical vision of self-sacrifice in war leading to a valorisation of “certain death”. A complementary investigation reveals, at the beginning of the “Great War”, some cases of “certain death”. Although limited in number, these borderline-cases are significant. They shall not be overlooked in the comparative approach of the different senses and practices of self-sacrifice.
- Topic:
- War and History
- Political Geography:
- Europe
15021. Israel facing suicide-attacks: the new ethos of violence
- Author:
- Laetitia Bucaille
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- This article analyses the impact of suicide attacks on the Israeli-Palestinian conflictual relation. Taking Palestinian violence into account, Israeli narratives reinforce or reinvent self-perceptions and visions of the enemy. Palestinian suicide-attacks give rise to an existential fear among Israelis despite the military and economic superiority of the Jewish State in the region. The deep feeling of insecurity fuels a narrative of victimhood and strengthens the security prism. Promoted by political and military decisions-makers and imposing itself in the Israeli society, it supplants a political approach based on the will to find a compromise with the adversary. Anxiety contributes to demonize Palestinians and to diffuse a Manichaean vision in which the Israelis embody the Good and the Just. On this basis, divergent voices are excluded, sometimes at the price of a renunciation to some moral values.
- Political Geography:
- Israel, France, and Palestine
15022. Political Militancy and Violence against Oneself within the Kurdistan Workers Party
- Author:
- Olivier Grojean
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Parler de violences contre soi, c'est faire l'hypothèse d'une continuité relative entre violences auto-infligées (les grèves de la faim par exemple) et violences auto-sacrificielles (les « attaques-suicides »). Le développement, au sein du conflit kurde, d'un certain imaginaire du corps souffrant a en effet conduit le Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK) à renverser ce stigmate et à construire un système au sein duquel seuls l'investissement de soi et la discipline permettaient d'être à la hauteur des exigences du chef. C'est la fabrique des martyrs et la diffusion d'un certain idéal d'engagement qui a permis aux membres et sympathisants du parti de recourir, en fonction des circonstances, à telle ou telle forme de violence contre soi.
- Political Geography:
- Kurdistan
15023. The 'Game of love': trajectories of sacrifice and strategic uses of the martyrs in the Sikh movement for Khalistan
- Author:
- Laurent Gayer
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Si le Panth sikh a connu ses premiers martyrs dès le xviie siècle, ce n'est qu'au xixe que le mouvement de réforme socio-religieuse des Singh Sabhas a formalisé un idiome du martyre sikh, édictant les (bonnes) manières de pratiquer et d'évoquer la mort volontaire dans le sikhisme. Ces codes pragmatiques et discursifs ont été appropriés par les mouvements révolutionnaires sikhs (tels que le Ghadr, au début du xxe siècle) et surtout par le mouvement sécessionniste pour le Khalistan. Chez les Khalistanis, le martyre présente une profonde ambiguïté, puisque le désir de mort des combattants sikhs à longtemps constitué un obstacle à l'adoption d'une stratégie insurrectionnelle cohérente par les leaders des groupes armés. Lors de la commémoration de la lutte armée, en particulier sur l'Internet, ces suicides anomiques à peine voilés ont été reconstruits par les entrepreneurs identitaires sikhs comme des sacrifices offerts à la nation, dépouillés de leur dimension profondément individualiste.
15024. Suicide terrorism and strategic decision-making in Sri Lanka
- Author:
- Eleanor Pavey
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Depuis les années 1990, on assiste à l'émergence du terrorisme suicidaire en tant qu'élément-clef dans la prise de décision stratégique de plusieurs organisations terroristes. Les attentats du 11 septembre et, plus récemment, les attentats-suicides en Irak ont attiré l'attention des média sur ce phénomène. Pourtant, ce terrorisme suicidaire n'est pas récent. Il n'est pas non plus le résultat d'un fanatisme religieux en général, ni d'un radicalisme islamiste en particulier. A travers le cas sri lankais, cet article tente de mettre en lumière quelques uns des facteurs qui ont été négligés dans l'analyse de ce phénomène souvent mal compris.
- Topic:
- Terrorism
- Political Geography:
- Sri Lanka
15025. REGARDS SUR L'ENTRE-DEUX: “Let us write before we disappear". Argentina, 1976-2006 (II)
- Author:
- Antonia Garcia Castro
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
- Political Geography:
- Argentina
15026. REVIEW ESSAY: Suicide missions : political violence or self-sacrifice ?
- Author:
- Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Jusqu'à une époque encore récente, le terme de « kamikaze » renvoyait surtout à toute une série de situations et d'images extraordinaires issues de la Guerre du Pacifique où des pilotes d'avions de chasse japonais s'écrasaient « volontairement » sur les bateaux de la flotte américaine, en espérant ainsi retarder l'issue d'une guerre tournant à leur désavantage. Ultimes tentatives macabres pour changer le cours du conflit ou moyen de retrouver une histoire nationale japonaise construite en partie autour du sens de l'honneur, de l'engagement guerrier ultime ? Peu importent les raisons et les conditions sociales et individuelles de ce choix de la mort, le kamikaze est aujourd'hui la représentation la plus invoquée de la mort sacrificielle, du don de soi dans un engagement politique. Mais si désormais l'usage du terme de « kamikaze » connaît un renouveau éditorial, il va souvent de pair avec les tentatives plus ou moins sérieuses de donner des éléments de compréhension à la situation conflictuelle du Proche-Orient 1 et à la multiplication du recours à l'attentat-suicide par les organisations clandestines présentées comme partie instruite à charge du «terrorisme transnational » de type Al-Qaïda. Les rayons des librairies sont de plus en plus remplis de ces ouvrages qui se disputent le sérieux de la question des répertoires de violence et la démonstration plus ou moins effrayée, au travers de la mise en série des titres de journaux, d'images et de chiffres alarmants, de l'abomination d'un « terrorisme » comme machine sacrificielle, offrant, à qui le croit, le chemin vers le vrai martyre. Est-il possible de rendre compte des raisons de ces attentats-suicides sans pour autant tomber dans l'exploitation frauduleuse du tout pathologique, stigmatisant soit la faiblesse des préposés au suicide, soit la multiplication des théories et des justifications plus ou moins indigentes promettant un meilleur monde par le sacrifice ultime de soi ? Peut-on comprendre cette violence sans verser par ailleurs dans la recherche effrénée de mécanismes rationnels ou pire, de déterminations culturalistes propres à recouvrir d'un voile pudique la compréhension ethnocentrique de ces situations de mort programmée souvent hors de notre entendement ? Le défi intellectuel est à la mesure de la fascination horrifiée que peuvent provoquer l'idée d'un individu prêt à se sacrifier au nom d'une cause, de la férocité que tout un chacun lui prêterait plus ou moins volontiers, mais aussi des dommages irréversibles sur l'assurance de chacun dans la cohésion sociale comme vecteur de la sécurité de tous. L'attentat-suicide serait-il devenu l'archétype même de l'acte brutal de violence qualifiée de « terroriste » et le kamikaze, sa figure évidente ?
15027. Foreword
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
- Political Geography:
- Middle East
15028. Editorial. Identify and discipline: technologies of security
- Author:
- Ayse Ceyhan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'identification et la surveillance - qui étaient a priori conçues comme deux activités distinctes - sont désormais très liées, voire confondues, et cette assimilation est allée croissante avec l'adoption des technologies de sécurité présentées comme un dispositif hautement scientifique de lutte contre les risques et les dangers actuels et futurs. Dans ce cadre, identifier signifie non seulement assigner une identité reconnaissable à un individu par le moyen de critères relativement stables, mais aussi pouvoir connaître ses mouvements, ses actes, ses relations, ses goûts, et même ses projets. Parallèlement, surveiller ne revient plus seulement à suivre la trace d'un individu, mais implique également de pouvoir l'identifier avec certitude à partir de ses habitudes, comportements et itinéraires. Cette confusion est générée par le déploiement de technologies sophistiquées de sécurité qui procèdent à l'identification d'un individu et à sa surveillance à partir de l'examen de ses caractéristiques innées et inchangeables, ce que l'on appelle le « bios ».
15029. Technology and security. A liberal governance in the context of uncertainties
- Author:
- Ayse Ceyhan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Quels sont les liens entre technologie et sécurité et comment étudier la technologisation fulgurante de la sécurité ? Quels sont les enjeux et les processus qui mènent les pouvoirs publics à célébrer les nouvelles « technolo- gies de sécurité », telles que les techniques de surveillance et d'identification, comme l'instrument le plus puissant de lutte contre les risques et les menaces ? Quelles sont, enfin, les logiques de diffusion à l'œuvre faisant des « technolo- gies de sécurité » un dispositif presque banal de la vie quotidienne ? Pour exa- miner ces questions, nous nous proposons dans cet article – et plus générale- ment dans ce numéro – de dépasser les approches déterministes et essentialis- tes des rapports technologie / sécurité et d'adopter une analyse touchant aux contextes et dynamiques.
- Topic:
- Security
15030. Identification and surveillance issues at the age of biometrics
- Author:
- Ayse Ceyhan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Contrairement aux approches déterministes et essentialistes, cet article se propose d'analyser les relations technologie / sécurité en termes de contextes et dynamiques. Après avoir posé le cadre définitionnel où la technologie est envisagée au sens de « dispositif » qui produit un environnement et façonne les comportements individuels et sociaux, l'auteur examine les éléments de contexte qui conditionnent la technologisation fulgurante de la sécurité. Le contexte est caractérisé par plusieurs phénomènes qui ont pour point commun de générer des incertitudes. Le recours aux technologies émergentes de sécurité se produit dans un cadre de gouvernance libérale où l'Etat coopère avec les entreprises, les organismes internationaux, l'Union Européenne etc. Pour tous ces acteurs la technologie apparaît comme la solution la plus scientifique pour anticiper les dangers et menaces futurs. Cela soulève des problèmes éthiques, juridiques, philosophiques, sociologiques et politiques cruciaux qu'il convient d'examiner à la lumière de la transformation des rapports humains par la technologıe.
- Topic:
- Security and Science and Technology
15031. A biometric national identity card for the British: antiterrorism as justification
- Author:
- Laurent Laniel and Pierre Piazza
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- A partir des années 1980, les gouvernements britanniques ont commencé à mettre en avant l'argument de la lutte antiterroriste dans leurs discours visant à justifier le besoin d'instaurer une carte nationale d'identité dans leur pays. Mais ils ne sont jamais parvenus à démontrer rigoureusement comment un tel document permettrait de lutter efficacement contre le terrorisme. Le caractère peu probant et souvent fragile de l'argumentaire antiterroriste, davantage mobilisé depuis le 11 septembre 2001, constitue une des principales explications à l'ampleur des résistances suscitées par l'Identity Cards Bill, projet gouvernemental d'encartement biométrique des citoyens britanniques lancé en 2002. En dépit de grandes difficultés, les autorités sont finalement parvenues à faire aboutir ce projet en 2006, mais en infléchissant leur discours, devenu à la fois plus prudent et plus ambigu, et en faisant valoir le caractère incontournable de prétendues obligations internationales.
- Topic:
- Security, Science and Technology, and Terrorism
15032. Resistance to the INES project
- Author:
- Pierre Piazza
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- The biometric ID Card project (INES) of the French ministry of Interior has given rise to much criticism and resistance since 2005. This paper analyses the different forms of contestation and the content of the critical discourses that have led to the provisional suspension of the INES project. Le projet de carte nationale d'identité biométrique (INES) du ministère de l'Intérieur français a suscité de multiples critiques et résistances depuis 2005. Cet article analyse les différentes formes de contestation ainsi que la teneur des discours d'opposition auxquels ce projet s'est heurté et qui ont conduit à sa suspension provisoire.
- Topic:
- Security and Government
- Political Geography:
- France
15033. Personal databases and security policies: an illusive protection?
- Author:
- Sylvia Preuss-Laussinotte
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article traite des questions juridiques posées par les bases de données personnelles dans le cadre du recours aux technologies de sécurité, notamment en Europe. La relation entre sécurité et démocratie étant centrale, l'Union européenne a fait le choix de placer cette question sous l'angle du respect des droits fondamentaux. Mais, si la protection de la vie privée et son développement sous forme d'une protection spécifique des données personnelles semble précise dans les textes, dans les faits, elle apparaît comme très formelle et peu efficace, surtout dans le cadre des fichiers de sécurité. A cela s'ajoute une série de dysfonctionnements techniques non résolus et des problèmes soulevés par la transformation des données biométriques en véritables données publiques, stockées dans un nombre considérable de systèmes informatiques. Ces risques sont renforcés par l'objectif d'interconnexion de l'ensemble des fichiers de sécurité au niveau européen.
- Topic:
- Security and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- Europe
15034. The European Union and technologies of security
- Author:
- Sylvia Preuss-Laussinotte
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article vise à analyser, sous l'angle juridique, le rôle de l'Union européenne dans le choix des technologies de sécurité, choix qui s'est essentiellement traduit par le recours à la biométrie et aux bases de données, deux éléments indissociables. Ce choix l'a été dans un objectif de « cohérence juridique » présenté comme nécessaire pour l'élaboration d'une politique européenne de sécurité. Mais la réalisation de cet objectif reste contraint par une série de décisions extérieures à l'Union, notamment celles des Etats-Unis et de l'OACI. Il se heurte de plus à la réticence de certains Etats, et à la difficulté de mise en œuvre de cette « cohérence juridique », même en créant un « principe de disponibilité » complexe entre les Etats.
- Topic:
- Security and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- Europe
15035. RESONANCES: Saudis in Iraq: Patterns of Radicalization and Recruitment
- Author:
- Thomas Hegghammer
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dans cet article, Thomas Hegghammer analyse, au travers d'un échantillon de deux cent cinq « martyrs » saoudiens tués en Irak depuis 2003, les différentes trajectoires ayant conduit de jeunes Saoudiens établis d'embrasser le combat et une mort probable sur le champ de bataille irakien. L'étude de leurs trajectoires individuelles et collectives permet d'avoir une image plus complexe et détaillée de leurs antécédents, de leurs motivations, de leurs modes de recrutement ainsi que de leur rôle dans l'insurrection irakienne. En montrant que leur origine géographique et sociale ne joue pas un rôle déterminant, que des motivations plus généralement sociales et politiques jouent un rôle crucial et qu'il s'agit d'une génération différente de celle des « Arabes afghans » et de l'ancien réseau Al-Qaïda, cet article remet en question nombre de représentations communes du phénomène. Il montre également que, contrairement à ce qui est généralement dit, le « contingent » saoudien ne semble pas jouer un rôle crucial dans l'insurrection en Irak.
- Topic:
- Terrorism
- Political Geography:
- Iraq and Saudi Arabia
15036. HORS-THEMES: Integration as injunction. The Ideological and Political Issues of Immigration
- Author:
- Danièle Lochak
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'étude vise à mettre en lumière les enjeux politiques, idéologiques et juridiques qui se sont noués autour de l'idée d'intégration depuis le milieu des années 1970 - moment où l'on a pris conscience que l'immigration de travailleurs, perçue comme temporaire, avait évolué vers une immigration durable et où l'intégration des immigrés est entrée dans le champ des préoccupations des pouvoirs publics avant de devenir un sujet de débat politique. Cette histoire se joue sur trois plans qui interfèrent sans cesse. L'intégration est d'abord un objet de discours ; mais le discours peine à déboucher sur des réalisations, au point d'apparaître comme un substitut à une action publique défaillante, même si l'intégration est l'un des objectifs officiellement assigné à la politique d'immigration, à côté de la « maîtrise des flux migratoires ». L'intégration est par ailleurs entravée par la réglementation du séjour et de l'éloignement : l'amalgame délibéré, dans les deux dernières « lois Sarkozy » de 2003 et 2006, entre droit au séjour et intégration, vient rappeler cette réalité souvent oubliée ou déniée.
- Topic:
- Government and Migration
- Political Geography:
- France
15037. HORS-THEMES: Creating a Revolution in Military Affairs: a practical guide
- Author:
- Christophe Wasinski
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'objectif de l'analyse consiste à appliquer la méthode développée par Bruno Latour - pour étudier le projet technique « Aramis » - à l'élaboration d'une Révolution dans les affaires militaires (RAM) aux Etats-Unis. Par cette méthode, il est possible de décrypter les discours constitutifs d'un projet militaire, de mettre à jour les identités des acteurs concernés ainsi que leurs relations. En fin de compte, l'aspect construit de la RMA est mis en évidence.
- Political Geography:
- United States
15038. REGARDS SUR L'ENTRE DEUX: Knowledge society, information society, surveillance society
- Author:
- Armand Mattelart
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Société de la connaissance, société de l'information, société de contrôle. Entretien avec Armand Mattelart C : Ce que je voudrais aborder avec vous c'est fondamentalement le thème suivant : ce que l'impératif de sécurité appliqué au traitement de l'information soulève comme enjeux eu égard à l'exercice du pouvoir (et aux contre-pouvoirs que l'on se donne) dans des sociétés habituellement définies comme démocratiques. On pourrait examiner un certain nombre de dichotomies et, en premier lieu, celle que vous signalez comme particulièrement problématique entre « société de l'information » et « société de contrôle ». Quels liens entre les deux ? Quelles interactions ? Quels effets ?
15039. Foreword
- Publication Date:
- 12-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Identification and surveillance, in principle thought of as two distinct activities, are currently being intertwined and even conflated. This conflation has been furthered by security-technologies presented as a highly scientific apparatus allowing for the fight against a set of very diverse, both present and future, risks. These sophisticated security-technologies identify and control individuals on the basis of their innate and unchangeable characteristics.
- Topic:
- Security
15040. Foreword: Antiterrorism And Society: Publications from the ELISE research programme
- Publication Date:
- 01-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Que deviennent les libertés publiques lorsque l'Etat, par ses hommes politiques et ses services de renseignement, évoque un scénario catastrophe à venir, et, au nom de la sécurité collective, argue d'une situation d'exception justifiant la surveillance et la coercition en invoquant la nécessité de l'antiterrorisme ? Est-ce que ces mesures antiterroristes sont proportionnelles au danger ? Sont-elles raisonnables ? Et qui doit trancher
15041. Foreword: To Arrest And To Judge In Europe: The genesis, the struggles and the issues at stake in the judicial cooperation
- Publication Date:
- 06-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les dynamiques de la coopération judiciaire sont des enjeux forts pour l'Europe. Elément fondamental du champ de la sécurité, notamment en termes de légitimation du pouvoir de police, le processus d'européanisation du pouvoir judiciaire renvoie aux questions existantes entre les problématiques européennes et les interrogations sur la gouvernementalité internationale de la sécurité.
- Topic:
- Government
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Europe
15042. Table of Contents
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
15043. Editor's Note
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- Like most demanding intellectual projects, Bildhaan is never easy to produce. Every issue requires serious investment in labor time and material commitment from the members of the editorial board as well as Macalester and Wellesley Colleges. On the first account, I salute Professors Lidwien Kapteijns and Lee Cassanelli for their invaluable editorial work. We have been partners for the past six years and look forward to many more years of sustaining Bildhaan as a site for the dissemination of writings in Somali Studies.
- Political Geography:
- Somalia
15044. Interview with Professor Said Sheikh Samatar
- Author:
- Ahmed I. Samatar
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- I would like to start the conversation by asking you to reflect a bit on the beginnings, that is, where were you born and the context, as much as you can remember.
15045. State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region since 1991
- Author:
- Tobias Hagmann and Mohamud H. Khalif
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- When asked by an interviewer whether he felt more Somali or more Ethiopian, Sultan Korfa Garane Ahmed, a federal member of parliament representing part of Ethiopia's Somali Region, diplomatically responded: “I am an Ethiopian-Somali.” The MP's self-description as an Ethiopian-Somali highlights two crucial implications for the analysis of contemporary politics in what was formerly known as the Ogaden and is today referred to as the Somali Regional State or simply Region 5. For the first time in the history of the Ethiopian empire-state or, more precisely, since the forced incorporation of the Somali inhabited Ogaden into Ethiopia at the end of the 19th century, the Somalis are officially recognized as one of the country's “nations, nationalities and peoples.” Since the accession to power of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in May 1991, attempts to forge a distinct “Ethiopian-Somali” or “Somali-Ethiopian” identity have superseded the former regimes' patronizing attitudes toward the country's “subject nationalities.”
- Political Geography:
- Ethiopia and Somalia
15046. Short Story: A Foreign Language is Such a Nuisance!
- Author:
- Samatar Soyaan
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- Once he had put his glasses securely in front of his eyes opened wide in surprise, Farah quietly asked his wife Kaltuun, “How do you spell the word 'heart'? Is it with a double consonant and two r's or with a long vowel and double a?” Distorting her mouth in a sneer, pulling up one side of her light cotton caftan with one hand and throwing the other, fingers pointed, at her husband, she answered, “Listen, that you must ask our child. What do I know about this foreign language? I hate it!.”
15047. The Internet and the Somali Diaspora: The Web as a Means of Expression
- Author:
- Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- The disappearance of the Somali state from the international scene in 1991 is seen as a unique phenomenon in this nation-state era. This experience was expected to leave Somalia “out of the loop” of new global technologies, markets, politics, and cultures. Contrary to this expectation, Somalis have not been so excluded. In fact, with the impact of globalization during the close of the 1990s, the World Wide Web presented an opportunity for the Somali diaspora to communicate, regroup, share views, help their groups at home, and organize activities (e.g., development projects).
- Political Geography:
- Somalia
15048. Resettled Somali Women in Georgia and Changing Gender Roles
- Author:
- Dorian B. Crosby
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- “Women and men experience conflict, displacement, and post-conflict settings directly because of the culturally determined gender division of roles and responsibilities.” As a result, women face different challenges than men in the aftermath of war. Since women comprise the majority of refugees, they tend to be the majority of asylum seekers. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), approximately 80 percent of refugee women are responsible for themselves and children. Many female refugees are from patriarchal societies where men tend to dominate the political, economic, and social decision-making processes. Consequently, men tend to provide the dominant economic support for the family. However, when men are killed or go missing during war, women must become their own providers and protectors. This makes them heads of their households. For most, this is a new responsibility.
15049. Poem: The Poet's Death is His Life
- Author:
- Mahamud Siad Togane
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- So it is with great sadness that I share with you the distressing news of the death of Abwaan Ahmed Ismail Diirye, better known to the world as “Qaasim,” who distinguished himself and made us all proud in his compositions of unforgettable lyrical poesy in our own mother tongue.
15050. New Collection of Somali Folktales
- Author:
- Suzanne Lilius
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
- Institution:
- Macalester College
- Abstract:
- Human beings, graced with the capacity to speak, use oral language (in addition to body language) for all sorts of communication: disseminating information, giving orders, paying respect. But mostly we love telling stories. Storytelling constitutes an integral part of a living oral tradition. When such a tradition gains access to a written language, among the first things people write down are folktales that are then spread further, in various ways. One form of dissemination is through schoolbooks; another is the reading material produced for literacy campaigns. For people who are not accustomed to reading, the reading process is facilitated if they recognize the content. Many of the folktales are not only well known but also much loved. Even if the stories in themselves are not familiar, at least the form is understood. This awakens the joy of discovery. Reading becomes more attractive and the effort pays off. A parallel movement of writing down folktales takes place when people collect and translate stories, making them available to people of other cultures. Folktales, more than any other stories, are implicitly seen as offering keys to the culture where they originated.
15051. The Constitutional Protection of Socio-Economic Rights in Selected African Countries: A Comparative Evaluation
- Author:
- John Cantius Mubangizi
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- African Journal of Legal Studies
- Institution:
- The Africa Law Institute
- Abstract:
- This article evaluates the extent to which a few selected African countries have incorporated socio-economic rights in their constitutions, the mechanisms through which such rights are realised, the challenges such realisation entails and the approach taken by the courts and other human rights institutions in those countries towards the realisation and enforcement of those rights. The survey examines South Africa, Namibia, Uganda and Ghana. Apart from the logical geographical spread, all these countries enacted their present constitutions around the same time (1990 to 1996) in an attempt to transform themselves into democratic societies. In a sense, these countries can be seen as transitional societies, emerging as they have done, from long periods of apartheid and foreign domination or autocratic dictatorships. The latter is true for Uganda and Ghana while the former refers to South Africa and Namibia. The article concludes that South Africa has not only made the most advanced constitutional provision for socio-economic rights, it has also taken the lead in the judicial enforcement of such rights, an experience from which the other countries in the survey can learn.
- Topic:
- Development, Government, and International Law
- Political Geography:
- Africa
15052. Genomics, Insurance and Human Rights: Is there a Place for Regulatory Frameworks in Africa?
- Author:
- Vincent O. Nmehielle
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- African Journal of Legal Studies
- Institution:
- The Africa Law Institute
- Abstract:
- This article examines the human rights dimension of genetic discrimination in Africa, exploring the place of regulatory frameworks while taking into account the disadvantaged position of the average African. This is in response to the tendency of insurance companies toward making health insurance decisions on the basis of individual genetic information, which could result in genetic discrimination or health insurance discrimination based on a person’s genetic profile. The author considers such questions as the intersection between human rights (right to life, health, privacy, human dignity and against genetic discrimination) in relation to the insurance industry, as well as the obligations of state and non-state actors to promote, respect, and protect the enjoyment of these rights. The article argues that African nations should not stand aloof in trying to balance the competing interests (scientific, economic and social) presented by the use of genetic information in the health care context and that ultimately it is the responsibility of states to develop domestic policies to protect their most vulnerable citizens and to prevent entrenched private discrimination based on an individual’s genes.
- Topic:
- Development, Government, Human Rights, and International Law
- Political Geography:
- Africa
15053. Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Special Court for Sierra Leone
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- African Journal of Legal Studies
- Institution:
- The Africa Law Institute
- Abstract:
- These Rules of Procedure and Evidence as first amended on 7 March 2003, are applicable pursuant to Article 14 of the Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and entered into force on 12 April 2002.
- Topic:
- Development, Government, and International Law
- Political Geography:
- Africa
15054. The U.S.-ROK Alliance: American Perspectives
- Author:
- David I. Steinberg
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- Non-specialist Americans, if they think of the Korean Peninsula at all, focus on the crisis that the U.S. faces with North Korea over nuclear and missile issues. Yet there are two crises facing the U.S. in that volatile and dangerous location that has been for two millennia a nexus of regional conflict. The first is the more obvious one with North Korea that the Bush administration has yet seriously to address on a bilateral basis, and still seems unwilling to do so at the highest levels; and the second crisis, a stealth one between South Korea and the U.S.– one that is obscured by both a lack of transparency on relations on the part of both governments and by the media in the United States that has under-reported the issue. The prospect of the Bush-Roh summit did raise its visibility, but the meeting itself and its aftermath were poorly reported in the United States and the subsequent limited official statements lacked depth and implied substantial disagreements. The second crisis with South Korea is arguably as profound as the first for longer-range relations and stability in Northeast Asia. Although both are related, they are not coterminous.
- Political Geography:
- United States, America, and North Korea
15055. Force Restructuring in the ROK-US Military Alliance: Challenges and Implications
- Author:
- Bruce E. Bechtol, Jr.
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- The foreign policy issue regarding the ROK-US alliance that dominated the news headlines in South Korea for much of the spring and summer of 2006 focused on Wartime Operational Control (OPCON) of ROK and US forces and how this command and control relationship would change in coming years. Unfortunately, this issue has received almost no attention in the United States, where security concerns relating to other regions in the world have consistently dominated the headlines. In the view of the author, this has the potential to be extremely dangerous, as South Korea is Washington's 7th largest trading partner, a staunch and loyal ally for six decades, and a country that has become culturally, economically, and politically linked to many aspects of society in the United States.
- Political Geography:
- United States and South Korea
15056. The U.S. East Asia Strategy and the Korean Peninsula: Retooling Alliance, Asymmetry, and Balancing
- Author:
- Young Whan Kihl
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- A popular Korean saying right after World War II in 1945, as shown below, attests to the Korean people's generally distrustful sentiment toward outside powers. This sentiment of realism also seems to be reflected in both North and South Korea today.
- Political Geography:
- United States, East Asia, and Korea
15057. Inter-Korean Relations and the Future of the U.S.–ROK Alliance
- Author:
- Choong Nam Kim
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- Relations between the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) are undergoing dramatic changes. So is the security alliance between the United States and South Korea, which was established to deter a common threat from North Korea. The change in South-North Korean relations has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the United States' North Korea policy. At the same time, progress in inter-Korean relations depends to a significant extent upon Washington's North Korea policy. In addition, the strategic landscape of Northeast Asia and the political environment on the peninsula has changed significantly. The foundation of the U.S.–ROK alliance is being undercut by social and political change in South Korea and by a widening gap in the allies' threat perceptions and security priorities. The question of alliance legitimacy and durability has become more pressing than ever before.
- Political Geography:
- United States, Korea, and Northeast Asia
15058. U.S.-DPRK Relations in the 21st Century: Ramifications of North Korea's Declaration of Independence from the International Community
- Author:
- C. Kenneth Quinones
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- North Korea's July 4 launching of ballistic missiles declared its leader Kim Jong Il's determination to secure its nation's national defense irrespective of the international community's concerns and opposition. Initial international reaction ranged from stunned disbelief to rage. Japan was particularly outraged and took the initiative, with strong support from the United States, to press for UN Security Council passage of a resolution that called for economic sanctions against North Korea. Even China took the rare step of supporting a moderated version of the UN Security Council resolution that censured North Korea, but without reference to sanctions. Absent from most reactions was perspective. RRather than attempting to decipher the consequences, governments focused on punitive measures. How could North Korea and its leader Kim Jong Il be so audacious and foolheardty as to disregard the international community's warnings against launching a single ballistic missile. Here we pursue perspective to better understand Kim Jong Il's motives so that we might better know how to influence his future actions. Whether Kim acted in an appropriate or moral manner is not our concern. In matters of national security, morality, issues of right and wrong, are of secondary concern. Foremost must be the goal to better understand our adversaries so that we can deal most effectively with them. Otherwise, our security will be at greater risk in the future.
- Political Geography:
- United States and North Korea
15059. China's Approach to the US-ROK Alliance—Background, Status, Outlook
- Author:
- Robert Sutter
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- Among China's neighbors in Asia, Chinese leaders have given highest priority to relations with the governments of northeast Asia, Japan and the administrations of North and South Korea. The salient reasons have included the strategic location of these nations close to the economic centers of China's modernization, their economic, political, and military power and importance to China, and their close involvement with the United States. In terms of the last factor, Chinese leaders have long recognized the central importance of the US alliances with Japan and South Korea, and the related importance of the US military presence in both countries as enabled by the respective alliances.
- Political Geography:
- United States and China
15060. The Kim Jong-Il Government's Policy Toward South Korea: Analysis of the June 2005 Inter-Korean Agreement
- Author:
- Young Whan Kihl
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- The Kim Jong-Il Government's policy toward South Korea is an extension not only of North-South Korea relations, especially since the historic June 2000 North-South summit meeting in Pyongyang, but also of the DPRK domestic politics of the Kim regime survival strategy. How are the domestic policy agenda of “Building the Kangsong Taeguk (Strong and Prosperous Great Power) and “the Military-First Politics,” for instance, related to the Kim Government policy and strategy toward the South? What are the implications for Pyongyang's strategy of balancing against major powers' competing interests and driving a wedge between Seoul and its allies in Tokyo and Washington?
- Political Geography:
- Washington, South Korea, Tokyo, and Pyongyang
15061. South-North Korean Relations Under The Roh Moo-Hyun Government
- Author:
- Hong Nack Kim
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- In his inaugural address in February 2003, President Roh Moo- Hyun declared his intention not only to retain his predecessor's North Korea policy (the “sunshine policy”) but also to expand the scope and the content of the “sunshine policy” in order to build a “structure of peace” on the Korean Peninsula. Dubbed as the Policy for Peace and Prosperity,” it envisions three stages of development. In the first stage, South Korea seeks to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue and facilitate peace on the Korean Peninsula. In the second stage, Seoul seeks to develop further inter- Korean economic cooperation and lay the foundation for a peace regime. In the third and final stage, the policy is to launch a peace regime on the Korean Peninsula. In implementing the North Korea policy, Roh has pledged to adhere to four basic principles: (1) all issues should be resolved through dialogue; (2) priorities should be placed on building mutual trust and “upholding reciprocity”; (3) the inter-Korean issues should be resolved by South and North Korea in cooperation with the international community; and, (4) Seoul will strive to ensure transparency, expand citizen participation, and secure “bipartisan support” in implementing North Korea policy.
- Political Geography:
- South Korea and North Korea
15062. Is the Six Party Joint Statement a Viable Roadmap or a Road to Nowhere?
- Author:
- Larry A. Niksch
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- As of this writing in July 2006, North Korea is into the eight month of its second boycott of the Six Party nuclear talks. The first boycott lasted a year, from August 2004 to July 2005. In short, in the last 24 months of nuclear negotiations, North Korea has boycotted the negotiations for 19 of the 24 months. North Korea's missile tests in July 2006, added a new element to Pyongyang refusal to agree to new Six Party meetings. All the other governments in the talks profess a continued commitment to the negotiations. A realistic question, however, is whether this collective commitment is based on genuine expectations of substantial progress, or is it about maintaining a process, however unproductive, out of fear of unknown consequences if the talks collapse. The question is legitimate, given that the fact that most of the last two years, the diplomacy of these governments have descended to trying to influence the lowest level of North Korean diplomatic behavior: whether or not North Korea will “show up” for a meeting.
- Political Geography:
- North Korea and Pyongyang
15063. Political Economy Of De-Nuclearizing North Korea
- Author:
- Yoon-Shik Park
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- In July 2005, the 4th round of the Six-party talks on the North Korean nuclear weapons program finally resumed in Beijing, China, but no one can tell the outcome of the talks that are intended to verifiably dismantle the nuclear weapons program of North Korea. It is difficult at this stage for outsiders to know why the North Korean regime reversed its previous insistence that it had chosen to become a nuclear power and would no longer bargain over it. However, it is clear that any breakthrough at the talks will be critically connected to both massive economic aid and security guarantees from the West. Without outside assistance, North Korea has no hope of achieving economic development and overcoming widespread economic hardship. Furthermore, North Korean de-nuclearization is important to the South Korean economy as well. Many foreign investors are understandably reluctant to commit their funds in South Korea as long as there is the specter of a North Korean nuclear threat. In late July 2005, for example, Fitch rating service pointed out the North Korean security issue as the most important reason not to upgrade South Korea's credit rating. Around the same time, Standard Poor's decided to upgrade South Korean credit rating by a notch due to the resumption of the long-stalemated Six-party talks.
- Political Geography:
- China, Beijing, and North Korea
15064. The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Problems and Prospects
- Author:
- Bill Cooper and Mark Manyin
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- On February 2, 2006, United States Trade Representative (USTR) Robert Portman and South Korean Trade Minister Kim Hyun-chong announced their two countries= intention to negotiate a free trade agreement (FTA). The announcement came after many years of official and unofficial discussions of the feasibility of concluding an FTA. The climate for launching the negotiations improved following South Korean willingness to address four areas of concern to the United States: beef, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and Ascreen quotas.@ (Screen quotas limit the amount of screen time that foreign films can be shown.)
- Political Geography:
- United States and South Korea
15065. China's Rise in Asia and South Korea: A test case for the purported China-centered order marginalizing the United States in Asia
- Author:
- Robert Sutter
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- This article assesses recent developments and the current state of play in China's relations with South Korea in order to test the widely publicized proposition that China's rise in Asia is being accompanied by an emerging China-centered regional order that is marginalizing the influence of the previous regional leader, the United States. A careful analysis of China's relations with its various neighboring countries in recent years shows that China has made the most significant gains in relations with South Korea, and these gains have coincided with a decline in US influence in South Korea brought on by major difficulties in the South Korean-US alliance relationship. Thus, if China's rise is leading to a China-centered order in Asia that marginalizes the influence of the United States, the trends in the South Korean- China relationship in the context of South Korean-US developments should provide important evidence and indicators.
- Political Geography:
- United States, China, Asia, and South Korea
15066. U.S. Tax Reform and Its Implications for Korea
- Author:
- Kiwon Kang
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- In a globalized economy, resources like labor and capital tend to move their locations across borders in order to reduce their tax burden. As the world economy becomes increasingly integrated, the mobility of resources gradually increases. Increased mobility causes authorities to drive tax reform in each country, so they can prevent internal resources from flowing abroad and, ultimately, secure sovereignty of taxation. Consequently, one country's tax policy affects the economy of other nations.
- Political Geography:
- United States and Korea
15067. The Geneva Conventions and New Wars
- Author:
- Renee De Nevers
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- RENÉE DE NEVERS explores how ‘‘new’’ wars—ranging from civil wars to asymmetric war—and new warriors, including warlords, private security companies, and children, fit within the Geneva Conventions. Although the nature of warfare and warriors has changed from the time the Conventions were adopted in 1949, she challenges the view that the Conventions should be abandoned. Rather, she argues, the Conventions should be revitalized to address a broader spectrum of war, because this will generate greater international support for U.S. efforts to combat terrorism.
- Topic:
- Terrorism, War, and Geneva Convention
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus and United States of America
15068. Tragic Choices in the War on Terrorism: Should We Try to Regulate and Control Torture?
- Author:
- Jerome Slater
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- JEROME SLATER argues that in certain circumstances in the war on terrorism, the coercion or perhaps even the torture of captured terrorists may be both necessary for national security and morally a lesser evil than the preventable mass murder of innocents.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, National Security, Torture, and War on Terror
- Political Geography:
- North America and United States of America
15069. An Empirical Analysis of Failed Intelligence Reforms Before September 11
- Author:
- Amy B. Zegart
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- AMY B. ZEGART examines the failures to reform U.S. intelligence agencies before the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. She finds that during the 1990s, intelligence officials and policy makers understood the rising terrorist threat and the urgent need for reform, but failed to address critical organizational deficiencies.
- Topic:
- Intelligence, National Security, Terrorism, Reform, and 9/11
- Political Geography:
- United States of America
15070. Killing Civilians Intentionally: Double Effect, Reprisal, and Necessity in the Middle East
- Author:
- Michael L. Gross
- Publication Date:
- 01-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- MICHAEL L. GROSS examines the arguments that Palestinians and Israelis offer when innocent lives are taken. He challenges Palestinian claims that existential threats (supreme emergency) or reprisals for past wrongs can justify terror attacks on noncombatants. At the same time, he objects to Israeli explanations that invoke the doctrine of double effect and claim that noncombatants are not killed intentionally but die as an unintended side effect of necessary military operations.
- Topic:
- Military Affairs, Conflict, Civilians, and Casualties
- Political Geography:
- Middle East, Israel, and Palestine
15071. Moving Beyond Kosovo: Envisioning a Coherent Theory of Humanitarian Intervention
- Author:
- Matthew Perault
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- This paper uses the Kosovo bombing of 1999 as a starting point for imagining a sustainable, coherent theory of humanitarian intervention. The paper presents three principal problems of the Kosovo bombing—coherence, legality, and tactics—and describes their impact on the legitimacy of intervention and on human welfare. It then suggests three primary types of reforms that might assist in creating a more coherent logic of intervention: structural reform, coercion, and acculturation. Such reforms might assist the international community in responding more consistently and reliably to crisis situations across the globe.
- Topic:
- Humanitarian Intervention, Conflict, and Crisis Management
- Political Geography:
- Eastern Europe and Kosovo
15072. A Case for Government-Sponsored Monitoring of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in the United States
- Author:
- Aaron D. Levine
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), a modified version of in vitro fertilization in which individual embryos are screened for specific genetic characteristics prior to implantation, provides a powerful way for parents suffering from infertility to increase their chances of having healthy children. In its various forms, PGD allows parents to screen for gender, providing a means for avoiding X-linked diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations and aneuploidies, and single-gene disorders. Beyond these standard uses, PGD could potentially be used to select for any genetic trait, and this aspect of the technology has raised concerns that it may be used either intentionally or unintentionally for eugenic purposes. At present, reproductive medicine is only loosely regulated in the United States and new technologies, such as PGD, are almost entirely unregulated. This paper argues that given the lack of consensus regarding the ethical acceptability of PGD and embryo selection techniques, the government has an interest in gathering and reporting data on the use of PGD in the United States. Taking a proactive role now, rather than allowing the use of PGD to continue growing unscrutinized, will give society the chance to make thoughtful and deliberate decisions about its use.
- Topic:
- Government, Science and Technology, Medicine, Reproductive Health, and Genetics
- Political Geography:
- North America and United States of America
15073. Revisiting Goldwarter v. Carter: The Executive’s Right to Rescind Treaties in Light of President Bush’s 2002 Termination of the ABM Treaty
- Author:
- Howard A. Wachtel
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- This paper examines the constitutional power of the President to terminate treaty obligations. It centers on President Bush’s recent renunciation of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. It focuses on the balance of power between the legislative and executive branches in light of the Goldwater v. Carter and Kucinich v. Bush decisions. The paper is divided into six sections: (1) the international legal ramifications of unilateral executive treaty rescission; (2) the role of standing; (3) the impact of the political question doctrine; (4) arguments for and against permitting the President to terminate treaties; (5) a discussion of the process that should be used to terminate treaties, as between the President and Congress; and, finally, (6) an examination of alternative strategies that Congress may employ when the President chooses to rescind a treaty. The paper concludes that the decision to terminate a treaty should not be one-sided, and that joint action from both branches should be required whenever the United States wishes to relieve itself of treaty obligations.
- Topic:
- Nuclear Weapons, Treaties and Agreements, and Nonproliferation
- Political Geography:
- North America and United States of America
15074. Decision-Making in Endangered Species Management
- Author:
- Jonathan C. Borck
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- This paper examines decisions made by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), part of the U.S. Department of the Interior, to protect species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and to fund their recovery. Using a data set that includes scientific, economic, and political variables on vertebrates from 1989 to 1997, this paper estimates a variety of regression models of the listing and funding decisions. Although required by law to consider only scientific factors such as species’ vulnerability in its decision-making, FWS appears instead to favor visceral characteristics, such as species’ taxonomic class and size. Both criteria are defensible. Nonetheless, the paper recommends that FWS and its partner agencies acknowledge and try to resolve the inconsistencies between their legal obligations and their actual behavior to ensure more effective implementation of this important piece of environmental legislation.
- Topic:
- Environment, Legislation, Animals, Decision-Making, Biodiversity, and Endangered Species
- Political Geography:
- North America and United States of America
15075. Female Entrepreneurship and Business Consortiums: Prospective Solutions for Argentina’s Economic Challenges
- Author:
- Christopher Jay Walker
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- As Argentine policy makers attempt to promote and sustain development after the economic crisis that emerged at the turn of the century, the role of business consortiums merits particular attention—especially with regard to assisting female entrepreneurs in business venturing. After reviewing the literature on gender in the marketplace, this article explores the results of a qualitative case study conducted in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which focuses on the role of women in business consortiums. The study compiles and analyzes data from 314 business consortiums and seventy interviews of business owners and managers in Argentina. Five primary roles of business consortiums emerged from this field research: (1) training on business operations and practices; (2) collaboration on projects that promote common interests; (3) forums for idea and experience sharing; (4) opportunities for networking; and (5) resources for aid and support. Further analysis of existing consortiums in Argentina reveals that businesswomen are less likely to participate in consortium training and activities than their male counterparts, and that this gender dichotomy could be correlated with a lack of female consortium leaders. Policy recommendations are put forth that focus on public and private sector efforts to boost Argentine entrepreneurs’ membership in local business consortiums and strengthening female representation in consortium leadership.
- Topic:
- Women, Entrepreneurship, Economy, and Business
- Political Geography:
- Argentina and South America
15076. Engendering Property Rights: Women’s Insecure Land Tenure and its Implications for Development Policy in Kenya and Uganda
- Author:
- Kanika Mak
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- The importance of women’s contributions to the predominantly agrarian societies of Kenya and Uganda contrasts sharply with the inequity and insecurity these women face in their ability to own, inherit, manage, and dispose of land and property. This paper examines how gender equality in the design and implementation of property rights in East Africa can promote development as well as enhance the status of women in patriarchal societies. Women’s insecure land tenure stems specifically from deficiencies in the constitutional order, institutional arrangements, and social norms that govern property rights systems. Accordingly, recommendations for reform in these three areas share the ultimate goal of making property rights systems not only more equitable, but also more effective.
- Topic:
- Development, Women, Land, and Property
- Political Geography:
- Uganda, Kenya, and Africa
15077. Making Peace: Preventing and Responding to Sexual Exploitation by United Nations Peacekeepers
- Author:
- Sarah W. Spencer
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- To help establish and maintain peace and security around the world, the UN is currently managing sixteen peacekeeping missions. Instead of affording protection to civilians impacted by armed conflict, however, some UN peacekeepers use their positions of power to sexually exploit and abuse women and children. This article examines current UN policies and procedures to address sexual exploitation perpetrated by UN peacekeepers in sub-Saharan African peacekeeping missions. Ending sexual exploitation requires leadership at all levels and a serious commitment of financial and human resources. UN policies and procedures must be drastically improved if they are to adequately address and eradicate sexual exploitation within peacekeeping missions.
- Topic:
- United Nations, Peacekeeping, Sexual Violence, and Exploitation
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa
15078. Combating Proliferation: Addressing the Russian Nuclear Threat
- Author:
- Amy M. Seward
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- Fifteen years after the initiation of U.S. threat reduction programs in the former Soviet Union and some four years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, more than half of Russia’s vast stockpile of weapons-usable fissile materials remains to be secured, and is thus vulnerable to diversion by terrorists for use in a nuclear device. This paper assesses the state of fissile material security in Russia today, taking as a case study the security of nuclear materials involved in the operations of the Russian Navy’s Northern Fleet. Recommendations are made drawing on the successes and shortcomings of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Material Protection Control and Accounting Program at the Fleet’s naval facilities. This analysis leads into a broader examination of the effectiveness and adequacy of U.S. nonproliferation efforts in keeping weapons of mass destruction out of the hands of terrorists.
- Topic:
- Security, Foreign Policy, Nuclear Weapons, Nonproliferation, and Threat Assessment
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Eurasia, North America, and United States of America
15079. Reforming the Cotton Trade Order? An Analysis of Cotton Subsidies and Implications for Sustainable Development
- Author:
- Christine M. Makori
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- Cotton is the most widely produced cash crop in the developing world. It supports the livelihoods of numerous households in these countries and occupies a significant position both economically and politically. However, in the recent past, this sector has experienced a pricing crisis mainly attributed to subsidies of developed nations. This article analyzes the effects of cotton subsidies (the most controversial agricultural commodity in the ongoing trade negotiations) on sustainable development, focusing on the impacts of U.S. subsidies on four West African countries. Given that these support systems have political motivations, the article briefly surveys political challenges to subsidy reforms. In conclusion, the article makes specific recommendations to the WTO and national governments to promote free trade, enhance economic efficiency, and support the global fight against poverty.
- Topic:
- Sustainable Development Goals, Trade, WTO, Subsidies, and Cotton
- Political Geography:
- Africa, West Africa, and United States of America
15080. Openness, R&D, and Growth: Difference in Latin American and East Asian Policy and Political Economy
- Author:
- Glauco A. S. Oliveira
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
- Institution:
- School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
- Abstract:
- This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical literature relating openness, research and development (R&D) policies, and growth in developing countries. Although there are indications that openness is associated with improvements in productivity due to technological spillovers, active R&D policies and complementary institutions (intellectual property rights) play an important role in bringing about such gains. The article compares East Asia and Latin America, with special attention to the latter. The puzzle is that both regions opened their economies and carried out a set of similar industrial and technological strategies, yet their experiences in growth and R&D performance are divergent. After considering differences in each region’s pace of integration into the world economy, the analysis moves to a closer look at the political economy of policy formation in Latin America and East Asia. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the debate; the second encompasses a comprehensive theoretical and empirical literature review; the third discusses the policy and political economy experiences of the regions. Finally, the conclusion offers policy recommendations for Latin America, based on the success of the East Asian experience.
- Topic:
- Political Economy, Economic Growth, and Research and Development
- Political Geography:
- East Asia and Latin America
15081. Editorial
- Author:
- Miriam Perier and Estelle Durand
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les politiques d'exception et de suspicion ne couvrent pas, loin s'en faut, les logiques du champ des professionnels de la sécurité. La question de l'action humanitaire, celle des raisons qui poussent les ONG et les gouvernements à agir selon ces normes en est un autre volet central. Cultures Conflits avait abordé, il y a plusieurs années, la question des relations entre interventions armées et causes humanitaires, et avait poursuivi la réflexion sur les transformations du métier militaire, le rapport à l'humanitaire avec le choix d'une voie militaire après le 11 septembre. Mais, comme beaucoup d'autres revues de sciences sociales françaises, nous avions évoqué les pratiques des acteurs de l'humanitaire sans discuter en profondeur les relations entre l'humanitaire et les droits de l'Homme.
15082. Introduction. Comprendre la complexité d'un champ d'action politique
- Author:
- Wolf-Dieter Eberwein
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'action humanitaire se définit en premier lieu en termes normatifs, tandis que la pratique révèle les opportunités comme les contraintes de mise en œuvre de ce but désirable d'un secours aux victimes. En pratique, l'affaire est somme toute complexe, car devoir réconcilier la morale avec le droit et la politique ressemble à s'y méprendre à la recherche de la quadrature du cercle. Cette complexité ne se retrouve pas au niveau de son traitement théorique. En conséquence, cette publication propose différentes lectures complémentaires de l'action humanitaire et de la politique humanitaire. Elle se différencie en cela des innombrables publications disponibles sur le marché en mettant entre autres l'accent sur la théorie des normes, particulièrement négligée en France, alors qu'elle est centrale en Allemagne et dans les pays anglo-saxons. En outre, cette tendance de la tradition française à dénier l'importance des approches sur l'humanitaire, qui ne le ramène pas immédiatement à l'instrumentalité politique ou militaire, est en elle-même préjudiciable à la compréhension et au dialogue sur l'ordre international humanitaire comme condition pratique.
15083. Le paradoxe humanitaire ? Normes et pratiques
- Author:
- Wolf-Dieter Eberwein
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Le point de départ de l'article est le décalage manifeste entre la théorie, c'est-à-dire le droit, et la pratique dans le champ d'action politique humanitaire. L'auteur pose la question de savoir si la guerre contre le terrorisme n'est pas en train d'entraîner la déconstruction de l'ordre international humanitaire. Il propose une explication basée sur une modification de l'hypothèse de l'action rhétorique (concernant les états) selon laquelle celle-ci joue un rôle central dans le respect les normes. Il la combine avec une modification de l'hypothèse du piège de compétence (concernant les ONG) qui, de son côté, implique le fait que la professionnalisation croissante entraîne forcément une tendance à privilégier la dimension pratique et une érosion de la base normative. En conclusion, l'auteur explique que le système est en train de se piéger dans une hypocrisie humanitaire qui privilégie la morale, au détriment du droit et l'activité sur le terrain plutôt que la revendication pour le maintien du droit. The starting point of the article is the divergence between theory, that is to say the law, and practice in the issue area of humanitarian action. The author raises the question of the contribution of the war against terrorism in the deconstruction of the international humanitarian order. He suggests an explanation based on a modified version of the hypothesis on rhetorical action (concerning the States), which postulates that it is central for the respect of norms. He combines it with the modified version of the hypothesis on the Le point de départ de l'article est le décalage manifeste entre la théorie, c'est-à-dire le droit, et la pratique dans le champ d'action politique humanitaire. L'auteur pose la question de savoir si la guerre contre le terrorisme n'est pas en train d'entraîner la déconstruction de l'ordre international humanitaire. Il propose une explication basée sur une modification de l'hypothèse de l'action rhétorique (concernant les états) selon laquelle celle-ci joue un rôle central dans le respect les normes. Il la combine avec une modification de l'hypothèse du piège de compétence (concernant les ONG) qui, de son côté, implique le fait que la professionnalisation croissante entraîne forcément une tendance à privilégier la dimension pratique et une érosion de la base normative. En conclusion, l'auteur explique que le système est en train de se piéger dans une hypocrisie humanitaire qui privilégie la morale, au détriment du droit et l'activité sur le terrain plutôt que la revendication pour le maintien du droit.
15084. L'humanitaire comme norme du discours au Conseil de sécurité : une pratique légitimatrice socialement sanctionnée
- Author:
- David Ambrosetti
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'article examine les logiques pratiques qui ont favorisé la « normalisation » de l'invocation de l'idée humanitaire à l'ONU, à partir du cas des pratiques discursives de la délégation française au sein du Conseil de sécurité, à propos du conflit au Rwanda. L'analyse constructiviste des normes inspirée par A. Giddens et N. Onuf éclaire les enjeux de sanction sociale quotidienne qui se greffent à de telles pratiques discursives et les fondements de leur valeur proprement légitimatrice, qui tient en l'espèce à l'implication d'un espace social plus vaste que le seul espace diplomatique international, comprenant également des journalistes, des leaders d'opinion et des porte-parole légitimes de l'idée humanitaire très médiatisés.
- Topic:
- United Nations
- Political Geography:
- Rwanda
15085. La diversité culturelle et ses défis pour l\'acteur humanitaire
- Author:
- Marion Harroff-Tavel
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- La culture est de plus en plus souvent invoquée comme une cause de conflit, traitée comme un moyen de démarcation, manipulée pour justifier le rejet de l\'autre. L\'auteur décrit les défis que représente la diversité culturelle pour l\'action humanitaire, sur la base de l\'expérience du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. Une expérience unique en son genre, une forme de rencontre de l\'universel et du local, d\'où émerge une idée forte : la culture n\'est pas un tout homogène, hérité du passé, immuable et enfermé dans les frontières de l\'Etat. Le discours sur le choc des cultures ne prend pas assez en considération le caractère évolutif de cultures qui se déterritorialisent et renforce une logique de confrontation plutôt que de mettre en exergue la richesse de la diversité. Il est temps que les êtres humains réapprennent à communiquer, à l\'heure de la mondialisation et de la révolution technologique de l\'information, pour que cessent la déshumanisation de l\'ennemi, l\'exclusion de la différence et les attaques contre le patrimoine commun de l\'humanité.
- Topic:
- Civil Society and Humanitarian Aid
15086. Le dilemme inévitable de l'action humanitaire
- Author:
- Michael Schloms
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article analyse le débat actuel sur le dilemme humanitaire et la crise de l'action humanitaire. Il met en question la diagnose et les conclusions dominantes. L'article présente l'ambiguïté comme un phénomène structurel de l'action humanitaire. L'analyse des cas concrets du dilemme humanitaire, notamment de la Corée du Nord, révèle différentes catégories d'organisations humanitaires. L'auteur conclut que l'humanitarisme est caractérisé par un état de confusion par rapport aux principes les plus fondamentaux de l'action humanitaire. Ainsi, les organisations d'aide font face à une crise de cohérence.
- Topic:
- Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, and Non-Governmental Organization
- Political Geography:
- North Korea
15087. L\\'humanitarisme islamique
- Author:
- Jonathan Benthall
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article explique comment la recherche de l\\'auteur sur l\\'humanitaire islamique dérive d\\'une analyse de la sémiotique du croissant rouge dans le Mouvement International de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge. Cela le mène à explorer des tensions plus larges dans le domaine des associations caritatives islamiques par rapport au champ général de l\\'humanitaire, tout en identifiant leurs ressemblances les unes avec les autres. Elles peuvent être considérées aussi comme éléments dans le mouvement plus ample des ONG « confessionnelles ». L\\'article analyse ensuite le rapport entre d\\'une part, le droit humanitaire international et les droits de l\\'Homme, et d\\'autre part, la tradition islamique juridique. L\\'ensemble de l\\'argument de l\\'article est présenté comme exemple du dialogue anthropologique classique concernant l\\'universalisme, par contraste avec le relativisme, la doctrine islamique n\\'étant pas ici interprétée comme exception culturelle, mais comme universalisme alternatif. Cela devrait nous permettre d\\'envisager plus clairement à la fois la fragilité de l\\'universalisme occidental, et également le besoin d\\'explorer ce qu\\'ont en commun les deux traditions intellectuelles.
- Topic:
- Humanitarian Aid and Islam
15088. Recoupement des droits de l\'Homme et du droit international humanitaire dans les situations de crises et de conflits
- Author:
- Jonathan Benthall
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les mécanismes de la mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire sont beaucoup moins développés que ceux du droit de l\'Homme. Néanmoins, il existe un certain chevauchement entre ces deux corps du droit. L\'article décrit ce chevauchement et analyse les conséquences du point de vue légal concernant leur mise en oeuvre. L\'application cumulative des droits de l\'Homme et du droit international humanitaire pose inévitablement la question de la relation qu\'ils entretiennent. La Cour internationale de justice a répondu à cette question en reconnaissant la primauté du droit international humanitaire vis-à-vis des droits de l\'Homme dans les conflits armés, caractérisant ainsi le premier comme lex specialis. L\'examination de décisions d\'institutions des droits de l\'Homme, comme la Commission et la Cour inter-américaine des droits de l\'Homme et de la Cour européenne des droits de l\'Homme montre une tendance à privilégier le droit international humanitaire. Bien que la pratique de ces institutions des droits de l\'Homme soit limitée, elle ouvre des possibilités supplémentaires aux moyens internationaux limités pour faire respecter le droit international humanitaire par les parties aux conflits armés. Ceci démontre la convergence pratique et utile entre les droits de l\'Homme et le droit international humanitaire.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, International Law, and International Organization
15089. La création de la Cour africaine des droits de l\'Homme et des peuples. Les dessous d\'une ingénierie institutionnelle multicentrée
- Author:
- Marielle Debos
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L\'étude du processus d\'ingénierie institutionnelle de la Cour africaine des droits de l\'Homme et des peuples révèle le rôle central joué par les ONG : elles ont donné l\'impulsion initiale, orchestré la mobilisation, encadré les négociations et milité pour l\'adoption du Protocole. Ce nouveau mode de production du droit doit cependant être analysé avec un regard critique afin de déceler les logiques de pouvoir très fortes au sein du « monde multicentré ». La professionnalisation des ONG et l\'autonomisation du champ de la production des standards juridiques vont de pair avec la marginalisation des militants locaux. L\'activité de production de normes est l\'affaire des experts juridiques apolitiques qui entretiennent des relations de collaboration avec les notables des diplomaties d\'Etat et des organisations intergouvernementales.
- Topic:
- Government and Non-Governmental Organization
- Political Geography:
- Africa
15090. Regards sur l'entre-deux: « L'art a le pouvoir de l'indéfinissable » Entretien avec Banu Cennetoglu.
- Author:
- Miriam Perier and Antonia Garcia Castro
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
15091. Entretien. L'ordre humanitaire en disparition?
- Author:
- Wolf-Dieter Eberwein and Paul Grossrieder
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Wolf-Dieter Eberwein : Le projet de Henri Dunant pourrait-il être mis en œuvre aujourd'hui ? Cette question est fondamentale car nous nous trouvons dans une phase de la politique internationale qui semble être dominée par la notion de sécurité. Des mots clés seraient le terrorisme, la pauvreté et l'échec des Etats, problèmes fondamentaux qui seraient à résoudre par la création d'un ordre international fondé sur des Etats démocratiques et les droits de l'Homme. Avec la fin de la Guerre Froide, les Etats en tant que collectivité sont en principe capables de mettre en œuvre cette vision de Kant. L'action humanitaire d'urgence ne serait donc qu'une phase transitoire, si, en effet, la fin de l'histoire était en vue. Mais un gouffre profond sépare vision et réalité. Se posent donc deux problèmes fondamentaux que nous aimerions aborder : le premier concerne la performance de l'action humanitaire, le deuxième concerne sa fondation normative, c'est-à-dire la régulation telle qu'elle est fixée dans le droit humanitaire international en général, dans les Conventions de Genève en particulier.
15092. Editorial - Dialogues sur la violence et la démocratie en France et au Brésil
- Author:
- Angelina Peralva and Sergio Adorno
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les articles qui figurent dans ce numéro1 s'inscrivent dans une réflexion franco-brésilienne, développée dans le cadre des accords de coopération CAPES-COFECUB et USP-COFECUB, liant depuis plusieurs années des chercheurs du Centre d'Analyse et d'Intervention Sociologiques (CADIS-EHESS/CNRS) et du Núcleo de Estudos da Violência da Universidade de São Paulo (NEV-USP). Nous remercions la rédaction de Cultures et Conflits d'avoir accepté d'ouvrir les pages de la revue à une publication partielle de notre travail.
15093. Faire face au racisme en France et au Brésil : de la condamnation morale à l'aide aux victimes
- Author:
- Alexandra Poli
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'idée de démocratie raciale au Brésil et le modèle républicain en France constituent la toile de fond des mouvements de composition et de décomposition de la question du racisme à l'œuvre dans ces deux pays. Ces formules consacrées ne sont pas sans liens avec la manière par laquelle on se représente le racisme et façonnent des impératifs quant à la manière de le combattre. La réflexion croisée sur l'évolution des formes de reconnaissance du racisme au Brésil et en France, que propose cet article, permet notamment de revisiter des conceptions juridiques, politiques, sociales et le vécu personnel qui lui sont attachés à différentes périodes. Des deux côtés de l'Atlantique, les modes de compréhension du racisme ont longtemps fait peser une sorte de déterminisme sur les victimes en les maintenant quelque part à distance du problème.
- Topic:
- Civil Society
- Political Geography:
- France and Brazil
15094. Jacobinisme vs. industrie culturelle médiatisation de la violence en France et au Brésil
- Author:
- Angelina Peralva and Eric Mace
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article examine les conditions dans lesquelles, au cours des vingt dernières années, les journalistes français et brésiliens ont transformé « la violence » en une importante thématique des "prestige papers", dont elle était pratiquement exclue auparavant. Ce changement est mis en relation avec la nouvelle importance acquise par une information de masse standardisée et destinée à un public très large ; mais semble être l'effet, également, d'une déprise des rapports et des acteurs sociaux sur la vie politique.
- Political Geography:
- France and Brazil
15095. Démocratie et Etat de non-droit au Brésil : analyse et témoignage
- Author:
- Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Même dans des moments fondateurs de la démocratisation au Brésil, comme pendant les deux décennies suivant 1985, les vestiges de l'autoritarisme persistent. Je discute ici les questions relatives aux garanties constitutionnelles, en particulier les droits civils, et le fonctionnement du pouvoir judiciaire et de la police, en essayant d'attirer l'attention sur la violence endémique et les violations systématiques des droits humains sous les gouvernements constitutionnels démocratiques, en particulier des années 1990 à nos jours. J'y examine les efforts déployés au Brésil par le gouvernement et la société civile en vue d'un élargissement de la jouissance des droits de la personne à toute la population. Enfin, cet essai comporte également un témoignage sur mon bref passage au gouvernement fédéral du Brésil.
- Topic:
- Civil Society and Democratization
- Political Geography:
- Europe, France, and Brazil
15096. L'espace des homicides et l'espace socioéconomique : l'agglomération de Vitoria-Brésil
- Author:
- Claudio Zanotelli
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- This article aims at understanding how homicides are distributed within the social space and the urban territory. The main questioning is to know whether homicides are linked to urban fragmentation and to the socioeconomic differentiations between the districts composing the town of Vitoria in the Brazilian State of Espirito Santo. We analyse homicides as revealing the marginalised populations'regulation. The article also deals with the question of homicide related data gathering and police behaviour.
- Topic:
- Civil Society and Crime
- Political Geography:
- Europe, France, Brazil, and South America
15097. Le monopole étatique de la violence : le Brésil face à l´héritage occidental
- Author:
- Sergio Adorno
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dans un livre publié en 2004 – La violence – Michel Wieviorka suggère l´hypothèse d'une remise en cause, à l'heure actuelle, dans les sociétés occidentales, de la formule weberienne qui plaide en faveur du monopole légitime de la violence physique en tant que fondement de l´État moderne. Bien que l'on puisse être d´accord avec cette hypothèse générale, on ne peut pas l´accepter aussi complètement, si l'on considère les sociétés « de l´extrême Occident » (selon l'expression d'Alain Rouquier), comme c'est le cas du Brésil. En dépit des mutations survenues de par les liens de société brésilienne avec le mouvement de la mondialisation, le contrôle démocratique de la violence et du crime urbain suggère un double défi à relever : d'un côté, le contrôle d'une violence endémique qui se déploie au sein de la société civile; et d'un autre côté, le contrôle, autant par la société civile organisée que par le gouvernement civil, des forces répressives de l'Etat.
- Topic:
- Political Theory
- Political Geography:
- Brazil
15098. Penser la violence : en réponse à Sergio Adorno
- Author:
- Michel Wieviorka
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- La formule célèbre de Max Weber sur le monopole étatique de la violence physique légitime peut être lue en termes historiques, c\'est-à-dire pour caractériser certains Etats à certains moments, ou en termes plus abstraits, comme l\'amorce d\'une théorie générale de l\'Etat. Mais dans les deux cas, elle suscite bien des critiques, les unes renvoyant à des facteurs externes, à commencer par la globalisation, les autres aux transformations internes des Etats, et par exemple à la privatisation des activités policières, et d\'autres encore à la façon dont se télescopent dans les changements récents les frontières entre logiques externes et logiques internes.
- Topic:
- Political Theory
15099. La Représentation Du Culte Musulman En France
- Author:
- Alain Boyer
- Publication Date:
- 03-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Les musulmans se sont installés en France à cause et à la suite des deux guerres mondiales, essentiellement en provenance des pays sous domination française, à la fois comme recrues dans les armées françaises et comme force de travail. Ils ont ensuite participé à la reconstruction et au développement du pays, comme immigration de main d'oeuvre, durant les Trente Glorieuses. Ces flux migratoires se sont poursuivis, après la décolonisation et les indépendances, dans les années 1960. S'ils ont été freinés par l'arrêt de l'immigration en 1973, ils n'en ont pas pour autant totalement cessé, puisque l'on considère que sont entrés, depuis lors, en France, chaque année, environ 100 000 immigrés d'origines diverses. Bien plus, l'arrêt de l'immigration, en rendant très difficile la perspective d'un éventuel retour en France, et le regroupement familial ont concouru à l'installation durable en France de familles immigrées cherchant plus ou moins consciemment à s'intégrer dans la société française. Peu à peu se sont constituées des communautés musulmanes qui ont essayé de négocier, surtout pour obtenir des avantages individuels plus que collectifs, les modalités de leur intégration. Les populations immigrées ont souvent été reléguées dans les zones d'urbanisation récente, l'habitat social et les banlieues des grandes villes et ont été cantonnées, pour la première, et souvent pour la deuxième génération, dans des métiers peu qualifiés directement menacés par le chômage. Les immigrés et leurs enfants appelés à devenir français, dès lors qu'ils étaient nés en France, ont été victimes d'inégalités et d'exclusions par l'école, le travail et le logement.
- Topic:
- Development and Immigration
- Political Geography:
- France and West Africa
15100. Les Fondements Idéologiques Et Les Choix De La Consultation
- Author:
- Alain Billon
- Publication Date:
- 03-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- French Politics, Culture Society
- Institution:
- Conference Group on French Politics Society
- Abstract:
- Pour ce qui concerne la problématique de l'islam en France, le changement le plus caractéristique de l'alternance de 1997 (qui, à la suite de la dissolution de l'Assemblée nationale, amène la "gauche plurielle" de Lionel Jospin au gouvernement et Jean-Pierre Chevènement au ministère de l'Intérieur) n'est peut-être pas tant un changement idéologique, qu'un changement d'état d'esprit par rapport au pessimisme et, par voie de conséquence, au non-interventionnisme qui avait caractérisé le passage de Jean-louis Debré place Beauvau. C'est un changement qui opère donc un retour au volontarisme qui s'était peu à peu imposé à la fin des années quatre-vingt, notamment avec la création du Conseil de réflexion sur l'islam en France (CORIF) par Pierre Joxe, et qui avait continué avec ses deux successeurs socialistes, puis sous une autre forme, avec Charles Pasqua, après l'alternance de 1993.
- Topic:
- Islam
- Political Geography:
- France