Content Type: Journal Article - CIAO Search Results

13601. Francités, Islamités: Compositions citoyennes et religieuses des jeunes musulmans français d'origine maghrébine

Author:: Nancy Venelh
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Depuis une dizaine d'années émerge en France une "conscience musulmane" concurremment prescrite, révélée et assumée sous l'effet d'une actualité nationale et internationale propice et d'une interaction avec la perception et l'énonciation par la culture nationale dominante des populations concernées. Il n'est qu'à évoquer le discours médiatique, où les "beurs", "jeunes de la deuxième génération" ou "Français d'origine maghrébine" cèdent progressivement la place aux " jeunes musulmans "-catégorie pour le moins restrictive qui donne une inflexion religieuse à des identités qui ne le sont ni fatalement, ni exclusivement. D'une part, le regard que l'on porte sur les populations d'origine maghrébine, et plus spécifiquement sur les "jeunes", s'est islamisé 1 ; d'autre part, la focalisation des débats publics sur l'islam (au travers, entre autres, des rebondissements de l'affaire du foulard et du vote d'une loi réglementant le port de signes religieux à l'école) a contribué à cristalliser un esprit de solidarité, voire une co- appartenance islamique.
Political Geography:: France

13602. La Première Génération De Français De Confession Musulmane

Author:: Dounia Bouzar
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Personnalité qualifiée du Bureau Exécutif du Culte Musulman Je travaille sur la réappropriation de la référence musulmane par la première génération de Français de confession musulmane, jeunes tous nés en France et socialisés à l'école de la République. Nous assistons en effet à la naissance de cette génération "à la fois française et musulmane", qui cherche a élaborer son identité à partir de son appartenance aussi bien à la France qu'à l'islam. Lorsque l'on étudie la situation de l'islam de France, un aspect essentiel apparaît: l'histoire de la laïcité en France crée les conditions d'émergence d'une nouvelle religiosité, puisque les musulmans de France ne trouvent plus les réponses à leurs questions en se tournant vers les pays étrangers. Qu'est-ce qu'être musulman dans une société laïque? Où et comment faire la séparation entre le profane et le sacré? Comment faire la différence entre les principes religieux et les formes historiques que ces derniers ont prises au fil des siècles dans les différentes sociétés musulmanes? Le contexte de pluralisme démocratique laïque français oblige ainsi les musulmans, comme cela a été jadis le cas pour les autres croyants, à réorganiser leur manière d'exister et de croire à partir de cette nouvelle expérience. Ce n'est pas par de grandes théories que les croyants réinterprètent leurs textes sacrés, mais par l'expérimentation, le vécu.
Political Geography:: France

13603. L'organisation De L'islam En France: l'exemple de la Fédération protestante peut-il être utile?

Author:: Pierre Joxe
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Le titre donné à mon intervention peut surprendre. Qu'est-ce que ces deux groupes ont à voir? La Fédération protestante a été créée il y a cent ans. Le projet naît en 1905 au moment de la séparation de l'Église et de l'État, mais elle n'a vraiment fonctionné qu'en 1909 avec la première Assemblée générale du protestantisme, et les baptistes n'y sont entrés qu'en 1916. Elle regroupe aujourd'hui de nombreuses dénominations et a intégré des petites églises protestantes de différents endroits de France: elle représente donc largement les trois quarts du protestantisme français.
Political Geography:: France

13604. Le Cfcm: Réalité et conditions de réussite

Author:: Fouad Alaoui
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Le sujet de cet article est cette expérience originale au niveau mondial que constitue la mise en place du CFCM, et je voudrais y apporter quelques précisions. Le CFCM a toujours été vu comme une instance représentative du culte musulman, et non pas des musulmans de France. Il s'agit d'un organe qui sert d'interlocuteur avec l'État sur des questions directemement liées au culte, et il ne se veut représentatif d'aucune autre entité. Les discussions concernant sa formation n'ont jamais dévié d'un pouce de cet objectif, et les questions soulevées depuis trois ans et demi (questions de la représentation des jeunes, des femmes, des associations culturelles…) indiquent qu'il y a eu un malentendu. Je souhaite donc préciser que c'est parce que le CFCM concerne le culte musulman que nous sommes partis des lieux de cultes pour définir le mode de scrutin.

13605. The Politics Of Publishing During The Second Empire: The Trial of Madame Bovary Revisited

Author:: Christine Haynes
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: The limited objections raised by members of the book trade to the press law at the time of the trial of Madame Bovary serve to highlight some fundamental characteristics and contradictions of liberalism in mid-nineteenth-century France. In general, liberalism in this time and place emphasized commercial freedom and property rights, at the expense of freedom of speech. In contrast to Anglo-American liberals, French liberals readily sacrificed this last freedom in the interest of "order," which was deemed necessary to promote the growth of commerce. As some of the most recent scholarship on the political culture of the Second Empire (and early- to mid-nineteenth-century France more generally) has shown, property, alongside education, was the main priority for liberals. It was only because property and education seemed to require it that freedom of the press eventually became important to French liberals and republicans. Intellectual freedom entered the political culture, for authors and publishers as well as statesmen, only through the back door of economic liberalism.
Topic:: Politics and Culture
Political Geography:: America and France

13606. Le Portugal De Salazar Et La Droite Extrême Française, 1928-1945

Author:: Frederic Rozeira de Mariz
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: La curiosité de l'érudit et du reporter a progressivement fait place à l'admiration pour la renaissance nationale. Les intellectuels d'extrême droite allèrent parfois jusqu'à penser s'inspirer des réalisations de l'Estado Novo, mais l'expérience salazariste était trop spécifique aux yeux des maurrassiens. L'effacement et le calme de Salazar ne pouvaient contenter les plus extrémistes. Le Portugal des années trente, avec ses mythes-l'âge d'or, le complot, le sauveur et l'unité nationale-offrait un cadre conceptuel rassurant. Ces intellectuels de droite-qu'on les qualifie de fascistes ou non-sont fascinés par ce qui apparaît comme le formidable redressement du pays et la personnalité de son chef. Cependant, leurs descriptions restent assez superficielles, et les échanges culturels entre les deux pays sont décevants. Sur le plan politique, on ne trouve pas d'exemple abouti de collaboration, même si l'expérience corporatiste suscite un intérêt certain du côté français.
Political Geography:: France

13607. Jospin, Political Cohabitation And Left Governance

Author:: John P. Willerton and Martin Carrier
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: This article illuminates the record of the Gauche Plurielle (GP) and Jospin-led coalition government-built upon a diverse parliamentary majority opposed by a sitting president-to construct a coherent political program and realize unanticipated policy-making achievements. Contrary to past cohabitation regimes and most Fifth Republic presidential-prime ministerial teams composed of officials from the same political party, the 1997-2002 Gauche Plurielle government retained power for its entire five-year elected mandate while advancing an aggressive domestic socio-economic agenda. The GP program, which Lionel Jospin termed a "réalisme de gauche," would combine Socialist Party (PS) commitments to social justice with economic growth and Communist Party (PCF) concerns over a heightened minimum wage and serious youth employment efforts. The allied Greens and other Left factions would be provided the opportunity to win seats in the National Assembly (in the Greens' case, for the first time) with an ability to influence policy making in their areas of special interest. Overall, the early years of the Left-Greens coalition would see the construction of major initiatives upon which all partners generally agreed, with pressures on the coalition becoming more evident in subsequent years as hard policy choices-reflective of the dominant PS-increasingly troubled the smaller partners.
Topic:: Government, Politics, and Governance

13608. From Mondavi To Depardieu: The Global/Local Politics Of Wine

Author:: Diane Barthel-Bouchier and Lauretta Clough
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: This article examines this crisis in wine production through the prism of one Languedocien village faced with a decision of utmost economic and social significance. In 2000-2001, the California winemaker Robert Mondavi tried to buy land in the village of Aniane in order to build a winery that would produce wine of exceptional quality. The Mondavi company was already installed nearby in Montpellier as a purchaser of wines to be incorporated into its own blend under the label of Vichon Méditerranée. Its representative, David Pearson, was well acquainted with the local political scene. What Pearson and Mondavi appear to have underestimated, however, was the symbolic significance that would be attached to their attempt to purchase land in Aniane. For the land they wanted to buy was not private but communal, and they weren't ordinary winemakers but representatives of an American-owned multinational corporation.
Topic:: Politics
Political Geography:: America and California

13609. Penser L'impensable: Le 11 Septembre Des Penseurs Français

Author:: François Lagarde
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: La guerre américaine en Iraq était annoncée, et on a eu le temps d'en parler et de lui trouver une causalité ou une finalité, ou au contraire une illégalité ou une immoralité. L'attentat du 11 septembre 2001 survint sans que l'on s'y attende, et c'est après l'événement subit qu'il fallut le penser, dans " l'inappropriablité, l'imprévisibilité, la surprise absolue, l'incompréhension, le risque de méprise, la nouveauté inanticipable, la singularité pure, l'absence d'horizon ", comme le dit Derrida. On a eu du mal à voir, à ressentir le 11 Septembre en France à cause des distances géographiques et culturelles et à cause de la télévision, et on est resté sans quoi dire. On a d'abord pensé à soi-ramener l'événement à soi, pour la réassurance. Puis on s'est détourné du lieu, de l'événement du 11 Septembre, pour en penser la date, l'histoire, les origines et on s'est davantage intéressé aux auteurs de l'attentat qu'aux victimes. On découvrit alors, dans ce qui était au commencement impensable, une historicité, une légitimité, une rationalité, une possible bonté de la terreur.
Political Geography:: America and France

13610. "Leur Histoire Est Notre Histoire": Immigrant Culture In France Between Visibility And Invisibility

Author:: Brigitte Jelen
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: This article explores the tensions inherent in the implementation of specific spaces dedicated to the celebration of immigrant cultures in a nation based on an assimilationist model of citizenship.5 More specifically, it analyzes the possibilities for the recognition and visibility of cultural differences in a society where such differences are expected to remain socially invisible and limited to the private sphere. To illustrate this discussion in the historical context of post-colonial France, I will turn to the three most significant cultural projects implemented by the French government to acknowledge and make immigrant cultures visible: in 1977, Mosaïque, in 1984, Les Enfants de l'immigration, and finally, in 2004, the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration.
Topic:: Culture
Political Geography:: France

13611. Anti-Americanisms In France

Author:: Sophie Meunier
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Why do the French appear as incorrigible anti-Americans? Why is France singled out as a bastion of systematic opposition to US policies? Anti-Americanism can be defined as an unfavorable predisposition towards the United States, which leads individuals to interpret American actions through pre-existing views and negative stereotypes, irrespectively of the facts.8 It is based on a belief that there is something fundamentally wrong at the essence of what is America. This unfavorable predisposition manifests itself in beliefs, attitudes and rhetoric, which may or may not affect political behavior. Is France, according to this definition, anti-American? It is difficult in practice to distinguish between genuine anti-Americanism (disposition) and genuine criticism of the United States (opinion). It is partly because of this definitional ambiguity that France appears more anti-American than its European partners. While it is not clear that the French have a stronger negative predisposition against the US, they do have stronger opinions about America for at least three main reasons: the deep reservoir of anti-American arguments accumulated over the centuries; the simultaneous coexistence of a variety of types of anti-Americanism; and the costless ways in which anti-Americanism has been used for political benefit. This article explores each of these three features in turn, before discussing briefly the consequences of French anti-Americanism on world politics.
Topic:: Politics
Political Geography:: United States, America, and France

13612. Regulating Multiplexes: The French State between Corporatism and Globalization

Author:: Graeme Hayes
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: The development of multiplex cinemas has reinvigorated film exhibition and cinema attendance in France. Yet in the wake of the exception culturelle, multiplexes also stoked corporatist fears over the Americanization of French cinema, and in 1996 the state introduced a regulatory procedure for multiplexes modeled on the loi Royer. Regulation has not stopped subsequent multiplex development but rather protected the dominant market position of the major, vertically-integrated French exhibitors. The resultant economic concentration has undoubtedly increased the domestic and international competitiveness of French cinema, but at the price of industry polarization and a loss of cultural and economic pluralism.
Topic:: Globalization
Political Geography:: America and France

13613. After GATT: Has The Revival of French Cinema Ended?

Author:: Jonathan Buchsbaum
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: At the time of the 1993 GATT battle, French cinema was in a period of steady decline. Ten years later, French cinema had rebounded. Yet tensions emerged during that time. The role of television in cinema's revival was changing, concentration tendencies were continuing, and globalization threatened the integrity of the industry. These tensions elicited a series of studies, by the CNC, parliament, academics and others. The paper examines the significance of these studies, concluding that the government will probably have to make radical adjustments to its cinema policies for the first time since the privatization of television in the 1980s.
Topic:: Globalization

13614. French National Cinema and the Martial Arts Blockbuster

Author:: Charlie Michael
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: This article considers the ways in which a recent cycle of martial arts films challenges conventional notions of what a "national" French cinema might look like in the era of globalization. By tracing the industrial and critical contexts around changing production practices in the 1980s and 1990s, I argue that two of these films - Kiss of the Dragon (Chris Nahon 2001) and Le Pacte des loups (Christophe Gans 2001) - represent marked, stylistic countertendencies within an emerging strategy for exporting popular French genre films: one that mimics dominant Hollywood forms and another that seeks meaningful differentiation from them.
Topic:: Globalization

13615. Eloquent Fragments: French Fiction Film and Globalization

Author:: Martin O'Shaughnessy
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: French (and Franco-Belgian) cinema has witnessed a return to the real since the middle of the 1990s and should thus successfully have pinned down the impact of the globalizing economy on the sociopolitical sphere. Yet neoliberal globalization is deeply resistant to representation within the frame of conventional fictions. Condemned to be a cinema of fragments by the shattering of the old leftist imaginary, has French cinema merely tracked globalization's local consequences, always letting systemic causes escape its grasp? Or has it identified successful strategies with which to restore eloquence to social struggle and suffering that otherwise seemed condemned to silence? Engaging with important films by the Dardenne brothers, Robert Guédiguian, Bertrand Tavernier, Manuel Poirier, Matthieu Kassovitz and others, this paper argues the latter. French film, it suggests, has found ways to make the fragments speak to the totality, to short-circuit neoliberal triumphalism and to interpellate a nation that no longer plays its erstwhile integrational role. While none of these strategies can provide totalizing systemic critique, they do show that cinema is playing an active role in the rebuilding of a radical oppositional imaginary.
Topic:: Globalization
Political Geography:: France

13616. Le Réel à l'attaque: French Documentary and Globalization

Author:: Laurent Marie
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Amidst the success of the documentary genre in France, anti-globalization documentaries constitute a subcategory that has come to the fore since the mid-1990s. Akin to the post- 1968 wave of militant cinema, this new genre has nevertheless emerged out of an entirely different ideological, economical and political context. While the films benefit from a level of institutional support in terms of production, devising successful strategies of distribution and exhibition remains central to the political efficiency of this new wave of cinema engagé. As for the films themselves, they display a wide variety of approaches to globalization, from articulating the day-to-day activities of counterglobalization movements to representing the consequences of liberalism on different sectors of French society, not least the French working class. A few documentaries successfully tackle the international dimension of the globalization debate.
Topic:: Globalization
Political Geography:: France

13617. Symptomatic Politics: The Banning of Islamic Head Scarves in French Public Schools

Author:: Joan W. Scott
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: The controversies in 1989, 1994, and 2003 over the wearing of head scarves were in part a response to international and domestic political developments (including, most importantly, surprising showings of political strength at the polls by the Front National). But they were also symptomatic of a much larger problem, one that seems unresolvable within the context of republican universalism. That is the problem of reconciling the fact of the growing diversity of the French population (most of the Muslims in question in these affaires are French citizens) with a theory of citizenship and representation that defines the recognition of difference as antithetical to the unity of the nation. French republicans consider it a dangerous practice to grant political standing to groups. Representatives of concrete, social concerns do not belong in the public (legislative) arena, they argue, because it must be maintained as a realm of abstraction where decisions are made on behalf of the whole people, a people whose presumed commonality means that any elected representative represents them all. The head scarf is a tangible sign of intolerable difference and of failed integration. It defies the long- standing requirement that only when immigrants assimilate (practicing their beliefs in private) do they become fully "French." It stands for everything that is thought to be wrong with Islam: porous boundaries between public and private and between politics and religion; the supposed degradation of female sexuality and subordination of women. The head scarf in the public, secular school is a synecdoche for Islam in the body of the French nation-state.
Topic:: Islam and Politics
Political Geography:: France

13618. Le référendum français de ratification du Traité constitutionnel européen du 29 mai 2005

Author:: Gérard Grunberg
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: The 29 May 2005 referendum on the ratification of the European Constitution marks an important date for French political history since the beginning of the Fifth Republic. The widespread victory of the "no" vote requires an interpretation that takes into account the different dimensions of this event. One such dimension is the political context, which played a large role insofar as the referendum took place in a period when the government was particularly unpopular and when, more generally, the political class was suffering from the public's growing distrust. A second and key element was the deep division of the Socialist party, whose leadership was unable to wage a campaign offensive in favor of a "yes" vote. In general, the proponents of the "yes" vote--the major parties of the Right and the Socialist party, as well as the Greens--were incapable of offering voters a truly positive and convincing argument in favor of the Constitution. On the other hand, the proponents of the "no" vote, especially on the Left, succeeded in convincing voters that the social and economic crisis in France (particularly unemployment) was due to "liberal globablization" and that the European Union, far from combatting globalization's effects, was in reality an implicated actor. The campaign played a large role in a context where public opinion wavered right up until the end. The results underscored the massive "no" vote of the working classes, which poses a formidable problem for the principal pro- European parties. The "French no," which will have major repercussions on French political life, brought to an end the process of European political integration as it had developed over the last twenty years.
Topic:: Globalization
Political Geography:: Europe and France

13619. Review Essay: Uncle Sam And Marianne As Couple Infernal

Author:: Edward C. Knox
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: The flow of works on problematic French-American relations continues apace, more or less explicitly in the wake of books by Philippe Roger and Jean-François Revel.1 As their subtitles indicate, the three reviewed here take on the topic from highly critical standpoints.
Political Geography:: America and France

13620. Toward A Richer Institutionalism for International Law and Policy

Author:: Kenneth W. Abbott
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: In 1992, early in the renaissance of scholarship at the junction of international relations theory (IR) and international law (IL), I suggested that the coming years might see 'the emergence of a new joint discipline' like that which had already emerged in law and economics. It is probably fair to say that a true joint discipline does not yet exist and may never come into being. Yet the appearance of this Journal—a valuable and timely addition to the intellectual landscape—highlights the remarkable interdisciplinary progress made in little more than fifteen years.

13621. The Relative Autonomy of International Law or The Forgotten Politics of Interdisciplinarity

Author:: Jan Klabbers
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: It goes without saying (but probably needs to be said) that the Foreign Office lawyer preparing a draft declaration on, say, the right to development, should have some understanding of development theory: she would be well-advised to know that there are various theories, not easily reconcilable with each other, on how development is best to be achieved. By the same token, it goes without saying (but might need to be said) that the practicing trade lawyer who does not have a grasp of the basic economics of international trade might not be best-placed to advise her clients. Likewise, it goes without saying (but perhaps needs to be said) that the practitioner at a Ministry of Defence contemplating whether or not to treat prisoners of war decently would enhance the quality of her decisions if she were to have an understanding of such things as game theory and reciprocity.

13622. Identifying the Source and Nature of a State's Political Obligation Towards International Law

Author:: Shirley V. Scott
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: It is not 'new' to be interested in the relationship between international law and its political context. It is not even 'new' to theorize connections between the two—consider Abram Chayes's 1974 functionalist analysis of the role of international law in the Cuban Missile Crisis,1 or the work of the New Haven scholars. In seeking to respond to the query as to what I thought had been achieved through the interdisciplinary dialogue of the last ten to fifteen years, I have avoided the temptation to summarize the history of inter-disciplinary scholarship or to offer a panoramic overview of recent publications in the field. I have instead taken as my stepping-off point literature in key mainstream journals of both disciplines written on the 'core' issue of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. If interdisciplinary enquiry has really 'gotten somewhere' over the last ten to fifteen years, it is here, at the heart of each discipline, that its presence should be making an impact.
Political Geography:: Iraq

13623. Duelling Agendas: International Relations and International Law (Again)

Author:: Gerry Simpson
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: On a sunlit summer's day in the Chiltern Hills, five men are seen running towards the same spot in the middle of a field. The object of their attention is a hot-air balloon containing a small boy. The boy's uncle (the balloon's pilot) is holding onto the balloon's ropes in an increasingly frantic attempt to prevent the balloon and boy from being swept into the sky. The (now) six men then engage in a collective effort to bring the balloon under control but this becomes difficult as the wind picks up and the problems of collective action emerge. With each new gust of wind the dilemma becomes more acute. The balloon is lifted higher and higher off the ground, and, yet, it does seem as if the six men might just command the weight and strength to hold down the balloon. But no one is entirely sure. Who is the first to let go? No one is sure of that either but someone releases the rope and tumbles onto the ground. The balloon rises a little higher. Another man lets the rope go and drops to the ground. In the end, there is one man, Dr John Logan, hanging on to the rope of a rising balloon. He begins climbing up the rope (now high in the sky), but this is to no avail. The first Chapter of Ian McEwan's novel, Enduring Love, ends with Logan dropping to the ground from a great height.

13624. The Evolution of International Environmental Cooperation

Author:: Elizabeth R. DeSombre
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: International environmental cooperation is a relatively new endeavor, appearing in a currently recognizable form within the last century, and becoming a major part of international relations only in the last three or four decades. During its brief history, the issues on which states have cooperated pertaining to the environment have shifted, as have the characteristics of the cooperative institutions established to address them. Some of these changes have come about because over time the environmental problems being addressed internationally have become more complex, both environmentally and politically. International environmental agreements, unlike some other areas of public international law, bind states, but for compliance require behaviour change primarily by private substate actors. The incentive structure in the agreements for these substate actors can thus have implications for how they are implemented. These incentive structures in collective self-regulation have changed from early agreements in which those substate actors whose behaviours needed to change directly benefited from their actions to protect a resource, to one in which the regulated industry gains little inherent advantage from being regulated. The time lag between activities that have environmental impacts and the manifestation of harm has increased as well (and, conversely, the time between taking action to protect the environment and the beneficial effects of that action has increased). Both these issues relate to a change in types of uncertainty underlying global environmental problems. Other changes in the nature of the environmental problems being regulated have led to an increasing degree of influence on the part of developing countries in international environmental agreements. Despite this increased complexity, multilateral environmental agreements have continued to be a powerful tool for mitigating difficult environmental problems.

13625. Rethinking International Environmental Regimes: What Role for Partnership Coalitions?

Author:: Christopher C. Joyner
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: Governments create international agreements to deal with environmental, economic, technological, and legal problems that they cannot solve by themselves. In the absence of a supranational government, governments of states realize that they need new rules, multilateral institutions, and governance structures to promote cooperation, prevent and resolve conflicts, and facilitate information sharing between like-minded parties. This strategy is particularly evident in the establishment over the past four decades of several international regulatory regimes for the protection and management of certain environmental conditions of worldwide concern.

13626. Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance

Author:: Steven Bernstein
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: Writing in 1999, Daniel Bodansky predicted that the question of legitimacy would 'emerge from the shadows and become a central issue in international environmental law.' Specifically, Bodansky worried that as authority over environmental policy moved increasingly from domestic to international settings, perceptions that decision-making processes are 'insufficiently democratic' would increase. Such concerns were already simmering in other arenas of global governance. Jürgen Habermas, for example, used similar language nearly ten years earlier in anticipating a legitimacy problem in Europe, commenting that, 'the democratic processes constituted at the level of the nation-state lag hopelessly behind the economic integration taking place at a supranational level.' Both authors, in different ways, worried that the reconfiguration of political authority might not keep pace or adapt appropriately to globalizing pressures. Few topics could be more appropriate for the inaugural issue of a journal devoted to the intersection of International Relations (IR) and International Law (IL).
Political Geography:: Europe

13627. The World Trade Organization in 2020

Author:: Steve Charnovitz
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: The inauguration of a new international journal and the commencement of the second decade of the World Trade Organization (WTO) together provide an opportunity to reflect on the WTO's legacy and its future. Government policies are always experiments, as Jan Tumlir explained. To date, the experiment of the WTO has achieved success beyond the expectation of many observers. What lies ahead? The leading international trade law casebook admits that '[i]t is hard to tell what may happen in the future.' Still, we should try to discern the horizon as part of our efforts to improve future conditions in international economic governance.

13628. Why Constitutionalism Now? Text, Context and the Historical Contingency of Ideas

Author:: Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: I am pleased to contribute to the first issue of the Journal of International Law International Relations. In this short essay, I wish to comment upon the current debate over constitutionalism at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and use this debate to reflect on the interdisciplinary nature of trade law scholarship and some of the current challenges facing international law. To do so, I will review the three leading accounts of WTO constitutionalism found in the legal literature. I will then suggest that these otherwise divergent views of constitutionalism share an impulse to channel or minimize world trade politics. Paradoxically, however, the call for constitutionalism has sparked precisely the sort of politics that it seeks to pre-empt. Hence, one part of this article will be devoted to illustrating the self-defeating nature of the turn to constitutionalism.

13629. Critiquing the Critics of Economic Globalization

Author:: Michael J. Trebilcock
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: Globalization is the great buzz-word of our times, although it lacks any common or agreed definition. It could mean as many different things as globalization of human rights values through United Nations Declarations and Covenants, the creation of War Crimes Tribunals, the International Criminal Court and the Land Mines Treaty, or the globalization of core labour standards through the International Labour Organization (ILO), or the globalization of environmental values through the Kyoto Protocol, but typically this is not what the so-called anti-globalists have in mind. Rather, they fundamentally object to the process of international trade and investment liberalization (economic globalization) that has occurred in the post-war years as reflected in the following summary numbers: from 1950 to 1999 the average annual growth rate of world real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 3.8 per cent; the average annual growth rate in the trade of goods over this period was 6.2 per cent; from 1980 to 1999 the average annual growth rate in the trade of services was 7.0 per cent; from 1982 to 1999 the average annual growth rate in the stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) was 13 per cent.

13630. When you Come to a Fork in the Road, Take it; Reflections on North American Integration: Regional and Multilateral

Author:: Sylvia Ostry
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: The title of this article was coined by the great American philosopher Yogi Berra. There are many roads that lead to greater economic integration or ever-tighter linkages among countries. Globalization is, indeed, an ongoing process of deepening integration fed by trade, financial flows, direct investment, production networks and increasingly by the technological revolution in information and communication. So it is not necessary to choose one route in, for example, trade policy. In the Western Hemisphere bilateral, regional and multilateral policies are all being pursued. Moreover, there are many facets of integration that go beyond economic linkage but we tend to think mainly of trade and investment as primary and pay far less attention to other avenues.
Political Geography:: North America

13631. Marriage and Civil Partnership for Same-Sex Couples: The International Imperative

Author:: Kenneth McK. Norrie
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: Within the single month of November 2004, Saskatchewan became the latest Canadian province to accept same-sex marriage, South Africa's Supreme Court of Appeal held the limitation of marriage to opposite-sex couples to be unconstitutional, the United Kingdom became the latest European country to introduce civil partnerships as an institution for same-sex couples analogous to marriage, and the government of New Zealand presented a Bill to the New Zealand Parliament to do the same thing in that country. In the 15 years since Denmark became the first country in the world to introduce such an institution most jurisdictions in Western Europe and in Canada, and a handful of states in the United States of America, have followed Denmark's innovation and some have opened up the institution of marriage itself to same-sex couples. The peculiarly North American debate whether civil partnership is a second-rate alternative to marriage as a means of achieving gay and lesbian equality has not been engaged with elsewhere in the world, and it will not be engaged with here. This article intends, rather, to explore the remarkable phenomenon that such a debate is today one of practical reality rather than hypothetical aspiration.
Political Geography:: United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Canada, South Africa, Denmark, and New Zealand

13632. Canada is a Blue State: Global Jurisprudence and Domestic Consciousness in American Gay Rights Discourse

Author:: Jonathan Goldberg-Hiller
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: Over the past century we have seen many changes in American culture. We have witnessed an explosion of new travel opportunities, access to information and advances in medicine. Certainly social norms have shifted. We have made progress, in the truest sense, such as recognizing the fundamental human rights of all people no matter their color or creed. And we have also made egregious regressions such as legalizing the aborting of unborn children. Even in this advanced age, we must continue to wage battles against injustices. … If we do nothing and allow the courts to re-define marriage, State and Federal governments will soon have little or no authority to ultimately restrain any imaginable form of marital contract between couples and groups of people and even animals.
Political Geography:: America

13633. We are the World? What United States Courts Can and Should Learn from the Law and Politics of Other Western Nations

Author:: Evan Gerstmann
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: The United States is often perceived as a nation that prefers not only to go its own way, but also to take almost a perverse pride in ignorance of foreign ways and indifference to the opinion of our international peers. Until recently, this perception has certainly extended to America's most powerful court, the Supreme Court of the United States of America. In 2003, for example, an article in The Legal Times, referred to the Court as an 'ostrich' that had only just begun to take its head out of the sand. This perception, however, is likely to change over the next several years. In a single seven-day period in 2003, the United States Supreme Court cited international sources, such as foreign laws and documents, in three high-profile cases in which it interpreted the American constitution.
Political Geography:: United States and America

13634. The West Bank Barrier Debate: Concept, Construction and Consequence

Author:: Michael Bell
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: Debate over the construction of the West Bank separation barrier has been ongoing and acrimonious since its inception in June 2002, when the Israeli government announced its intention to erect a fence to control strictly Palestinian entry into Israel and thereby impede terrorist activity directed against the citizens of the Jewish state. Strikes by Palestinian terrorists groups, most notably the fundamentalist Hamas and Islamic Jihad, had reached unparalleled levels against the civilian population following the commencement of the Palestinian uprising against Israel, the Al Aqsa Intifada, in the fall of 2000.
Political Geography:: Israel and Palestine

13635. A Sacred Trust of Civilization

Author:: Frédéric Mégret
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: In its advisory opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, the International Court of Justice (hereinafter, 'the Court' or 'the ICJ') reminds us that Palestine—'certain communities, formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire'—was once a class 'A' mandate entrusted to Great Britain by the League of Nations. The Court also reminds us that the Pact of the League once described 'the well-being and development of … peoples (under mandates) as forming “a sacred trust of civilization.”'
Political Geography:: Turkey and Palestine

13636. The Impact of the Advisory Opinion on Israel's Future Policy: International Relations Perspective

Author:: Moshe Hirsch
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: The recent International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory stirred widespread interest in the international community and in Israel. The Opinion includes judicial statements regarding controversial questions that lie at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, such as the legal status of the West Bank and the Palestinians' right of self-determination. Following a brief survey of the central legal rules arising from the Court's Opinion, the article will examine the expected impacts of the Opinion on Israel's future policy regarding the separation barrier's route and the West Bank.
Political Geography:: Israel and Palestine

13637. The Law of Betrayal in the Wild West Bank

Author:: Ed Morgan
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Journal of International Law and International Relations
Institution:: Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto
Abstract:: The response by Israel's Foreign Minister to the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has struck a chord that echoes with history. As Silvan Shalom put it, in condemning his state's defences the Court has condemned its own set of legal norms, in the process becoming 'equally guilty of betrayal.' Other commentators, pointing to the failure of the Court to address the catalogue of violence presented in the Israeli submissions, have accused the United Nations of 'a betrayal of its Charter commitment to peace and security.' It is as if in denying Israel's claim to self-defence with respect to the barrier that snakes along the Green Line and through the West Bank, the Court has both sentenced the country to death and sealed its own fate as a normative authority.
Political Geography:: Israel and Palestine

13638. The Roh Moo Hyun Government's Policy toward North Korea

Author:: Choong Nam Kim
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: Despite the emergence of a second North Korea nuclear crisis, President Roh Moo Hyun has expanded the sunshine policy that he inherited. As a result, the Roh government has experienced difficulties in managing both its North Korea policy and the U.S.-ROK alliance. The engagement policy is based on the assumption that inter-Korean cooperation will reduce tension on the Korean peninsula and induce change in the North. The policy appears to be reasonable for the long term, but not for the short term, especially for the resolution of immediate and complex issues such as the North Korea nuclear problem.
Political Geography:: United States and North Korea

13639. The Gaeseong Industrial Park and the Future of Inter-Korean Relations

Author:: Youn-Suk Kim
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: Battered by a nearly bankrupted economy and continuous food shortages, North Korea has been cautiously opening its doors to strike economic deals with South Korea in recent years. The closed nature of the North's economy has resulted in low industrial productivity and efficiency, technological backwardness, and, in the end, economic stagnation. The North is also concerned that with the disparity in economic levels, unification with the South might result in the virtual absorption of the North into the South. Thus, the South's policy in this regard has been to reassure the North that unity through absorption is neither feasible nor desirable under the current state of military confrontation.
Political Geography:: South Korea and North Korea

13640. The North Korean Economy at a Crossroads: Problems and Prospects

Author:: Dick K. Nanto
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: North Korea stands at a crossroads now that is every bit as momentous as its decision to invade South Korea in 1950. What Kim Jong-il does over the short- and medium-term will put his country either on a path leading to reconciliation with the world and economic and military security or a path leading to a nuclear standoff or military hostilities. As this drama plays out on the world stage, the economy of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea plays a critical role. Economic forces play a twopronged role. Starvation and dismal economic conditions exert pressures on Pyongyang from inside the country, while the prospect of economic assistance and normalized trade and investment relations with other nations provide a powerful incentive for the North Korean leaders to undertake actions that otherwise would be difficult. North Korean is in transition. It can turn back state socialism, state control, and starvation, or it can take the road of China and the states of the Former Soviet Union and join the rest of the world.
Political Geography:: South Korea, North Korea, and Korea

13641. The ROK-US Alliance During the Bush and Roh Administrations: Differing Perspectives and Their Implications for a Changing Strategic Environment

Author:: Bruce E. Bechtol Jr. Ph.D.
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: The ROK-US Alliance has been in a state of flux almost since the beginning of the Roh Moo-hyun administration in early 2003. As of the writing of this article, many issues remain up in the air, including the future role of USFK on the Korean Peninsula, the cost of maintaining troops and equipment on the Peninsula (and who will pay for them), the transformation of USFK as a military force, and the move south of both US Army units close to the DMZ and Headquarters USFK in Seoul.
Political Geography:: United States, Korea, and Seoul

13642. China and the Six-Party Talks: The New Turn to Mediation Diplomacy

Author:: Samuel S. Kim
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: During more than a half century of its checkered international life, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has not been known for self-initiated mediation diplomacy in the world's trouble spots. Thus, China's uncharacteristically proactive mediation efforts in the second US-DPRK nuclear standoff, both reflects and affects significant changes in its foreign-policy thinking and behavior. Beijing's seemingly abrupt policy shift provides a timely case study for examining its changing role in the shaping of a new international order in East Asia in general and on the Korean peninsula in particular.
Political Geography:: China and Beijing

13643. Russia's Interests and Objectives on the Korean Peninsula

Author:: Peggy Falkenheim Meyer
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: The North Korean nuclear crisis that began in October 2002 has presented a challenge for Russia. The crisis began when a North Korean official allegedly acknowledged that his country had been pursuing a secret uranium enrichment program. Since then, Pyongyang has withdrawn from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, expelled International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors, and restarted plutonium reactors whose operations were frozen under a 1994 agreement with the United States. North Korea has claimed that it has processed spent nuclear fuel rods and that it possesses nuclear weapons.
Political Geography:: Russia, North Korea, and Korea

13644. U.S.-North Korean Relations: From the Agreed Framework to the Six-party Talks

Author:: Larry Niksch
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: U.S.-North Korean relations since the end of the Cold War have been dominated by the issue of North Korea's nuclear program, specifically by evidence and a U.S. assessment that North Korea has used its nuclear program to attempt to produce nuclear weapons. From the time of a major policy speech in Seoul by Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz in early 1991 to the present, successive U.S. administrations have had a priority policy objective of eliminating the nuclear program. The objective expanded after 1998 to include North Korean missiles and chemical and biological weapons. The United States has attempted three different diplomatic initiatives with this aim: the negotiations that led to the signing of the U.S.-North Korean Agreed Framework in October 1994; the Perry initiative of 1999-2000; and the six-party talks of 2003-2004. The United States, with South Korea, also initiated four-party talks with North Korea, including China, over a Korean peace treaty in the 1997-1999 period.
Political Geography:: United States, South Korea, North Korea, and Seoul

13645. Dealing with Pyongyang In Search of a More Effective Strategy

Author:: C. Kenneth Quinones
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: Double failure does not yield success. North Korean leader Kim Jong Il and US President George Bush claim they want a “peaceful diplomatic solution” to the Korean Peninsula's nuclear woes, but their strategies have failed to achieve their avowed goals. More effective strategies are urgently needed. But first we need to figure out what is really impeding progress on both sides.
Political Geography:: United States, North Korea, and Korea

13646. Advancing Democracy for South Korea: Beyond Electoral Politics and Presidential Impeachment

Author:: Young Whan Kihl
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: South Korea is a trailblazer on the path toward liberal democracy in Asia. Following the 1987 democratic "opening" and transition, the Republic of Korea (ROK) has moved on toward democratic consolidation with a series of drastic reform measures. It moved on to "deepening" democracy and ambitious institution building. As a result, Korea is today recognized internationally as both a thriving democracy and a vibrant capitalist economy. Freedom House Country Ratings continue to place South Korea in the ranking of a liberal democracy, with an average score of 2.0. The ratings for 2005 gave South Korea an average of 1.5 for the two categories of "political rights" and "civil liberties" on a "freedom scale" of 1 to 7, where 1 represents the highest degree of freedom and 7 the lowest. In 2004, South Korea emerged as the 10th largest economy in the world, with a GDP of US$667.4 billion and a per capita GNP of US$16,900.
Political Geography:: Asia, South Korea, and Korea

13647. Protest and Democratic Consolidation: A Korean Perspective

Author:: José Alemán
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: Scenes of workers or other citizens clashing with riot police are a common occurrence in South Korea. While this may come as no surprise to most adult Koreans, such collective mobilization challenges established theories of democratization and democratic consolidation that strongly associate the latter with moderation of social protests.
Political Geography:: South Korea and Korea

13648. Political Implications of E-voting in Korea

Author:: Hyeon-Woo Lee
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: The development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has had substantial effects, not only on everyday life but also on public sphere. It is possible through ICT to realize new concepts like electronic government and electronic democracy. In the meantime, a considerable number of discussions have been conducted on E-voting. The advocates who agree with E-voting strongly insist on accepting it for several reasons, including an increase of the voting rate along with reduced costs, greater accuracy, and the enhanced efficiency of ballot counting. On the other hand, those who oppose the adoption of Evoting hold strongly that there should be care in adopting an E-voting system. They cite possible security and mechanical troubles.
Political Geography:: Korea

13649. Understanding Anti-Americanism Among South Korean College Students

Author:: Haesook Chae
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: During a half-century long alliance between South Korea and the United States, South Koreans have been, for the most part, staunchly pro-American. This began to change in the early 1980s, especially in the aftermath of the Kwangju Incident. Since then, anti- Americanism has ebbed and flowed in South Korea. In light of this, the recent resurgence of anti-Americanism could arguably be dismissed as merely the latest wave in a familiar pattern, and, thus, one that will eventually fade away, just as it has in the past.
Political Geography:: United States, America, and South Korea

13650. ROK's Nuclear Experiments: A Successful Case of Alliance Management

Author:: Steven Kim
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: The startling disclosure by the South Korean (Republic of Korea: ROK) government on September 2, 2004, that a small group of its scientists had conducted secret nuclear experiments in 1982 and 2000 raised immediate concerns about possible implications for the six party talks to resolve the North Korean nuclear crisis, including relations among three principals in the talks—South Korea, North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea: DPRK), and the United States. The first concern was that the revelations might put a strain on ROK and US relations, stemming from their differing views over the disposition of the ROK's nuclear issue by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nation's nuclear watchdog; and second was that the DPRK might take advantage of the incident to pursue its own self-interested agenda. Of the two, the possible negative impact on ROK-US relations was the bigger concern among many observers. With ROK-US relations showing strain over the proper negotiating strategy toward the DPRK, it was feared that further differences between the ROK and the US over the South Korean nuclear issue might aggravate their relationship, and, thus, impede the progress of the six-party talks.
Political Geography:: United States, South Korea, North Korea, and Korea

13651. The South Korea-Chile Free Trade Agreement: Implications for Regional Economic Integration in East Asia

Author:: Youngshik D. Bong and Heoun Joo Jung
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Journal of Korean Studies
Institution:: International Council on Korean Studies
Abstract:: Regionalism has surfaced as one of the focal points in international relations in the new millennium. There has been a dramatic increase in the creation of new regional trading agreements (RTAs) in the past decade. By early 2004, the number of RTAs submitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has doubled in the past decade. More than 273 agreements have been negotiated, 190 of which have come into force.
Political Geography:: East Asia, South Korea, and Chile

13652. The Regime Theories: Useful Frameworks for Analysing Human Rights Issues?

Author:: Sevilay Z. Aksoy
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: International regimes have come to occupy an increasing space and importance within both politics among nations and the literature on international relations. This is so simply because of the ever-increasing need for fruitful international cooperation in the face of increasing and urgent problems facing the whole humanity. However, the related academic debate is in a state of major dissent regarding the conceptualisation of regimes, including their formation, maintenance and effectiveness. Human rights area is not immune from this state of dissent and confusion, and even more so because of the seeming resistance of human rights issues to international cooperation. This article addresses these issues and does so in three parts. First, I review the major theoretical approaches to the conceptualisation of regimes. Second, I explain the implications of this review for human rights regimes. And finally, I explore the motivations of international actors to cooperate under the dominant and competing regime theories, and examine their relevance to human rights issues.
Topic:: International Relations, Human Rights, International Cooperation, and International Organization

13653. Reasons for Supporting the EU Constitution

Author:: A. Füsun Arsava
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: Although the founding treaties of the European Communities were not declared as the founding treaties of a legal community, they had the features of a constitution from the beginning onward. The constitutional features of the founding treaties were concrete facts especially regarding principles of state of law included in the treaties. But the order of law that stemmed from the current founding treaties was complex. That development came into being without the will of the European peoples. The ultimate goal of the EU Constitution today is to complete the process of constitutionalization with the contribution of European peoples. The more the constitution stresses upon the priority of law, democracy, fundamental rights, freedoms as constitutional principles and the more it shapes institutional structure on democratic foundations, the faster the constitutionalization process will be complete and the discussion about the legitimacy of the EU will come to an end. That will make the acceptance of the EU law beyond any doubt.
Topic:: Law
Political Geography:: Europe

13654. Eurasian Alternative in Turkish Foreign Policy

Author:: Erel Tellal
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: One of the constant fundamental principles of Turkish foreign policy during the republican era has been its “Western orientation”. In spite of this fact Turkey faced an “Eurasian alternative” in the last decade. Turkey, after negligence for 70 years, has tried to develop (to have friendly relations) with Central Asian and southern Caucasian states after they had acquired independence. The attempt of the last ten years can be called as failure of the last ten years. Since the State and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs remained ineffective in the process of determining policy and implementing it, this vacuum was filled by extreme nationalists who are inclined to see themselves as “big brother” and also by religious fundamentalists. Moreover, reasons stemming from the region and international environment played a role in the failure of Turkish policies as well. In the second decade Turkey should determine the related factors and head toward to cooperate with regional countries and Russia in order to become successful in the region.
Topic:: Foreign Policy
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, Central Asia, Eurasia, Turkey, and Asia

13655. Caucasian Diaspora in Turkey and Its Impact on Turkish Foreign Policy

Author:: Mitat Çelikpala
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: The concept of diaspora, which was incorporated into the literature on politics in the 1960s, has become a significant notion in current international politics. This study aims to present a theoretical assessment of the diaspora concept, followed by the organisation and the evolution of the Caucasian diaspora(s) in Turkey, which include Armenians, Azeris, Georgians and other North Caucasian peoples. It discusses their transformations from emigrants to diaspora, their views regarding each other as well as the changes that took place within these groups after the collapse of the Soviet Union which had a dramatic impact on their relations with their homelands. The second part of this study shifts the emphasis to the recent developments in Abkhazia and Chechnya, and to the activities and increasing influence of the diaspora over Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the political leaders in Turkey.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Development, Migration, and Politics
Political Geography:: Turkey, Chechnya, Armenia, Georgia, and Abkhazia

13656. Turkish – Armenian Relations in the Aftermath of the USSR

Author:: Ali Faik Demir
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: Following the collapse of the USSR, Turkey acquired a new opportunity concerning its foreign policy: Caucasus. In this whole region and especially in the southern Caucasus composed of three independent states, Armenia occupied the most critical and the most sensitive issue. Turkey, despite the historical negative legacy, tried to establish a different base for its relations with Armenia, succeeding the dissolution of the Soviet Union. According to this, it is possible to observe positive steps undertaken by the two sides under the presidency of Petrosian, but the Nagorno-Karabakh question became the decisive factor of the bilateral relations during this same period. During the presidency of his successor Kocharian, other than Nagorno-Karabakh problem, Diaspora communities gained influence. This led the so-called “genocide” issue to constitute an important subject of the international agenda in bilateral relations as well as in other international platforms. Despite the Kocharian's hawkish rhetoric in the beginning, which caused the deterioration of the bilateral relations, during the second term of his presidency, a certain détente has been observed. Apart from official relations and negotiations, the Turkish-Armenian Peace Commission, founded in 2001 with the intention to establish a positive, peaceful and free of prejudice platform constitutes an important step.
Topic:: International Relations, Foreign Policy, and Genocide
Political Geography:: Russia, Turkey, Caucasus, and Armenia

13657. Turkish-Tajik Relations After the Independence

Author:: Pinar Akçali
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This article aims to analyze the relations between Turkey and Tajikistan in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The relations between these two countries remained rather limited in the period of 1991-1994 because Tajikistan was not Turkic, faced negative economic conditions, went through a civil war, and had closer ties with Iran and Russia. Between 1995 and 2003, however, these relations improved as Turkey better realized the fact that Tajikistan was both an inseparable part of Central Asian geography and critical for regional stability. Furthermore, in this period, Tajik Civil War ended with an important political reconciliation. It is concluded that although there has been a relative improvement in Turkish-Tajik relations since Tajikistan's independence, it has not yet reached to a satisfactory level.
Topic:: International Relations, Economics, and War
Political Geography:: Russia, Iran, Central Asia, Turkey, Asia, and Tajikistan

13658. Power and Global Finance in the Framework of Neo-Gramscian Hegemony: The Great Transformation in Pax Britannica

Author:: Çinar Özen
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: The concept of financial globalization has been extensively debated in the international political economy literature since the 1980's. In fact financial globalization appeared in relation to the economy of Great Britain in the last quarter of the 19th century. In its essence, this research aims to present the fact of London centered financial globalization which appeared in the last quarter of the 19th century with a Neo-Gramscian theoretical perspective. The study summarizes hegemony theories under the two the main headings of order-centered hegemony theories and power-centered hegemony theories. Within the framework of power-centered hegemony theories, a separate category has been given to the Neo-Gramscian theory of hegemony. In conclusion, this study aims to explain the evolution of financial sector globalization within the framework of the Neo-Gramscian theory of hegemony and its relation to the struggle for world dominance.
Topic:: Globalization
Political Geography:: Britain

13659. Liberal Republicanism, Multiculturalism and Demands for Cultural Democracy

Author:: Nazim Irem
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This article explores the roots of the philosophico-political challenge raised by multiculturalism against the liberal republican conception of democracy. Having been inspired from the postmodern critique of modernity and the end of class/ideology theses posed by the neo-conservative circles, multiculturalism, both in its liberal and communitarian versions, gave birth to a new ideal of cultural democracy. The multicultural ideal of cultural democracy has caused a conceptual shift in the conventional liberal understanding of rights, representation and civil society. Basing on tenuous theoretical justifications for group-based rights, multiculturalism refutes the difference-blind liberal theory of rights. It is argued that because of its culturalist and communitarian orientations and its limited vision of human rights that sacrifices human autonomy to the authenticity of the community, multiculturalism has no potential for further democratizing the liberal republican vision of democracy.
Topic:: Human Rights
Political Geography:: West Africa

13660. Turkey and the European Union: The Domestic Politics of Negotiating Pre-Accession

Author:: Kemal Kirisçi
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: Turkey is facing massive challenges as a function of its aspiration to join the EU. In November 2000, the EU adopted the Accession Partnership Document, which listed the re-forms that Turkey was expected to adopt to be able to meet the Copenhagen political criteria. In the midst of these challenges, slowly but surely the EU and Turkey are moving closer to-gether. How can one explain the political process that has brought Turkey, after four decades of membership aspirations, to the very gates of EU membership? This essay will argue that the process was primarily driven by a long and bitter process of "negotiation" between advocates and opponents of membership within Turkey, on the one hand, and between a range of Turkish "negotiators or players" and their EU counterparts, on the other.
Topic:: Politics
Political Geography:: Turkey

13661. Globalizing Uncertainty in the Sphere of Security: Turkey, Quo Vadis?

Author:: Enver Dersan
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This study focuses upon the political uncertainty, presumably brought about by the process of globalization. After first discussing some concepts and hypotheses which are fundamental to the study, an overview of Turkey's national security policies is provided. In the second part, the question of Turkey's security is taken up within the context of relations between the U.S.A., EU, and NATO. In conclusion, some suggestions related to Turkey's prospective security policies are proposed.
Topic:: Security and NATO
Political Geography:: United States and Turkey

13662. The Middle East and Religious Fundamentalism as a Source of Identity-Based Conflicts

Author:: Dan Tschirgi
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: An understanding of religious fundamentalism as a source of conflict in the Middle East is significantly furthered by examining "asymmetrical threats" in other areas. This article suggests that a particular form of asymmetrical conflict ("Marginalized Violent Internal Conflict"[MVIC]) was proliferating well before September 11, 2001, and that examples appeared in Mexico and Egypt, as well as possibly in Nigeria, Chile and the Philippines. Arguing that the "War on Terrorism" may be the result of MVIC having been raised to the level of Marginalized Violent International Conflict, the author examines policy implications raised by the goal of global security.
Topic:: War
Political Geography:: Middle East, Philippines, Egypt, Mexico, Nigeria, and Chile

13663. Using Foreign Aid as a Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Japan

Author:: Ali Balcı and Murat Yeşiltaş
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This article attempts to explain the relationship between foreign policy and foreign aid. The question of how Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) programme is related to Japan's foreign policy will be explored. The findings suggest that foreign aid has been used to promote Japan's national interests and national security since the 1950's. Although Japan has used ODA in order to prevent humanitarian violation and promote democracy, especially since the 1990's, the humanitarian aspect of ODA has remained secondary to concerns about national interests. Japanese aid programs to ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) nations, Africa, China and the Kurile Islands will be analyzed in support of our argument that ODA is, at root, a realist approach.
Topic:: Foreign Policy and Humanitarian Aid
Political Geography:: Africa, Japan, and China

13664. The Long Cycle of Global Politics and the Nation-State

Author:: George Modelski
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: In modern times a succession of world powers shaped the global system. The active focus for global organization has always been a world power and that the identity, values and resources of that power have shaped modern world experience. We observe that, since 1500 four states have in turn played a dominant role in the management of global interdependence and therefore fit the description of a world power: Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and the US. In a fairly regular pattern each world power has been succeeded by another in a process that recalls, though it is not to be confused with the long-term succession of political regimes in a political system lacking regularized elections. One long cycle corresponds to each global power, except in the case of Britain, who has experienced two such cycles.
Topic:: Politics
Political Geography:: Britain, United States, and Netherlands

13665. Rethinking Foreign Policy in Turkey as a Securitized Domain: The Case of Cyprus

Author:: Alper Kaliber
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: The implications of the Cyprus issue in contemporary Turkish domestic and foreign policues are far more complicated than in previous decades. Particularly with the beginning of the new millennium the heavily securitized and successfully bureaucratised Cyprus issue has turned out to be the main "discursive battlefield" of the polarisation among the ruling elites in Turkey. The present article aims at re-examining Turkey's security discourse on Cyprus with particular reference to its implications in the (re)configuration of political balances and power relations between the conservative state elite and the reformist political elite in Turkey. In this respect, it concludes that the security language premised on the constant assertion of such concepts as "national defence and security, national unity and integrity, geo-strategic importance and vital threats" has been operational in inscribing the legitimate boundaries of the political sphere.
Topic:: Foreign Policy
Political Geography:: Turkey and Cyprus

13666. A Spectre Haunting Europe: The European Constitution, the Budget Crisis, and the Limits of Neoliberal Integration

Author:: Eddie J. Girdner
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: The rejection of the European Draft Constitution by voters in France and Holland created a crisis in Europe. The dilemma, however is rooted in the deeper issues concerning democracy, neoliberalism, and the division of wealth among classes in European society. The draft constitution would have locked in the principles of neoliberalism and guaranteed rights for capital over those of citizens. Beyond the question of the lack of grass roots democracy European social welfare guarantees are threatened. Capitalist accumulation is rendered as a technical question to be determined by technocrats and business enterprises, rather than a political question at the heart of democracy. The vote against the constitution was not a vote against a united and social Europe, but against a Europe united on the basis of the American model of enshrining capitalist accumulation as the be all and end all of human endeavor. The crisis in Europe has revealed the limits to neoliberal integration in Europe.
Political Geography:: America, Europe, and France

13667. Strategic Importance of Eurasia for Turkey's Export-Oriented Economy Policies

Author:: Mert Bilgin
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: It is almost impossible for Turkey to find a room in Eurasia based on its political meaning. However the more Eurasia is assigned an economic meaning, the more Turkey can benefit from its advantages. The necessity to ameliorate the terms of the energy agreements signed with Eurasian energy exporters and to increase exportations to these countries through strong brands fortified by the concept of TURQUALITY® are the two preconditions of this. By this positioning Turkey will better respond to the forthcoming pressures from; 1- High costs of energy and raw materials imported from Eurasian countries. 2- Full EU membership of East European countries, 3- Eurasian Customs Union, 4- Global price competition especially in the textile sector. Eurasia, which should be considered within this structure, does not indicate an alternative against Europe, but rather offers opportunities along which Turkey has the potency to position itself as a "Eurasian Tiger" if it manages to overcome these pressures.
Topic:: Economics
Political Geography:: Europe, Eurasia, and Turkey

13668. Turkish-Georgian Relations from Independence to Velvet Revolution

Author:: Yelda Demirag
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: This article aims to analyze relations between Turkey and Georgia in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The study is divided into three periods: from the 1991 Turkish recognition of Georgian independence to 1996; from 1996 to 2003, during which military and political relations evolved into a strategic partnership; and after 2003, during and after the Velvet Revolution in Georgia. Current economic relations between the two countries and their possible future course are also considered. Finally, the study provides an analysis of improvements in Turkish-Georgian relations since Georgian independence. This paper argues that Turkey should pursue a more active foreign policy toward economic and political stability in Georgia, as it is a key country in Turkey's Eurasian policies.
Political Geography:: Turkey, Soviet Union, and Georgia

13669. Turkish-Israeli Strategic Cooperation From 1990's until Today

Author:: Serhat Erkmen
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: Turkish-Israeli relations, which are important in the Middle East, were excellent in the mid-l990s but suffered from ups and downs between 2000 and 2005. Turkish-Israeli relations, which celebrated their “golden age” after 1996, reached their lowest point in 2003-2004. This can be explained by changes in the balances between countries in the Middle East and by internal factors in the two countries. It can be argued that the “golden age,” which began with the birth and strengthening of a shared threat perception, deteriorated in the absence of the threat perception. This article examines the structural and conjunctional factors in Turkish-Isreali relations and attempts to predict how those factors may affect Turkish-Israeli relations in the near future.
Political Geography:: Turkey, Middle East, and Israel

13670. "Center-periphery" Relations in the Study of International Relations: Where is Turkey?

Author:: Pınar Bilgin
Publication Date:: 06-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Abstract:: "Standard" concepts and theories of International Relations have, over the years, proven "increasingly irrelevant" in accounting for the "realities" of the developing world. The article discusses how Turkey's International Relations literature has responded to this issue by focusing on the example of the literature on "security". It is argued that Turkey is located in the "periphery" of International Relations, which is characterised by a hierarchical structure whereby the "center" develops the concepts and theories to be adopted by the "periphery". This argument is supported by a survey of the two oldest journals of International Relations in Turkey, namely, the Turkish Yearbook of International Relations and Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi.
Topic:: International Relations and Security
Political Geography:: Turkey

13671. Complications of American Democracy: Elections Are Not Enough

Author:: Demetrios James Caraley
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Political Science Quarterly
Institution:: Academy of Political Science
Abstract:: DEMETRIOS JAMES CARALEY discusses the major features critical to the working of our democratic institutions: free elections, separation of powers with checks and balances, and government limited by constitutional guarantees. He looks at some evidence that suggests our democracy may be shifting to an “elective despotism” of the majority—something that Jefferson declared “was not the government we fought for.”
Topic:: Elections, Democracy, and Institutions
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

13672. Why the Bush Doctrine Cannot Be Sustained

Author:: Robert Jervis
Publication Date:: 09-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Political Science Quarterly
Institution:: Academy of Political Science
Abstract:: ROBERT JERVIS argues that despite some successes, the Bush Doctrine cannot be sustained because it has many internal contradictions, requires more sustained domestic support than is possible, makes excessive demands on intelligence, places too much faith in democracy, and is overly ambitious. It will, however, be difficult to construct a replacement foreign policy.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Intelligence, Democracy, and George W. Bush
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

13673. What Political Institutions Does Large-Scale Democracy Require?

Author:: Robert A. Dahl
Publication Date:: 07-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Political Science Quarterly
Institution:: Academy of Political Science
Abstract:: ROBERT A. DAHL examines the political institutions necessary for a democratic country. He argues that a large-scale democracy requires the following political institutions: elected officials; free, fair, and frequent elections; freedom of expression; alternative sources of information; associational autonomy; and inclusive citizenship.
Topic:: Elections, Democracy, Citizenship, Freedom of Expression, and Institutions
Political Geography:: Global Focus and United States of America

13674. The Implications of Leadership Change in the Arab World

Author:: Daniel Byman
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Political Science Quarterly
Institution:: Academy of Political Science
Abstract:: DANIEL L. BYMAN addresses how changes in leadership in the Arab world will affect the region’s politics and relationship to the United States. He pays particular attention to identifying which factors hinge upon individual leaders, which are related to particular regimes, and which are inherent to the interests of the state in question.
Topic:: Politics, Leadership, and Regionalism
Political Geography:: Arab Countries and United States of America

13675. What Was the Cold War about? Evidence from Its Ending

Author:: John Mueller
Publication Date:: 01-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Political Science Quarterly
Institution:: Academy of Political Science
Abstract:: JOHN MUELLER assesses the rhetoric and actions of important international actors and concludes that the Cold War essentially ended in the spring of 1989. This suggests that the Cold War was principally about an ideological conflict and not about the military, nuclear, or economic balance or about Communism as a form of government -issues that would be resolved later.
Topic:: Cold War, History, Conflict, and Ideology
Political Geography:: Soviet Union and United States of America

13676. Moving Beyond Kosovo: Envisioning a Coherent Theory of Humanitarian Intervention

Author:: Matthew Perault
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: This paper uses the Kosovo bombing of 1999 as a starting point for imagining a sustainable, coherent theory of humanitarian intervention. The paper presents three principal problems of the Kosovo bombing—coherence, legality, and tactics—and describes their impact on the legitimacy of intervention and on human welfare. It then suggests three primary types of reforms that might assist in creating a more coherent logic of intervention: structural reform, coercion, and acculturation. Such reforms might assist the international community in responding more consistently and reliably to crisis situations across the globe.
Topic:: Humanitarian Intervention, Conflict, and Crisis Management
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Kosovo

13677. A Case for Government-Sponsored Monitoring of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in the United States

Author:: Aaron D. Levine
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), a modified version of in vitro fertilization in which individual embryos are screened for specific genetic characteristics prior to implantation, provides a powerful way for parents suffering from infertility to increase their chances of having healthy children. In its various forms, PGD allows parents to screen for gender, providing a means for avoiding X-linked diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations and aneuploidies, and single-gene disorders. Beyond these standard uses, PGD could potentially be used to select for any genetic trait, and this aspect of the technology has raised concerns that it may be used either intentionally or unintentionally for eugenic purposes. At present, reproductive medicine is only loosely regulated in the United States and new technologies, such as PGD, are almost entirely unregulated. This paper argues that given the lack of consensus regarding the ethical acceptability of PGD and embryo selection techniques, the government has an interest in gathering and reporting data on the use of PGD in the United States. Taking a proactive role now, rather than allowing the use of PGD to continue growing unscrutinized, will give society the chance to make thoughtful and deliberate decisions about its use.
Topic:: Government, Science and Technology, Medicine, Reproductive Health, and Genetics
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

13678. Revisiting Goldwarter v. Carter: The Executive’s Right to Rescind Treaties in Light of President Bush’s 2002 Termination of the ABM Treaty

Author:: Howard A. Wachtel
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: This paper examines the constitutional power of the President to terminate treaty obligations. It centers on President Bush’s recent renunciation of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. It focuses on the balance of power between the legislative and executive branches in light of the Goldwater v. Carter and Kucinich v. Bush decisions. The paper is divided into six sections: (1) the international legal ramifications of unilateral executive treaty rescission; (2) the role of standing; (3) the impact of the political question doctrine; (4) arguments for and against permitting the President to terminate treaties; (5) a discussion of the process that should be used to terminate treaties, as between the President and Congress; and, finally, (6) an examination of alternative strategies that Congress may employ when the President chooses to rescind a treaty. The paper concludes that the decision to terminate a treaty should not be one-sided, and that joint action from both branches should be required whenever the United States wishes to relieve itself of treaty obligations.
Topic:: Nuclear Weapons, Treaties and Agreements, and Nonproliferation
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

13679. Decision-Making in Endangered Species Management

Author:: Jonathan C. Borck
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: This paper examines decisions made by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), part of the U.S. Department of the Interior, to protect species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and to fund their recovery. Using a data set that includes scientific, economic, and political variables on vertebrates from 1989 to 1997, this paper estimates a variety of regression models of the listing and funding decisions. Although required by law to consider only scientific factors such as species’ vulnerability in its decision-making, FWS appears instead to favor visceral characteristics, such as species’ taxonomic class and size. Both criteria are defensible. Nonetheless, the paper recommends that FWS and its partner agencies acknowledge and try to resolve the inconsistencies between their legal obligations and their actual behavior to ensure more effective implementation of this important piece of environmental legislation.
Topic:: Environment, Legislation, Animals, Decision-Making, Biodiversity, and Endangered Species
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

13680. Female Entrepreneurship and Business Consortiums: Prospective Solutions for Argentina’s Economic Challenges

Author:: Christopher Jay Walker
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: As Argentine policy makers attempt to promote and sustain development after the economic crisis that emerged at the turn of the century, the role of business consortiums merits particular attention—especially with regard to assisting female entrepreneurs in business venturing. After reviewing the literature on gender in the marketplace, this article explores the results of a qualitative case study conducted in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which focuses on the role of women in business consortiums. The study compiles and analyzes data from 314 business consortiums and seventy interviews of business owners and managers in Argentina. Five primary roles of business consortiums emerged from this field research: (1) training on business operations and practices; (2) collaboration on projects that promote common interests; (3) forums for idea and experience sharing; (4) opportunities for networking; and (5) resources for aid and support. Further analysis of existing consortiums in Argentina reveals that businesswomen are less likely to participate in consortium training and activities than their male counterparts, and that this gender dichotomy could be correlated with a lack of female consortium leaders. Policy recommendations are put forth that focus on public and private sector efforts to boost Argentine entrepreneurs’ membership in local business consortiums and strengthening female representation in consortium leadership.
Topic:: Women, Entrepreneurship, Economy, and Business
Political Geography:: Argentina and South America

13681. Engendering Property Rights: Women’s Insecure Land Tenure and its Implications for Development Policy in Kenya and Uganda

Author:: Kanika Mak
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: The importance of women’s contributions to the predominantly agrarian societies of Kenya and Uganda contrasts sharply with the inequity and insecurity these women face in their ability to own, inherit, manage, and dispose of land and property. This paper examines how gender equality in the design and implementation of property rights in East Africa can promote development as well as enhance the status of women in patriarchal societies. Women’s insecure land tenure stems specifically from deficiencies in the constitutional order, institutional arrangements, and social norms that govern property rights systems. Accordingly, recommendations for reform in these three areas share the ultimate goal of making property rights systems not only more equitable, but also more effective.
Topic:: Development, Women, Land, and Property
Political Geography:: Uganda, Kenya, and Africa

13682. Making Peace: Preventing and Responding to Sexual Exploitation by United Nations Peacekeepers

Author:: Sarah W. Spencer
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: To help establish and maintain peace and security around the world, the UN is currently managing sixteen peacekeeping missions. Instead of affording protection to civilians impacted by armed conflict, however, some UN peacekeepers use their positions of power to sexually exploit and abuse women and children. This article examines current UN policies and procedures to address sexual exploitation perpetrated by UN peacekeepers in sub-Saharan African peacekeeping missions. Ending sexual exploitation requires leadership at all levels and a serious commitment of financial and human resources. UN policies and procedures must be drastically improved if they are to adequately address and eradicate sexual exploitation within peacekeeping missions.
Topic:: United Nations, Peacekeeping, Sexual Violence, and Exploitation
Political Geography:: Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa

13683. Combating Proliferation: Addressing the Russian Nuclear Threat

Author:: Amy M. Seward
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: Fifteen years after the initiation of U.S. threat reduction programs in the former Soviet Union and some four years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, more than half of Russia’s vast stockpile of weapons-usable fissile materials remains to be secured, and is thus vulnerable to diversion by terrorists for use in a nuclear device. This paper assesses the state of fissile material security in Russia today, taking as a case study the security of nuclear materials involved in the operations of the Russian Navy’s Northern Fleet. Recommendations are made drawing on the successes and shortcomings of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Material Protection Control and Accounting Program at the Fleet’s naval facilities. This analysis leads into a broader examination of the effectiveness and adequacy of U.S. nonproliferation efforts in keeping weapons of mass destruction out of the hands of terrorists.
Topic:: Security, Foreign Policy, Nuclear Weapons, Nonproliferation, and Threat Assessment
Political Geography:: Russia, Eurasia, North America, and United States of America

13684. Reforming the Cotton Trade Order? An Analysis of Cotton Subsidies and Implications for Sustainable Development

Author:: Christine M. Makori
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: Cotton is the most widely produced cash crop in the developing world. It supports the livelihoods of numerous households in these countries and occupies a significant position both economically and politically. However, in the recent past, this sector has experienced a pricing crisis mainly attributed to subsidies of developed nations. This article analyzes the effects of cotton subsidies (the most controversial agricultural commodity in the ongoing trade negotiations) on sustainable development, focusing on the impacts of U.S. subsidies on four West African countries. Given that these support systems have political motivations, the article briefly surveys political challenges to subsidy reforms. In conclusion, the article makes specific recommendations to the WTO and national governments to promote free trade, enhance economic efficiency, and support the global fight against poverty.
Topic:: Sustainable Development Goals, Trade, WTO, Subsidies, and Cotton
Political Geography:: Africa, West Africa, and United States of America

13685. Openness, R&D, and Growth: Difference in Latin American and East Asian Policy and Political Economy

Author:: Glauco A. S. Oliveira
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:: School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:: This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical literature relating openness, research and development (R&D) policies, and growth in developing countries. Although there are indications that openness is associated with improvements in productivity due to technological spillovers, active R&D policies and complementary institutions (intellectual property rights) play an important role in bringing about such gains. The article compares East Asia and Latin America, with special attention to the latter. The puzzle is that both regions opened their economies and carried out a set of similar industrial and technological strategies, yet their experiences in growth and R&D performance are divergent. After considering differences in each region’s pace of integration into the world economy, the analysis moves to a closer look at the political economy of policy formation in Latin America and East Asia. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the debate; the second encompasses a comprehensive theoretical and empirical literature review; the third discusses the policy and political economy experiences of the regions. Finally, the conclusion offers policy recommendations for Latin America, based on the success of the East Asian experience.
Topic:: Political Economy, Economic Growth, and Research and Development
Political Geography:: East Asia and Latin America

13686. Table of Contents

Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: No abstract is available.

13687. Foreword

Author:: Ahmed I. Samatar and Lidwien Kapteijns
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: This issue of Bildhaan is dedicated to some of the commissioned proceedingsof an international conference, “Somalis in America: TheChallenges of Adaptation,” which was held at Macalester College, July15–17, 2004.
Political Geography:: America and Somalia

13688. Beginning Again: From Refugee to Citizen

Author:: Ahmed I Samatar
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: A key feature of this phase of globalization is a speedy catalyzation of a heretofore unseen degree of human mobility and cultural interpenetration. Unlike the earlier epochs in the making of the modern world (16th through the early 20th-century), when Europeans were the main groups leaving their homelands to find better lives in other parts of the word, the contemporary era is witness to a dramatic reversal movement. Many in Africa, Central and South America, and Asia have come or are earnestly planning to lift their heels for the “old” West (even to Southern and Eastern Europe) and “neo-Europe” (e.g., the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). The phenomenal arrival of tens of thousands of Somalis in the United States within the last two decades (first as a trickle and then in larger numbers since the 1990s) is to a great extent part of this trend. It is a happening that is, in one sense, part of an old story, as President Roosevelt correctly asserted, and a continuous aspect in the quintessential making of these United States, marked by the settlement of people from almost every region of the world. As a matter of fact, since the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 and the Refugee Act of 1980, more than twenty million legal immigrants have entered the U.S. A dramatic demographic consequence of these flows of people, according to the 2000 U.S. Census, is this: At present, those Americans who are foreign-born and their children compose around one-fifth of the American population. If the Somali presence in America is one slice of the latest iteration, the potential for a decent, let alone notable success—in both material and mental terms—depends on how, individually and collectively, they assess the complexities of the new environment and, subsequently, snatch any legitimate turns of chance. To state this point is not to under estimate how difficult circumstances have been, are, or could be. The life histories of others who came before Somalis, including some of European ancestry (e.g., the Irish and southerners from around the Mediterranean),testify to the cruel treatment that might await and the bogushindrances that one must struggle against during the transition.
Political Geography:: United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

13689. Educating Immigrant Youth in the United States: An Exploration of the Somali Case

Author:: Lidwien Kapteijns and Abukar Arman
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: Becoming “a diasporic people, blasted from one history into another,” is a great tragedy. However, in the heart of the storm, new opportunities and new dangers are born. The Somalis today constitute a complex transnational set of communities fanning out from Somalia and spanning the globe from Australia to Western Europe and North America. The Somali diaspora consists of individuals (and groups) who arrived and were received in a wide range of host societies at different times and in different ways, bringing with them the social, cultural, and political divisions of back home. All this has been exacerbated by the divisive legacy of the civil war (1978–present). Even after resettlement Somalis do not sit still. Instead, they are characterized by continuous movement within the diaspora. The complex set of communities resulting from these histories is also unique, as they shared life—however imperfectly and at times unequally—in Somalia.
Political Geography:: Australia, North America, Somalia, and Western Europe

13690. Local Lives, Transnational Ties, and the Meaning of Citizenship: Somali Histories and Herstories from Small Town America

Author:: Helga Leitner
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: United States immigration policy is based on the assumption that every legal immigrant to this country is on the road to becoming a U.S. citizen. In order to become a citizen, immigrants are explicitly or tacitly expected to assimilate into the U.S. sociocultural and economic system, to shed their attachment and allegiance to their home country, and to devote their loyalty to just one country, the United States. The first line of the citizenship oath makes this clear: “I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign…state…of…which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen.” Viewing loyalty in such zero-sum terms has blinded American policymakers to migrants' transnational practices, ties, and multiple allegiances.
Political Geography:: United States and America

13691. Somali Mental Health

Author:: David McGraw Schuchman and Colleen McDonald
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: Over the past seven years, there has been a vast influx of Somali refugees and immigrants making their new home in Minnesota, with the overwhelming majority residing in the Twin Cities area of Minneapolis and St. Paul. While official estimates indicate that less than 20,000 Somalis are in Minnesota, it is well accepted that there are actually 50,000–75,000. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact number due to limitations in census data collection and the continual growth resulting from such factors as secondary migration. Since Minnesota has welcomed African immigrants, family members who live in other states within the U.S. and Canada continue to join many newly arrived families. The prospect of Somali immigrants and refugees returning to their homelands is unlikely. Continuing war, civil strife, and economic crises make the outlook for return bleak. Therefore, it is important that Minnesota continue to embrace and welcome Somalis into the community and assist in their acculturation process.
Political Geography:: Africa, United States, and Canada

13692. Experiences of Somali Entrepreneurs in the Twin Cities

Author:: Hussein M Samatar
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: There is a universal belief among Somali entrepreneurs in the Twin Cities that they can become rich very quickly; therefore, they need to hurry up and start their business so they can get to the Promised Land and strike a fortune in the process. This sometimes leads to jumping into business without thinking it through. There is no question that Somali entrepreneurs are ambitious and hardworking people. Some of them work more than sixteen hours a day in a full-time job and at the same time run their own business. What they have accomplished in less than ten years is quite remarkable. Somali entrepreneurs and other new immigrants, such as Latinos and Asians, are overwhelmingly responsible for revitalizing old and neglected commercial corridors in south Minneapolis, such as Nicollet Avenue and Lake Street, and University Avenue in Saint Paul.
Political Geography:: Asia and Somalia

13693. Transactions with Homeland: Remittance

Author:: Saad A. Shire
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: According to the English dictionary, “to remit” means to send money. But nowadays the term remittance seems to have assumed a more specific significance. It is very much used to mean money sent back to the home country by migrants. Since the Somali community is part of a wider international migrant community, I would like to start my presentation with some myths and facts about migrants in general in order to put into perspective the Somali case, the subject of this conference.
Political Geography:: Somalia

13694. Poem: Qoriga u garwaaxshey asagoon sagalkii galin

Author:: Amina Said Ali
Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: No abstract is available.

13695. Appendix

Publication Date:: 07-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies
Institution:: Macalester College
Abstract:: Among the enormous costs of the civil strife and the demise of Somali national institutions is the exodus of hundreds of thousands of people who have sought refuge in almost every continent. A large portion of those in flight have found succor in North America, particularly the United States, with the state of Minnesota as an epicenter. As was the case with others who fled their native lands, the degree of success of all arrivals to settle in the new environment depends on two interconnected processes: the construction of adaptive individual/ collective identities fit for the new time, and the willingness of the receiving communities to embrace cultural diversity, within a national framework, in the perennial remaking of America.
Political Geography:: America, North America, and Somalia

13696. Foreword

Author:: Chernor Jalloh
Publication Date:: 03-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:: The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:: On behalf of the entire Editorial Board, I am pleased to present the inaugural issue of the African Journal of Legal Studies (‘AJLS’) on the theme of Justice and Reconciliation. It is dedicated to the memory of all those who were killed in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
Political Geography:: Africa

13697. Violence, Amnesty and Transitional Law: "Private" Acts and "Public" Truth in South Africa

Author:: Rosemary Nagy
Publication Date:: 03-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:: The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:: Whereas amnesty is generally associated with impunity and denial, in South Africa, amnesty was pulled into the reach of justice and reconciliation. This article assesses the extent to which South Africa's amnesty fulfilled these normative goals. It centers on the difficulty of differentiating between “private” acts and “political” crimes deserving of amnesty. It argues that the determination of political crimes obfuscated the full extent of apartheid violence and responsibility for it. Consequently, the amnesty process produced a truncated “truth” about apartheid violence that was insufficient to the task of overcoming the past. This is in part an intractable problem embedded in the conflicting tasks of transitional law. The lesson of hope that South Africa offers to other transitional nations is that amnesty should be wound into the promises of democracy without creating false expectations of reconciliation or simplistic truths about the past.
Political Geography:: South Africa

13698. Reconciliation in Post-Genocide Rwanda

Author:: Eugenia Zorbas
Publication Date:: 03-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: African Journal of Legal Studies
Institution:: The Africa Law Institute
Abstract:: National reconciliation is a vague and 'messy' process. In post-genocide Rwanda, it presents special difficulties that stem from the particular nature of the Rwandan crisis and the popular participation that characterized the Rwandan atrocities. This article outlines the main approaches being used in Rwanda to achieve reconciliation, highlighting some of the major obstacles faced by these institutions. It then goes on to argue that certain 'Silences' are being imposed on the reconciliation process, including the failure to prosecute alleged RPA crimes, the lack of debate on, and the instrumentalization of, Rwanda's 'histories', the collective stigmatization of all Hutu as génocidaires, and the papering over of societal cleavages through the 'outlawing' of 'divisionism'. The role economic development can play in the reconciliation process is also discussed. Given the Government of Rwanda's central role in the reconciliation process and its progressive drift towards authoritarianism, the article ends with a reflection on the worrisome parallels between the pre and post-genocide socio-political contexts.

13699. Fourastié avant Fourastié: La construction d'une légitimité d'expert

Author:: Olivier Dard
Publication Date:: 03-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Décédé depuis 1990, Jean Fourastié demeure présent à travers certains titres d'ouvrages, le plus célèbre étant Les Trente Glorieuses. Le succès de ce livre, comme de bien d'autres, a fait de Fourastié une sorte de phénomène de l'édition, spécialisé dans des ouvrages d'un type particulier qui depuis lors a fait florès: l'essai économique grand public. On ne saurait négliger en effet les 400 000 exemplaires vendus de trois livres à succès publiés de 1945 à 1949: L'Économie française dans le monde, La Civilisation de 1960 et Le Grand Espoir du XX è siècle 1. Dès les lendemains de la guerre, les ouvrages de Fourastié ont connu un incontestable retentissement en France comme à l'étranger, ce don't atteste une quantité impressionnante de comptes rendus, les multiples solicitations dont il est l'objet pour des conférences et les nombreuses traductions de ses ouvrages.
Political Geography:: France

13700. Michel Leiris, French Anthropology, and a Side Trip to the Antilles

Author:: Sally Price
Publication Date:: 03-2004
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: French Politics, Culture Society
Institution:: Conference Group on French Politics Society
Abstract:: Susan Sontag seems to have been on to something when she placed her word portraits of Michel Leiris and Claude Lévi-Strauss back to back. An elaboration of her comparison (which was more implied than explicit) may help situate anthropological practice in France-and Leiris' special role in it-within the larger context of trends elsewhere in the world.

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS