Content Type: Journal Article / Publication Year: within 3 Years

301. Are International Institutions/Organizations Useful for Maintaining Peace and Harmony? An Analysis in Combination with a Case Study on the Conflict in Ukraine

Author:: Fabian Boettcher
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: February 24, 2022: Russian forces start the full-scale invasion of Ukraine under the orders of Russian President Putin. Since then, our world has been in turmoil; what seemed certain for years is not certain. After the end of the Second World War, the World Powers established international organizations to prevent that amount of suffering from happening again. Are international organizations useful for maintaining peace? This research essay is going to address the question based on available literature and internet news sources to draw some tangible conclusions and perhaps even to suggest some improvements on how international organizations will be able to stay relevant for global peace in the future. The War in Ukraine will serve as a case study in the essay’s second half. The reader will learn that international organizations have performed well in their functions, that Western nations did things wrong in handling the Ukrainian crisis, and that organizations like NATO got a new drive and purpose courtesy of the Russian aggression. Most importantly, the reader will learn that argumentations on the demise of the liberal world order are premature at best.
Topic:: International Relations, NATO, International Organization, United Nations, European Union, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

302. From Wałęsa to Rivlin: An Overview of Challenges and Controversies in Polish-Israeli Relations in the Post-Cold War Period Within a Bi – and Multilateral Dimension

Author:: Justyna Łapaj-Kucharska
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The centuries-long coexistence of the Polish and Jewish nations gives Polish-Israeli relations specificity and unique character. One can state that there is an emotional bond between these nations, which shaped interstate relations in the post-Cold War period, simultaneously facilitating and hindering their progress. The article reviews the most critical challenges and controversies surrounding building state relations between Poland and Israel after the Cold War. It also analyzed how selected historical events related to the coexistence of the Polish and Jewish nations influenced later Polish-Israeli relations. The work summary included recommendations for further actions to develop interstate relations further. The present research uses investigative methods and techniques in the field of social sciences, such as documentary analysis and review of official statements from politicians, analysis of primary literary sources, the decisional method, secondary analysis of quantitative research, and deduction. Due to the formal constraints of this article, the author has selected the issues that have emerged in Polish-Israeli dialogue within a state context, emphasizing political relations.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Post-Cold War
Political Geography:: Europe, Middle East, Israel, Poland, and Palestine

303. The International Community in the Face of Intensified Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon During the Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro

Author:: Anna Sakson-Boulet
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: Since the 1950s, when the deliberate settlement of the Amazon began, with a rapid influx of people, the Brazilian Amazon has faced various threats because of the demands associated with unsustainable economic development. During the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro, environmental policies were marginalized, including through the legislative and regulatory dismantling of forest protection and the financial sapping of environmental institutions, which favored uncontrolled logging of equatorial forests. Therefore, deforestation increased yearly during the Bolsonaro administration, accompanied by increased greenhouse gas emissions. That is why the article aims to answer the question of what role the international community can play in protecting the Amazon rainforest, given its essential role in regulating the climate regionally and globally. The research methods include formal institutional analysis of relevant legal documents and decision analysis. The research and analysis of states’ individual and collective actions lead to the conclusion that economic pressure has been applied to influence the Bolsonaro administration.
Topic:: Climate Change, International Community, Jair Bolsonaro, and Deforestation
Political Geography:: Brazil, South America, and Amazon Basin

304. The Biden Administration’s New Industrial Policy: Domestic and International Implications

Author:: Barbara Regulska-Ingielewicz
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The article aims to analyze new industrial policy based on the example of actions taken by the Joe Biden administration. Their essence is transforming the economy in line with climate goals while stimulating development. The paper will present the main assumptions of the United States’ green industrial policy, its goals, and international implications, which indicate that it is characterized by economic nationalism. The article attempts to answer three main research questions: What is the essence of the new industrial policy? What are the goals of the new industrial policy initiated by the Joe Biden administration? What are the expected international implications of this policy? Answers to the above questions will enable verification of the hypothesis, which states that the Joe Biden administration has initiated a new industrial policy in the spirit of state interventionism based on new environmental protection assumptions. Its goal is to give the U.S. economy new pro-development impulses and increase its competitiveness. The first part of the paper will present assumptions of the new industrial policy, then the goals and measures of the new United States industrial policy, and the third part will show the international implications of the above policy.
Topic:: Climate Change, Industrial Policy, Economic Growth, Joe Biden, Green Transition, Green Economy, and Economic Nationalism
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

305. Ten Years of China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia: The Critical Assessment and Future Directions

Author:: Elżbieta Proń
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: This paper looks at how China’s use of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in its policy towards Central Asia (CA) has changed since 2013 and what this change signalizes regarding China’s use of the BRI at international forums. To answer these research questions, the paper focuses on Central Asia – once dubbed “the first strand of the BRI” (R. Pantucci); the region where China has “tested” many institutions of its international engagement; and where the BRI was introduced in 2013. To answer the research questions, this study draws from analyzing literature and sources in Russian, Chinese, English, and Polish. This study is primarily empirically oriented. This study finds that at its 10, the BRI will focus on connectivity, clean energy, and new technologies. It also finds that despite the high profile of the Green BRI and many relevant agreements, only a fraction of projects are branded “Green BRI.” It thus argues that the BRI has served as a legitimizing “umbrella” label for various Chinese policy initiatives, which are realized via other cooperation formats.
Topic:: Economics, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Renewable Energy, and Silk Road
Political Geography:: China and Central Asia

306. Indonesia in the Face of the Death Penalty – Hopes Versus Reality

Author:: Maria Ochwat
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The right to life, without a doubt, is the most essential right of every human being. Protection and respect for this right is a prerequisite for enjoying and realizing other rights guaranteed to the individual. However, it is not an absolute right, but one that, under various circumstances, can be restricted. One such restriction is the death penalty. Many countries have decided to abolish it; however, only three countries in Southeast Asia, namely Cambodia, the Philippines, and East Timor, have decided. While Indonesia guarantees the right to life, it does allow the death penalty. Although the death penalty has not been carried out for several years, the death penalty has been retained in the criminal code, and courts continue to award it. The public (especially the young) is increasingly advocating its complete abolition, but those in power do not seem interested. The death penalty is also left in the new criminal code. This article is about the death penalty in Indonesia. The author also decided to survey Indonesian students to find out their attitudes toward the death penalty.
Topic:: Public Opinion, Prisons/Penal Systems, Death Penalty, and Right to Life
Political Geography:: Indonesia and Southeast Asia

307. Realism in International Trade Relations: Limiting Judicial Activism

Author:: Dmytro Skrynka
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: he WTO dispute settlement system crisis is an important milestone in the history of international law. Since the realist school in the study of international relations is known for its attention to the limits of the functions of international law, it is quite appropriate to review the key concepts of the realist school relevant to the current crisis. The ambitious endeavor to minimize the use of political methods of dispute settlement in international trade disputes within the institutional system of the WTO has not been quite successful. As postulated by realists, the political processes prevailed over the international legal procedures. In this article, based on the realist approach, the causes of the stalemate of the WTO dispute settlement system are analyzed, and recommendations are presented for remedying the current situation. The comparative analysis method is used for this. The article translates the relevant concepts of international relations by key realists, including the classification of international disputes by Hans Morgenthau, into specific recommendations for resolving the ongoing crisis.
Topic:: International Relations, International Trade and Finance, Realism, Dispute Resolution, and Judicial Activism
Political Geography:: Global Focus

308. The Bay of Bengal Countries’ Domestic and Regional Sources of Maritime Governance Concepts in the 21st Century

Author:: Tomasz Łukaszuk
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The primary aim of the article is to analyse domestic and regional sources of maritime governance in the Bay of Bengal in the 21st century from a constructivist viewpoint. It offers a comparative examination of domestic and external factors shaping maritime governance in the region, illustrating how Kantian-style anarchy prevails over Hobbesian and Lockean models. The article explores the roots of the maritime culture of sharing, cooperation, and trade in the Bay of Bengal, which stems from Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim traditions and aligns with the Kantian model. The recognition of the agency of seas and oceans by Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand is analysed within the context of natural disasters and their role in safeguarding the security of the Sea Lanes of Communication. They regard the sea as an integral and objective part of their lives, intertwined with the fabric of maritime societies. Despite the political diversity in the region, domestic and regional factors play a crucial and positive role in shaping maritime policies, fostering confidence in the importance of developing international cooperation in the maritime sector. The article is divided into four sections. The first – introduction – outlines the main ideas, research questions, hypotheses, and the structure of the article. The following section explains the conceptual framework, presenting the constructivist perspective on anarchy in international relations and its relevance to the maritime domain. The third section provides a detailed analysis of regional and domestic influences on the maritime domain and maritime governance concepts in the Bay of Bengal, offering a thorough understanding of the topic. Finally, the article concludes by summarizing all assumptions and addressing the research questions.
Topic:: Security, Governance, Maritime, and Blue Economy
Political Geography:: Bay of Bengal

309. Nile’s Flow of Tensions: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Its Impact on Ethiopian-Sudanese Relations

Author:: Hanna Rubinkowska-Anioł and Nagmeldin Karamalla-Gaiballa
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: Over the last decade, the Ethiopian project of constructing a dam on the Blue Nile (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, GERD) close to its border with Sudan resulted in creating serious political tensions between Egypt and Ethiopia, with Sudan being involved. Egypt is accusing Ethiopia of attempts to control the water of the Nile, while Ethiopia claims that the power produced by the dam will contribute to the well-being of Ethiopia and its neighbors, most importantly, Sudan. Among many aspects and layers from which the problem of the Nile’s waters and the construction of GERD can be analyzed, there are disputed areas on the Sudanese-Ethiopian border. They are claimed by Sudan on the grounds of breaking the rule of the 1902 treaty, giving the lands to Ethiopia under the condition of not interfering in the flow of the river. This article examines the GERD project and explores in depth the historical, political, and economic significance of the Ethiopian-Sudanese border, with a particular focus on its implications for relations between the two neighboring countries. The article also discusses key issues related to water resource management, historical land disputes, and the geopolitical dynamics of the region, providing a comprehensive historical and contemporary context.
Topic:: Treaties and Agreements, Bilateral Relations, Water, and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
Political Geography:: Africa, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Nile River

310. Anti-Terrorism Prevention in the Police: Theory and Practice

Author:: Marek Cupryjak, Marek Stefański, and Radosław Zych
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The purpose of this study was to analyse police services in terms of their preparedness to counter terrorist threats. The authors considered that one of the main areas of the research subject in the paper is the relationship between public needs and expectations and the functioning of the police and other entities of the anti-terrorist system in terms of the sense of public security. An essential part of the paper is the presented and discussed results of scientific research on preparing police services to counter terrorist threats. The conducted research clearly indicates that conducting anti-terrorism prevention training is necessary, first and foremost, in the basic professional courses of police officers, as well as in in-service training. It is better to prevent than to be surprised by a terrorist attack, which brings death, destruction, trauma, and tragedy for all those affected. Therefore, every police officer should have a basic knowledge of anti-terrorism prevention issues. The authors include the most important proposals for improving the anti-terrorist system of the Republic of Poland in the conclusions. The most important ones included: efforts should be made to continuously improve the level of training of Polish police officers and officers of counterterrorist formations. These trainings should be organized with the use of instructors and specialists from the world’s leading counter-terrorist units.
Topic:: Terrorism, Counter-terrorism, Homeland Security, Crisis Management, and Police
Political Geography:: Global Focus

311. The Power of Russian Propaganda: Identity-Related and Authoritarian-System Correlated Factors

Author:: Olga Nadskakuła-Kaczmarczyk
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: This article examines identity-related and authoritarian-system correlated factors, as well as how they influence the positive reception of government propaganda in Russia. Identity-related factors include references to specific historical contexts in the state propaganda narrative and a strengthening of specific values and social beliefs, mainly anti-Western ones, in order to achieve the desired social attitude towards the events under discussion. Authoritarian-system correlated factors include both tight regime control over the entire media landscape and issues related to political apathy, attitudes of conformism and manifestations of cynicism as essential elements of political culture in Russia. The methods of communication between the government and society learnt in the authoritarian system also create fertile ground for the impact of the state narrative: it is a specific combination of identity-related factors exploited by Kremlin propaganda (identity framing), as well as those connected to authoritarian settings, such as political apathy and its resulting consequences, that influence Russians’ susceptibility to state propaganda. These two elements, which work together, mean that Russian propaganda does not have to be persuasive to be effective – it should only strengthen and confirm the already encoded beliefs of the majority of citizens.
Topic:: Authoritarianism, Propaganda, Identity, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:: Russia, Eurasia, and Ukraine

312. Europeanisation of the European Union’s Cultural, Political and Social Dimensions as a Tool for Strengthening European Identity

Author:: Jadwiga Nadolska
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: Using the constructivist paradigm, in the article, the author diagnoses the potential of top-down, bottom-up, cross-loading and ad personam Europeanisation in strengthening the cultural, civic and functional dimensions of European identity. First, the trajectories of how national and European identity form are explained and compared, and the factors determining the development of three dimensions of European identity are examined. The study shows that if Europeanising processes are to be effective in strengthening European identity, they should be developed in a complementary way, in three areas: 1) European culture and education, 2) the pan-European political arena, and 3) reinforcement of the utilitarian legitimacy of the European integration project (e.g. the single market, the single currency, the Schengen Area, cohesion policy), with initiatives in the last area having the greatest potential to affect broad segments of European societies. This is related to the nature of European identity. In contrast to affective national identities, European identity is more cognitive, instrumental and functional, relying less on emotions and more on rational calculations and measurable benefits individuals experience through European integration. Positive effects in the utilitarian dimension of integration are felt not only by Europe’s elites but also by average citizens.
Topic:: European Union, Constructivism, Identity, and National Identity
Political Geography:: Europe

313. Resilience to Online Disinformation: The Role of Civil Society Organizations

Author:: Agnieszka Bejma and Yun-Ju Kao
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The proliferation of online disinformation poses a serious threat to democratic societies, undermining electoral integrity, fueling polarization, and eroding public trust in institutions. Addressing this complex and evolving challenge cannot be the responsibility of governments or civil society actors alone. This article argues that civil society organizations (CSOs), when engaged as co-creators in democratic governance, play a vital role in fostering information resilience in the digital age. Drawing on comparative case studies from Taiwan and Poland: two democracies that have been frequent targets of foreign disinformation campaigns, we examine how CSOs respond to these threats through fact-checking, media monitoring, digital literacy education, and public awareness campaigns. Our findings show that CSOs not only expose misleading content but also empower citizens to critically engage with information ecosystems. The study contributes to the emerging literature on co-governance by demonstrating that effective responses to disinformation require multiactor collaboration, with CSOs serving as institutional partners in safeguarding democratic resilience.
Topic:: Civil Society, Governance, Democracy, Resilience, and Disinformation
Political Geography:: Global Focus

314. Regional Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region in an Unstable World: Opportunities, Challenges and Threats

Author:: Marta Szulc
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The Baltic Sea Region has been a hub of interregional cooperation, evolving over an extended period of time. The region’s actors have faced and overcome significant challenges, such as the accession of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to the European Union (2004) and the development and implementation of the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (2009). The theoretical framework that guided these integration processes was multilevel governance and Europeanisation, both in a top-down and bottomup approach and a critical juncture approach. The global challenges of recent years have reshaped the potential for collaboration in the region, creating new opportunities for enhanced cooperation and the challenges and risks associated with adapting to change. This article aims to identify the challenges, opportunities, and threats faced by the Baltic Sea Region in recent years and analyze how they have been addressed. The analysis will be based on foundational data and literature. It is hypothesized that the actors of regional cooperation from the Baltic Sea Region have responded with remarkable resilience and adaptability to the opportunities, possibilities, and threats they have faced in recent years, providing a reassuring outlook for the region’s future.
Topic:: Regional Cooperation, Governance, European Union, and Regional Politics
Political Geography:: Europe and Baltic States

315. Could the War Have Been Prevented? US Lessons from Russia’s War against Ukraine

Author:: Andrzej Demczuk
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Polish Political Science Yearbook
Institution:: Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
Abstract:: The main goal of this article is to analyze American leadership in the context of Russia’s War in Ukraine. Examining the role of the US is important because the results of the study might identify some US strategic and policy weaknesses, which, if applied, might prevent other wars from happening. The main research question has been formulated: Could the Russian War in Ukraine have been prevented? The author’s work is based mainly on the analysis of the interviews with policymakers from the first circle of people in power, mostly the presidents’ advisers who have been particularly involved in implementing American foreign policy towards Russia and Ukraine since the end of the Cold War, as well as Ukrainian officials and those participating in the US-led coalition. US lessons from Russia’s War in Ukraine are of particular significance today, when the world faces a possible confrontation in the Indo-Pacific region between China and Taiwan, as well as the spread of the Middle East turmoil.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, International Security, Leadership, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

316. Today’s Top National Security Threat? You’re Looking at It

Author:: Karl Stoltz
Publication Date:: 05-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: You are probably reading this article on your mobile phone or your laptop, or maybe your office or home PC. In fact, that is probably how you get most of your information today, not on pieces of paper delivered to your door or in your mail, or even via AM or FM radio or on network television. And that change in how we receive information is increasingly true all around the world. That convenient all-purpose device you’re staring at also allows our adversaries to attack us from within. It has become one of the greatest threats to our long-term national security. Over the past decade, adversaries like Russia, China, and Iran have mastered the art of burrowing into our consciences surreptitiously, planting falsehoods, disrupting elections, and undermining the fundamental institutions that safeguard democracy. These hybrid attacks were once all labeled “disinformation.” Today, they are more precisely defined as Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI). FIMI affects us like Rohypnol and other date rape drugs: at first, we are often not aware that we are ingesting it. We are addicted to our favorite social media sites, so we refuse to believe that our phones and PCs could be used against us. But information manipulators are master bartenders, able to mix a twist of truth into heavily distilled fictions. They mimic reputable sites in such a way that many consume these distortions without realizing they are swallowing them. And, like alcohol, manipulated information amplifies our emotions. It turns minor political differences into bitter arguments, it undermines confidence in those we should trust, and it destroys longstanding relationships.
Topic:: Diplomacy, National Security, Internet, and Information Manipulation
Political Geography:: Global Focus

317. Unsolicited Thoughts on How the New Administration Can Improve American Diplomacy

Author:: Raymond F. Smith
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: A country’s political leadership establishes its foreign policy goals, and its diplomatic service works to achieve them. Ideally, a country’s fundamental foreign policy goals should be so clear and compelling that they transcend specific administrations and provide enduring guidelines for carrying out the work of diplomacy. Previous post-Cold War administrations have made half-hearted, but ultimately unsuccessful efforts to do this. The new administration may want to consider these three strategic objectives: 1) create a more stable international system; 2) avoid an alliance between China and Russia; 3) decrease the likelihood of a nuclear war. These objectives are clear, compelling, and enduring. The benefits of any system adhere disproportionately to those at the top of the system. Since we are at the top of the current international system, no one has a greater interest in its stability than we do. An alliance between the other nuclear superpower and the other economic superpower would represent a clear and present danger to our preeminence. And in all likelihood, we’d all be dead after a major nuclear war. A diplomacy aimed at achieving these objectives should include: 1) prioritizing US interests; 2) talking less and listening more; and 3) leading by example.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Leadership, Strategic Interests, and International System
Political Geography:: Russia, China, North America, and United States of America

318. Biden’s Troubled Foreign Policy Legacy

Author:: P. Michael McKinley
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: In the waning days of the Biden administration, Secretary of State Antony Blinken and National Security adviser Jake Sullivan highlighted the foreign policy achievements of the previous four years including marshaling support for Ukraine, preventing a wider war in the Middle East, and galvanizing Indo-Pacific ties. The outgoing president himself gave a spirited defense of his accomplishments just days before he left office. As a reelected President Trump takes over, however, it seems fair to ask just how sustainable the efforts to “reenergize alliances and partnerships” and America’s global leadership actually were. And in at least one crucial respect, the Biden administration’s “Foreign Policy for the Middle Class” turned out to be more continuity than a break with President Trump’s “America First:” a protectionist national economic security doctrine now appears to be a centerpiece of American foreign policy. The swan song of a certain kind of American internationalism seems at hand, as the incoming administration signals policies which, reflecting the national mood, will prioritize a more unilateralist approach to the outside world.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Leadership, International Order, and Joe Biden
Political Geography:: Ukraine, Middle East, North America, United States of America, and Indo-Pacific

319. Communicating with the People or with the Leadership Elite: A Diplomatic Juggling Act

Author:: Charles Ray
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: Different people define diplomacy in slightly different ways, but a generally accepted definition from Britannica is ‘the established method of influencing the decisions and behavior of foreign governments and peoples through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or violence.’ Many people confuse diplomacy with foreign policy, but the terms are quite different. Foreign policy establishes the goals in relationships (bilateral or multilateral) and prescribes strategies and broad tactics to achieve those goals, and it is set by a country’s political leadership. Diplomacy, on the other hand, encompasses the methods used by assigned envoys to establish or strengthen the relationships necessary to carry out the determined policy. Traditionally, diplomats, in carrying out their country’s foreign policy, have mostly communicated with their host country’s leaders or ruling elites. Currently, though, with the rise in prominence of non-governmental organizations and citizens’ groups, effective diplomacy has required that diplomats communicate with these audiences as well as with a host country’s leaders. This can present a problem, especially in authoritarian countries.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Communications, Leadership, and Elites
Political Geography:: Global Focus

320. India: Strategic Partner or Global Challenger?

Author:: Keith McCormick
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: This article provides the highlights of the discussions at this year’s DACOR (Diplomatic and Consular Officers Retired) conference on how the US should deal with a rising India. The participants—academics, retired diplomats, and current government officials—participated on the basis of no attribution. The three panels discussed whether India can be a new strategic partner for the US in containing China; how the US. should respond to the Modi government’s increasing use of Hindu chauvinism to undermine democracy and tolerance; and what is ahead for India’s economy, including whether it will become the leader of the Global South in challenging the current, Western-dominated international trading order.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Economy, Trade, and Strategic Partnerships
Political Geography:: China, South Asia, and India

321. How to Fix the Peace Corps

Author:: Thomas Brodey
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: With its small budget and secluded work, the United States Peace Corps is one of the least conspicuous arms of US foreign policy. Yet the agency, originally founded in 1961 as a way for Americans to work on community development abroad, still exerts a major influence. In many developing countries, such as Madagascar, where I served, volunteers are most people’s only exposure to American diplomacy. And for those volunteers who complete service, the Peace Corps is a proven path into the Foreign Service and foreign policy establishment. Despite its apparent stability, however, the Peace Corps is currently facing two of its largest challenges in decades, one acute and one long-term.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Development, and Peace Corps
Political Geography:: North America, Madagascar, and United States of America

322. Bohlen’s Dictum: First, Be There

Author:: Thomas E. McNamara
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: On my first foreign service posting in Paris, my boss, Ambassador Charles Bohlen, said that the diplomatic service required many skills, but the most important one was “being there when something happens.” Later, working on Vietnam in the embassy’s political section, I learned that Bohlen’s Dictum was true.
Topic:: Diplomacy, History, and Memoir
Political Geography:: France, Vietnam, and United States of America

323. Encounters with Bulgarian State Security

Author:: Jonathan Rickert
Publication Date:: 05-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: Bulgaria today is a parliamentary democracy and EU and NATO member. It maintains friendly, constructive relations with the US. It was not always so, however — as recently as the late 1980s, Bulgaria had a slavishly oligarchic communist regime, was a loyal ally of the Soviet Union, and a Warsaw Pact member.
Topic:: Security, Diplomacy, Memoir, and Soviet Union
Political Geography:: Europe, Eastern Europe, and Bulgaria

324. What You Can Learn Standing on a Street Corner

Author:: Raymond F. Smith
Publication Date:: 11-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: I arrived in Moscow in late August 1988 to begin a three-year assignment heading the US embassy’s political section. I had learned during my pre-departure consultations in Washington that there were still diametrically opposing views among policy-makers and within the intelligence community about whether the reform program that Mikhail Gorbachev had begun was meaningful. The negative view held that the reforms were intended merely to make the Soviet system operate more efficiently and that, if successful, the US would be faced with an equally hostile, but even more dangerous adversary. One of my key objectives was for the embassy’s political reporting to have meaningful impact on this debate.
Topic:: Diplomacy, Reform, Memoir, and Soviet Union
Political Geography:: Russia, Eurasia, North America, and United States of America

325. Iran: A Report on the DACOR Bacon Foundation’s 2025 Annual Conference

Author:: Keith McCormick
Publication Date:: 11-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: The DACOR Bacon House Foundation’s 2025 Annual Conference, held on September 12, focused on Iran. The conference brought together academics, former diplomats, and policy activists to analyze the new situation facing Iran in the Middle East after a string of military setbacks, and the prospects for diplomacy with the United States. A list of participants is appended to this article.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Demographics, Diplomacy, Environment, Human Rights, Sanctions, and Ideology
Political Geography:: Iran, Middle East, and United States of America

326. History Matters

Author:: Robert Hunter
Publication Date:: 11-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: American Diplomacy
Institution:: American Diplomacy
Abstract:: History matters. So does ignoring it. These truisms play a major role in the mess that US foreign policy is in now. Americans’ playing down of history and related critical analysis began late in the Cold War. Indeed, by then, basic strategic thinking that was needed to manage the balance of terror with the Soviet Union had long since been done.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Cold War, Diplomacy, History, and Soviet Union
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

327. Unfinished Revolutions: The Long Shadow of the Arab Spring in Sudan and Algeria

Author:: Metin Özkan and Ettah M. Horma
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: This article examines the enduring impact of the Arab Spring on Sudan and Algeria, focusing on the dynamics that have rendered their revolutionary trajectories “unfinished.” Building on the theoretical frameworks of civil-military relations, authoritarian resilience, and counterrevolution, the study situates both cases within the broader post-2011 political landscape of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The analysis highlights how structural legacies of post-colonial state formation, entrenched military influence, and regional geopolitical rivalries shaped the course of these uprisings. In Sudan, the fall of Omar al-Bashir in 2019 initiated a fragile civilian–military partnership, ultimately derailed by the 2021 coup, which reignited authoritarian consolidation. In Algeria, the Hirak movement forced the resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika but confronted a military establishment determined to preserve its dominance. Comparative insights reveal that in both contexts, militaries acted as decisive arbiters, constraining democratic transitions through tutelary roles and institutional autonomy. External actors also reinforced authoritarian resilience by supporting counterrevolutionary forces. The article concludes that the Sudanese and Algerian cases illustrate the limits of popular mobilization in dismantling entrenched praetorian systems, underscoring the need to reassess democratization theories in light of persistent authoritarian structures in the MENA region.
Topic:: Democratization, Authoritarianism, Arab Spring, Counterrevolution, and Authoritarian Resilience
Political Geography:: Africa, Sudan, Middle East, and Algeria

328. State Utilization of New Surveillance Technologies and Justification Strategies for the Public: A Case Study of Israel

Author:: Burak Şakir Şeker
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: This article examines the intricate relationship between state power, technological innovation, and social control, analyzing how states utilize emerging technologies, especially in surveillance and military capacities, and the legitimization strategies employed to justify these practices to both domestic and global audiences. A key observation is the dualism of state technology use, projecting beyond domestic control to external strategic and economic interests, demonstrating technology as both a commodity and diplomatic tool. Taking Israel as a conspicuous case study due to its peculiar geopolitical situation that has rendered the Palestinian territories a laboratory for innovative military and security technologies, this paper examines how combat-proven systems are created, internationally traded, making Israel's defense industry a leading sector. To understand these dynamics, the research integrates various theoretical frameworks including panopticism, dual-use technologies, securitization theory, constructivism, techno-authoritarianism, as well as theories pertaining to public opinion and state legitimation. The study starts by explaining the theoretical basis, its presence in Israel, and its global consequences. The study also considers the state's rationales founded upon security as well as humanitarian reasons, and includes a focus on international collusion as well as censorship in informing public opinion.
Topic:: Science and Technology, Surveillance, State, and Digital Apartheid
Political Geography:: Middle East, Israel, and Palestine

329. Funding in the Shadow of Conflict: AIPAC’s Financial Influence on US Congress Post-2023 Israel-Hamas War

Author:: Ömer Naim Küçük
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: The American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) has been a key player in mobilizing support for Israel’s foreign policy within the US Congress, especially during regional conflicts. While studies have examined the influence of the pro-Israeli lobbies’ donations on US policymakers, the strategic allocation of these funds remains less explored. This study addresses that gap by analyzing factors that influenced variations in AIPAC donations to US Congress members following the 2023 Israel-Hamas war. The findings reveal two main determinants: Congress members' sponsorship of pro-Israel bills and the electoral competition in their constituencies. Those actively supporting pro-Israel legislation receive more financial contributions, indicating a link between legislative support and financial incentives. Additionally, members facing strong electoral competition attract more donations, suggesting AIPAC’s targeted investment in politically secure candidates. This research highlights how the Israeli lobby strategically uses financial contributions to shape US foreign policy, particularly in the context of Israel's military engagements.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Elections, Lobbying, Congress, Foreign Influence, 2023 Gaza War, and AIPAC
Political Geography:: Israel, Palestine, Gaza, North America, and United States of America

330. The Impacts of the Practices of the Israeli Occupation Forces (IOF) on the Palestinian Children

Author:: Haneen Qaraawee and Ismael Abujarad
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: This research paper aimed at identifying the practices of the Israeli Occupation Forces (IOF), which have an impact on the Palestinian children. Precisely, this paper attempted to answer the questions: “(1) what are the IOF practices that impacted the Palestinian children? and (2) how did such practices impact the children?” A mixed methodology was used, where secondary data issued by the Palestinian Ministry of Health as well as the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics was analyzed. The qualitative data, however, was obtained by using content analysis tool to analyze reports published by national and international NGOs working in the Palestinian territories. The results showed that the IOF practiced killing, arrest, intimidation, injuries, and harassment. It was also found that the IOF practices resulted in many mental illnesses among a high proportion of children, represented by fear, panic, psychological disorders, anxiety, insecurity and other psychological illnesses. IOF practices led to depriving the children of the basic needs such as their right to education and health services, which is a violation of the international human rights law. In addition, the results showed that the IOF attempted to demoralize the children, deter them from demonstrating, and erode their loyalty for their homeland.
Topic:: Children, Mental Health, Public Health, Palestinians, and Israeli Occupation Forces (IOF)
Political Geography:: Middle East, Israel, and Palestine

331. Electoral Dynamics in post-2003 Iraq: Systemic Reforms, Security Challenges, and External Influence

Author:: Fatih Oğuzhan İpek
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Iraq’s political trajectory has been shaped by systemic reforms, security challenges, and external interventions. Parliamentary elections serve as a key measure of Iraq’s democratic governance, revealing persistent issues such as electoral system debates, pre-election violence, political fragmentation, and foreign influence from actors like the US and Iran. Low voter turnout, weak election security, and recurring allegations of fraud have further eroded public trust. The protracted government formation process, driven by sectarian divisions and external meddling, has reinforced political instability. This study examines these patterns by using the process tracing method to provide a comprehensive understanding of Iraq’s electoral landscape and its broader implications for governance. The election process is divided into three timelines and analyzed before, during, and after the elections. Drawing on news and reports on Iraq as well as speeches by Iraqi figures, the study argues that seven patterns embedded in systemic reforms, security challenges, and external interventions have overwhelmed Iraq’s electoral processes and democratic governance since 2003.
Topic:: Security, Reform, Elections, Domestic Politics, Parliament, and Ali al-Sistani
Political Geography:: Iraq, Middle East, and United States of America

332. Saudi Arabia’s Geopolitical Influence in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges

Author:: Mouhamed Bachir Diop
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Throughout history, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has maintained close relations in Africa. The significance of Saudi-African relations has grown alongside the political evolution that directly and indirectly affected both parties' internal and regional stages. Due to its substantial political influence on the continent, West Africa is characterized as a zone of competition among various powers. Opportunities and challenges vary for several reasons, including the distinct characteristics and capacities of the rival powers in the West African region. In light of multilateral international rivalry, this article aims to assess Saudi Arabia's impact on West Africa, while exploring potential prospects and obstacles. It examines the different points of contention, which the majority of research on this topic is based on. The findings resulted from a thorough representation of the potential for future interactions between the two parties. The article scrutinizes the effectiveness of the old approaches adopted by the Saudi kingdom with regard to the new realities represented by the competition between major and middle powers in the region.
Topic:: International Relations, Foreign Policy, Strategic Competition, Middle Power, and Rivalry
Political Geography:: Middle East, Saudi Arabia, and West Africa

333. Admiral Castex and the Israeli Navy: A Holistic View of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East

Author:: Meysune Yaşar
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: The post-regime change order debates in Syria have strengthened the place of the Eastern Mediterranean on the agenda. In this context, Israel’s maritime strategy has been considered noteworthy for both the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. The study examines this strategy through French Admiral Raoul Castex's approach to naval strategy for non-hegemonic states and seeks an answer to the question of how Israel shapes its contacts with the Middle East through the geopolitics of the Eastern Mediterranean. Admiral Castex focuses on the maritime behaviour of regional powers and emphasizes two important approaches: improving the ability of manoeuvre and the primacy of the offensive. Within the framework of these two approaches, the study examines the Israeli navy in the Eastern Mediterranean between 2011 and 2024. Thus, on the one hand, it draws the hegemonic state-oriented approach of classical naval studies to the regional level, and on the other hand, it aims to portray the naval behaviour of Israel, which is an important party to regional competition, through its contacts with the Middle East.
Topic:: Military Strategy, Geopolitics, Navy, and Admiral Raoul Castex
Political Geography:: Middle East, Israel, Palestine, and Eastern Mediterranean

334. Social Media Addiction: Yeşilay's Awareness Campaigns Against Social Media Addiction

Author:: Meryem Altıntaş
Publication Date:: 04-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Academic Inquiries
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: As with other addictions, social media addiction causes the individual to be exposed to many mental and physical problems. The Yeşilayhas an important place in the fight against addiction, especially in creating individual and social awareness. In this study, it is examined what kind of studies the Yeşilay conducts on social media addiction, whether it conveys methods of combating social media addiction, and whether it informs about individual responsibilities regarding social media addiction. Within the scope of the study, a total of 5 brochures published on the official website of the Yeşilay under the name of technology addiction were analyzed. The brochures were analyzed in terms of target audience, subject, language and visuals. It was observed that the brochures provided information about technology addiction, the effects of technology addiction and methods of protection from addiction. The Yeşilay has brochures on technology addiction. However, the Yeşilay should also prepare brochures that deal entirely with social media addiction. In addition, the brochures should frequently inform individuals to receive professional psychological support within the scope of combating addiction.
Topic:: Social Media, Journalism, and Addiction
Political Geography:: Turkey, Middle East, and Global Focus

335. Yaşam Doyumu ve Ruhsal İyi Oluşu Etkileyen Faktörler ile Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Author:: Yasin Şenol and Ayla Akdoğan
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: Purpose - Studies that associate social media addiction with negative emotional states are cross-sectional and correlation-based, making it impossible to establish causality. The aim of this study is to test the relationship between social media use and addiction—frequently linked to negative emotions and life experiences in the literature—with positive emotional states and life experiences. If social media use and addiction lead to negative emotional states, they should exhibit strong and inverse relationships with variables indicating positive emotions and life conditions. Methodology/Approach/Design- A quantitative research method was employed, and a correlational survey design was adopted. Data were collected from 739 participants through a survey using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Findings- The analysis results indicate a strong, positive, and significant relationship between life satisfaction and psychological well-being. Social media addiction, however, exhibits a weak but significant negative relationship with both variables. These findings do not provide strong support for the association of social media with negative emotional states and life experiences. Originality/Value- This study contributes to understanding the impact of social media addiction on individuals’ quality of life and helps raise awareness regarding social media use. Instead of making broad negative generalizations about social media use, future research should adopt the uses and gratifications approach to examine how individuals use social media either to escape the distress they experience in daily life or to seize opportunities and advantages they perceive on these platforms. In this context, conducting ethnographic research on the social media habits and motivations of different demographic groups appears to be of particular importance.
Topic:: Social Media, Society, Well-Being, and Addiction
Political Geography:: Global Focus

336. Türkiye’de Din ve Milliyetçilik Söylemlerinde Sınırların İnşası: Lévi-Strauss’un Yapısalcı Perspektifinden Bir Analiz

Author:: Mesut Özcan
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Bilgi
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: This study aims to understand borders in the con-text of religion and nationalism in Turkey. For this purpose, the main problematic of this study is what kind of meanings are attributed to the concept of borders in religious and nationalist discourses in Turkish political culture and state tradition. Within the framework of this problematic, the study tries to understand the construction of borders in Turkey through concepts such as structure, language, meaning and symbol, which constitute Lévi-Strauss's structuralist perspective. In this study, discourse analysis technique was used within the framework of qualitative research meth-od. In this study, boundaries were analyzed from a discursive perspective as structural wholes, as well as structures through which meaning is produced and symbolized through language. For such an analysis, Turkey's historical and sociological struc-ture on religion and nationalism provides important data. In this context, borders, which are one of the main components of religion and nationalism in Turkey, are not just a line but also structures that symbolise the basic elements of Turkish political culture such as homeland, nation, state, land, honour, faith, mar-tyrdom and holiness. The structure, language, meaning and symbols contained in religious and nationalist discourse in Turkey have transformed borders into multi-layered ones. In the context of Lévi-Strauss's conceptualization of binary opposi-tions, borders in Turkey have created a language and discourse that are dominated by reli-gious and nationalist tones through binary opposi-tions such as us-them/other, friend-enemy, here-there, inside-outside, local-foreign and national-international.
Topic:: Nationalism, Religion, Borders, and Structuralism
Political Geography:: Turkey and Middle East

337. More Than a Group Chat: Women’s Social Support Seeking Behaviour in Facebook Groups

Author:: Sezen Kaya-Sönmez and Ömer Faruk Zararsız
Publication Date:: 10-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Academic Inquiries
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: This study examines how women seek and provide social support in a Facebook group exclusively designed for female members. The research aims to demonstrate that social support is a significant communication process not only during health-related issues and crisis situations but also as part of everyday life. A second aim is to highlight the role of social support in women’s online interpersonal communication. Using content analysis, posts shared within the closed Facebook group were thematically analysed through the lens of social support theory. The findings indicate that the majority of posts in the group contain social support elements. Informational support was most frequently observed in posts related to daily life and health, while emotional support was most prevalent in discussions about relationships and religion. Esteem support, the third most common type, was primarily found in posts concerning relationships.
Topic:: Social Media, Facebook, Social Support, Digital Platforms, and Interpersonal Communication
Political Geography:: Global Focus

338. The Associations Between Social Media Addiction, Job Stress, Performance, and Relationship Satisfaction Among Married Employees

Author:: Tuğba Özsoy
Publication Date:: 10-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Academic Inquiries
Institution:: Sakarya University (SAU)
Abstract:: This study investigates the relationships between employees' levels of social media addiction and their job performance, job stress, and emotional relationship satisfaction among married professionals. The research is based on data collected from 256 married participants working in various sectors of the public and private domains, gathered through an online survey. Correlation analyses revealed that social media addiction is positively correlated with job stress but not significantly related to job performance and relationship satisfaction. Additionally, it was found that women use social media more than men. Participants spent an average of 1.35 hours on social media during work hours and 4.18 hours per day in total. Multiple regression analyses indicated that only job stress significantly predicted social media addiction. The results suggest that social media use is not directly related to job performance and relationship satisfaction but is associated with job stress among married professionals.
Topic:: Social Media, Addiction, Work-Life Balance, Job Performance, and Relationships
Political Geography:: Global Focus

339. “Do Not Come”: The US Root Causes Strategy and the Co-optation of the Right to Stay

Author:: Jesús M. de la Torre, Brenda Peralta, and Karla Rivas
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: In 2021, the United States unveiled the Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central America (“Root Causes Strategy” or “the Strategy”) to improve living conditions in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala as a means to prevent future migration to the US-Mexico border. Through a combination of foreign policy tools and public-private investment, the US administration focused on enhancing economic, security, and governance conditions in the region. Although the Root Causes Strategy has received scrutiny in light of broader research on policies to address the root causes of migration, more attention is needed from the perspective of communities that these strategies target. Therefore, this article assesses the Root Causes Strategy’s alignment with Northern Central American communities’ plans to ensure their right to stay and thrive. It explores three areas of inquiry: the Strategy’s provision of formal engagement and participation mechanisms for local communities; the Strategy’s alignment with local communities’ priorities to ensure their right to stay; and the Strategy’s respect for local communities’ right to migrate in relation to their right to stay according to local projects of thriving. Through critical policy analysis, relying on primary governmental sources and secondary sources on the lived experience of communities in the region, the article argues that the Root Causes Strategy co-opted communities’ right to stay for three reasons. First, Northern Central American communities’ notions of their right to stay were sidelined. Communities did not have a formal role in the design and implementation of the Strategy, which lacked transparency and accountability mechanisms. Second, the Root Causes Strategy did not align its tools with communities’ notions of thriving. Private investments lacked sufficient labor, environmental and human rights protection, and oversight mechanisms to ensure they would not result in more displacement. Funding structures and processes failed to significantly expand access by local communities in support of grass-roots community projects. The US targeted sanctions for human rights violations and corruption followed communities’ cues in some countries and occasions while neglecting them in others. Third, the United States used its root causes policy to justify a restricted notion of the right to migrate. The US administration utilized its root causes policy and the widening of some insufficient legal migration pathways to justify and advance US border externalization policies and limit access to asylum at the US-Mexico border. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the US administration, the US Congress, and civil society in Central America, Mexico, and the United States. It recommends delinking root causes of migration strategies from the goal of reducing migration to the donor country and foregrounding communities’ participation and perspectives before, during, and after the implementation of root causes policies.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Development, Investment, and Immigration Policy
Political Geography:: Central America, North America, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and United States of America

340. The Gendered Impact of In-State Tuition Policies on Undocumented Immigrants’ College Enrollment, Graduation, and Employment

Author:: Susan Averett, Cynthia Bansak, Grace Condon, and Eva Dziadula
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: Assessing the impact of policies offering in-state tuition and financial aid to undocumented immigrant youth is highly pertinent from a policy perspective. Eligible immigrants arrived as children and the United States is often the only home they have ever known. Without the right to stay or a path to citizenship, they cannot achieve their full potential as productive members of society. Policies improving access to higher education have the potential to elevate their social mobility and amplify economic contributions by improving job prospects and bolstering tax revenues. Since 2001, roughly half of the U.S. states have expanded in-state college tuition benefits to undocumented immigrants. Around one-third of states have also provided financial aid; yet approximately one-tenth have imposed heightened barriers to accessing higher education. While early studies found an increase in enrollment in states with in-state tuition policies, recent studies accounting for additional state policies found no impact on enrollment. These results mask varying impacts based on gender and marital status. We assess these policies, control for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), and analyze the impact of in-state tuition on college enrollment, graduation rates, employment, and self-employment. Our analysis relies on data from the 2005 to 2019 American Community Survey. To identify individuals who are the most likely to be undocumented and affected by the policy, we focus on noncitizen Hispanic youth, excluding those likely authorized (e.g., licensed professionals, veterans, and refugees). That said, we are assuming that state policies are the same for all undocumented residents, not just the Hispanics in our sample. Our findings are as follows:
Topic:: Education, Employment, Higher Education, Undocumented Population, and Gender
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

341. Reasons to Stay: A Review of Community-Led Efforts to Generate Rootedness

Author:: Sara Aviel, Kelly S. Ryan, and Raquel S. Gomes
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: Lack of livelihood opportunities, violence, and other pressures lead many youth from across El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to migrate without documentation, with significant numbers attempting to reach the United States. Yet other youth, facing similar obstacles, find or create opportunities closer to home. This article complements the emerging research on what motivates individuals in high-migration areas to remain in their country of origin by reviewing how community-led organizations across these countries have contributed to creating opportunities for youth locally. After briefly reviewing the evidence on factors associated with rootedness (the combination of economic, social, civic, and cultural ties to one’s homeland), we describe the experience of 17 community-led organizations, all grantees of the Inter-American Foundation (IAF), and identify how the organizations have contributed to income generation, education, and civic engagement, factors often associated with greater likelihood of remaining in one’s locality or country. Much of the effectiveness of these organizations derives from their locally-led efforts to provide increasingly comprehensive approaches to youth development that boosts how young people perceive themselves and their potential in the world, while strengthening their connection to their communities. This comprehensive approach, more than any single intervention, makes the difference in allowing youth to remain in their home countries.
Topic:: Development, Migration, Youth, and Undocumented Population
Political Geography:: Central America, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador

342. The Theological Foundations of the Right to Stay in Catholic Social Teaching

Author:: Antônio Lemos
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: The right to stay emerged as a fundamental principle in modern Catholic social teaching (CST) in the twentieth century, even preceding the right to migrate. This right is rooted in the condemnation of forced migration and three theological principles: 1 — salvation of souls, 2 — universal destination of goods, 3 — dignity of the human person. This paper traces the development of the right to stay within CST, identifying three distinct stages. The first stage, spanning from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, is characterized by an implicit recognition of the right to stay, embedded in the critique of the treatment of forced migration. During this period, CST primarily addressed the concerns of Catholic migrants, offering pastoral care and emphasizing the salvation of souls as theological foundations for protection. The second stage, from the mid-twemtieth century to the 1960s, sees a growing emphasis on the universal destination of goods as a key theological principle. While the right to stay remains implicit, CST begins to advocate for the protection of all migrants, regardless of their faith. The third stage, commencing in the 1960s, is marked by the explicit articulation of the right to stay, notably by Pope John XXIII. Its theological foundation expands to include the dignity of the human person, firmly establishing the right to stay as a central tenet of Catholic migration ethics. The study concludes that the right to stay has evolved from an implicit concept to a clearly articulated principle in CST. This evolution is underpinned by a growing theological foundation, shifting from a focus on pastoral care of Catholic migrants, to a broader emphasis on the universal destination of goods and the inherent dignity of every human person.
Topic:: Migration, Religion, Catholic Church, and Right to Stay
Political Geography:: Global Focus

343. Migrant Deaths in California’s Borderlands, 2018–2023

Author:: Marni LaFleur, Kat On, and Daniel Martínez
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: We examine the deaths of undocumented migrants in southern California (i.e., San Diego and Imperial counties) for fiscal years (FYs) 2018–2023 using data obtained from the San Diego County Medical Examiner’s Office (SDCMEO) and Imperial County Coroner’s Office (ICCO). We recorded 314 deaths of undocumented migrants, with 157 in San Diego County (SDC) and 157 in Imperial County (IC). We describe trend fluctuations in migrant deaths and both the overall and county-specific proportions as they relate to causes of death and demographic characteristics (biological sex and age at death). Additionally, to capture the potential effects of the 2019 border wall expansion and COVID-19 pandemic on migrant deaths, we examined differences in these factors between two periods: FY 2018–2019 and FY 2020–2023. We conclude by comparing migrant deaths reported by the medicolegal authorities to estimates published by US Customs and Border Protection’s (CBP) Border Patrol for southern California. From 2018 to 2020, there were approximately 30 known migrant fatalities annually in California. This increased to about 88 deaths per year in 2021 and 2022 before dropping to 50 in 2023. Across the study period, the leading causes of death were drowning (35.4 percent), environmental exposure (23.6 percent), and blunt force trauma (16.9 percent), with the latter cause being largely associated with falls from the border wall. However, we found significant differences between SDC and IC. For instance, 51.6 percent of migrant deaths in IC were due to drowning, compared to 19.1 percent in SDC. Conversely, 21.7 percent of deaths in SDC were due to blunt force trauma, while just 12.1 percent of deaths in IC occurred in this manner. Overall, we found that 75.2 percent of decedents were male, 20.4 percent were female, and 4.5 percent were of unknown sex. Among cases in which a precise age at death was listed, the average age was 34.6 years. Nevertheless, sex and age differed by county in that SDC had a higher proportion of female decedents (28 percent in SDC vs. 12.7 percent in IC) and a higher average age at death (SDC x¯ = 36.8 vs. IC x¯ = 32.0). We also found significant differences between the two periods examined. Perhaps most striking, deaths due to blunt force trauma increased from 3.4 percent of cases in FY 2018–2019 to 19.9 percent of cases in FY 2020–2023. Decedent characteristics also appear to have changed across time. The share of male decedents decreased from 84.5 percent to 73.0 percent, while the share of females increased from 5.2 percent to 23.8 percent between the two periods, while the proportion of decedents ages 50 to 64 years increased significantly (from 4.7 percent to 12.7 percent). Finally, for FYs 2018–2022, CBP reported 25.6 percent fewer migrant deaths than medicolegal authorities in southern California. High numbers of migrant deaths in 2021 and 2022 can be attributed to circumstances during and following the COVID-19 pandemic, including a Trump Administration policy aimed at blocking access to the US asylum system. The expansion of the border wall during the Trump era may also explain increased migrant mortality in 2021 and 2022. Decreases in deaths in California in 2023 may be because of a novel entry location in the San Judas Break or result from a shift in migration trends toward other border states (i.e., Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas). County differences in drowning and blunt force trauma deaths were likely due to the presence of the All-American Canal in IC (drowning), and greater coverage of the pedestrian border wall in SDC (blunt force trauma), respectively. Although speculatory, the higher percentage of female decedents and older age of decedents in SDC may be because these vulnerable individuals perceive San Diego to be a safer route. Changes between FYs 2018–2019 and FYs 2020–2023 in blunt force trauma deaths (3.4 percent to 19.9 percent) are a result of falls from the newly expanded and constructed border wall. We suggest that after more than 30 years of implementation, the United States should eliminate the use of “deterrence” strategies to prevent further and unnecessary loss of life. Additionally, the following actions could reduce migrant mortality in California: installing buoys or other anti-drowning devices in the All-American Canal, making potentially life-saving resources (e.g., blankets and water) available on known migrant routes, and reducing the height of or removing the border barrier. We call for both CBP and medicolegal authorities to provide disaggregated data on migrant fatalities, which would facilitate an accurate accounting these deaths, increase understanding of where and why deaths occur, and therefore be used to support policy changes.
Topic:: Borders, Undocumented Population, Death, Migrants, and Forensics
Political Geography:: California, Mexico, and United States of America

344. Unsettled Ground, Unsettled Lives: The Ontological (In)securities of Syrian Refugees in the Shadow of Turkey’s 2023 Earthquake

Author:: Berfin Çakın and Renad AlMajdalawi
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: This paper examines the ontological insecurities faced by Syrian refugees in Turkey following the 2023 earthquakes. Ontological security refers to the security of being, encompassing a sense of confidence in the apparent stability of the world. This concept is intimately linked to managing existential uncertainties and maintaining routines to ensure a sense of security. Previous literature indicates that uncertain situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and natural disasters, including earthquakes and floods, exacerbate ontological insecurities. Additionally, these challenging situations often intensify anti-refugee attitudes. Historically, the impact of earthquakes on individuals has been considered predominantly within the realm of physical security, a perspective critiqued by critical security scholars. In alignment with this critique, our study adopts an ontological security perspective to analyze the situations of Syrian refugees in Turkey post-earthquake, addressing a gap in the literature which has previously focused on the physical security aspects of Syrian refugees. While numerous studies documented the relationship between security and migration, fewer explored the nexus between ontological (in)security and migration in the context of natural hazards. This study addresses this gap by investigating how the recent earthquake heightened existing insecurities among Syrian refugees. Drawing on ontological security studies, narrative analysis, and data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews, the study finds that the vulnerabilities of Syrian refugees were intensified by the earthquake. Their perceptions of home, society, and future shifted significantly, decreasing their ontological security and exacerbating existing inequalities. Our findings suggest that the February 2023 earthquake posed threats to refugees beyond physical inadequacies, exacerbating the ontological insecurities of Syrian refugees in Turkey. This compounded their displacement-related existential anxieties and undermined their sense of stability and belonging by altering their perceptions of home, trust in public authorities, and their future. The earthquake significantly disrupted Syrian refugees’ understanding of “home” by compounding their sense of loss and insecurity, thereby challenging their ability to establish a stable, predictable environment essential for ontological security in Turkey. Furthermore, the earthquake altered Syrian refugees’ trust in public authorities. The government’s handling of the post-earthquake process significantly impacted refugees’ access to essential resources, with discriminatory practices and mobility restrictions amplifying their vulnerability and precariousness. The state’s crisis management capabilities and emphasis on border security, aimed at ensuring control, inadvertently increased refugees’ precariousness regarding their identity and future, leading to a loss of trust in public authorities. In addition to these challenges, the earthquake also changed Syrian refugees’ perception of their future in Turkey, causing them to question their safety and sense of belonging in the host society. Existing challenges faced by refugees were exacerbated by the earthquake and compounded by societal exclusion, further shattering their sense of stability and predictability. Post-earthquake, language barriers and stereotypes intensified, leading to increased discrimination and a reliance on informal survival networks, further diminishing their trust in the future. This heightened ontological insecurity, compounded by economic and social barriers, deepened divisions and made the refugees feel perpetually out of place, undermining their trust in Turkish institutions and society. Our suggestions and policy recommendations underscore the need for comprehensive policies that address both the physical and psychological dimensions of refugee well-being with reference to concrete policy designs in a post-disaster process.
Topic:: Migration, Natural Disasters, Refugees, Domestic Politics, Syrian War, and Earthquake
Political Geography:: Turkey, Middle East, and Syria

345. Between Borders and Burdens: Psychological Trauma and Human Security Among Migrants in Transit Countries (Case Studies: Albania and Bosnia-Herzegovina)

Author:: Elsida Sinaj, Ilir Xhebexhia, and Kristaq Xharo
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: In this study, we explore how mental distress affects the overall well-being and sense of safety of migrants living in two transit countries: Albania and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Drawing from both personal interviews and psychological assessments (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and HSCL-25), the research looks into how long-term legal uncertainty, weak institutional support, and limited access to psychosocial care contribute to ongoing stress and emotional harm. The findings are framed in the broader context of human security, emphasizing that mental health must be recognized as a fundamental dimension of security alongside physical protection and basic needs far beyond national borders. Although Albania and Bosnia-Herzegovina provide the immediate focus, the challenges identified resonate with wider dynamics. Based on these findings, several policy recommendations emerge: • Psychosocial support should become a central part of how countries handle asylum and migration, not just an optional service. National governments, particularly Ministries of Health, should embed psychosocial services into the core of asylum and reception systems. • Legal processes must be made simpler, more transparent, and faster in order to ease the emotional strain caused by long periods of waiting. This will require ministries of interior and justice to coordinate with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and European Union (EU) institutions to ensure due process and timeliness. • Countries in the Western Balkans need to work together to ensure that migrants across the region receive basic, consistent support for both living conditions and mental health. Regional cooperation mechanisms, facilitated by the International Organizations for Migration (IOM) and EU, should standardize minimum conditions for reception centers and ensure parity across borders. • It is time to move away from short-term emergency responses and start building durable systems that truly support emotional recovery and long-term wellbeing. This implies joint responsibility: national governments need to allocate sustainable funding, local municipalities should establish permanent community-based services, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should design culturally adapted programs.
Topic:: Migration, Trauma, Mental Health, and Human Security
Political Geography:: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Western Balkans

346. Evaluating the Impact of the Zero Rupiah Policy Passport (ZRPP) on International Migration as a Coping Mechanism for Climate-Induced Displacement: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis

Author:: Yessi Rahmawati
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: This study evaluates the impact of Indonesia’s Zero Rupiah Passport Policy (ZRPP) on international migration as a coping mechanism for climate-induced displacement. Introduced by the Government of Indonesia to reduce financial barriers to passport acquisition, the ZRPP has reshaped migration patterns, particularly among communities affected by climate disasters. Using Indonesia’s Potential Village data (PODES) from 2008 to 2021 and employing the Difference-in-Differences (DD) methodology, this research analyzes the causal relationship between ZRPP and migration decisions. Sub-districts affected by climate disasters are identified as the treatment group, while unaffected areas serve as the control group. Key Findings: • The ZRPP proved instrumental in facilitating migration for vulnerable populations from disaster-prone areas, reducing economic barriers and enabling mobility. • Migration decisions were significantly influenced by the need for safety and better opportunities abroad, particularly after climate-related disasters. • The education, skills and development program, health facilities, and vulnerable families were found to have a significant effect on international migration. Policy Recommendations: • Strengthen security, healthcare access, and job opportunities in disaster-prone regions by coordinating efforts between the Ministry of Manpower, BNPB (National Agency of Disaster Management), Ministry of Social Affairs, and local governments. • The Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Social Affairs can offer assistance for minority communities impacted by climate disasters and social tensions. • The Ministry of Manpower can align the Zero Rupiah Passport Policy (ZRPP) with climate adaptation policies so that migrant workers are better protected. • Develop long-term disaster resilience initiatives through BNPB, the Ministry of Social Affairs, and local governments, ensuring preparedness and sustainable recovery support. • Carry out regular evaluations of support and migration programs, coordinated by BAPPENAS (Ministry of National Development Planning) and relevant ministries, to keep them effective and responsive to changing conditions. • Build stronger regional cooperation, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and ASEAN working together on joint frameworks to protect migrants from climate and social risks.
Topic:: Climate Change, Migration, Natural Disasters, and Zero Rupiah Passport Policy
Political Geography:: Indonesia and Southeast Asia

347. Intent Versus Impact: Is the Choice Between Encampment and Out-of-Camp a Factual Hard Policy Dilemma?

Author:: Markus Rudolf, Carolien Jacobs, and Fekadu Adugna Tufa
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: Recent debates in the migration field have indicated that the deficiencies of specific policies are attributable to so-called hard dilemmas: mutually exclusive options that are incapable of being reconciled. The central question posed in this study is whether the choice between refugee encampment and out-of-camp policies (OCPs) which allow for freedom of movement constitutes such a dilemma for policy makers. Proponents of encampment policies argue that the loss of freedom of movement is a small price to pay for the efficient provision of adequate shelter, protection, and basic aid. Moreover, they argue that encampment reduces the risk of heightened criminality; the risk of conflicts spilling over borders; and the risk of competition for scarce resources or labor with members of hosting communities. Conversely, advocates of out-of-camp policies argue that freedom of movement helps refugees to become self-reliant and to integrate into host communities. They consider encampment policies to be detrimental, leading to aid dependence and a life in limbo. Ethiopia has explored both options to host its large group of refugees. For a long time, encampment was the main approach. Since the 2019 revised Refugee Proclamation, out-of-camp settlement is allowed but only under specific circumstances and for specific groups. Until today, the overwhelming majority of refugees still resides in camps. This paper analyses Ethiopia’s refugee policies on paper, and its impact on the ground. For this, we specifically examine the experiences of Eritrean refugees in both camp and non-camp settings in Ethiopia. Our analysis demonstrates that discrepancies between policy intentions on paper and actual impacts have been resolved in practice. A combination of encampment and out-of-camp policies can be effective. There is no need to make an either/or decision about which policy to adopt. Policies that combine the best of both worlds should be guided by a bottom up assessment that considers the agency of refugees and host communities. Based on our findings, we formulate some concrete policy recommendations on how to develop refugee policies.
Topic:: Refugees, Shelters, Migration Policy, and Encampment
Political Geography:: Africa, Ethiopia, and Eritrea

348. Enforced Disappearance as a Border Management Tool: The Case of Border Patrol Detentions of Immigrant and Asylum-Seeking Families in the United States

Author:: Diego F. Leal and Natalie L. Cadwalader
Publication Date:: 06-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: This study examines the experiences of international migrants and asylum-seeker families recently released from the custody of the United States Border Patrol (BP) to assess their ability to make phone calls while in BP detention. The focus on phone access is critical to determining whether respondents experience enforced disappearance under international law, given that BP custody is usually incommunicado. To determine whether some BP detainees experience enforced disappearance in custody, authors collected and analyzed data from 117 respondents using a novel questionnaire. Respondents were heads of families. These families consisted of at least one adult and at least one minor child who were released to a non-profit short-term shelter in the United States (U.S.). Findings show that 78 percent of the respondents who were in BP custody experienced an enforced disappearance because they were not able to make phone calls and there was no reliable publicly accessible locator system to otherwise locate them. While this study provides critical context to how one distinct group of individuals released from BP custody (i.e., families released into the U.S.) experienced enforced disappearance, we note the importance of future studies that assess the situation of additional groups, including single adults released from BP into the U.S. and groups and individuals forced back (typically) to Mexico upon release from BP custody. We discuss policy recommendations to mitigate and prevent continued enforced disappearances in BP custody and to prevent additional human rights violations that are facilitated by enforced disappearance, including the right to access counsel, the right to due process, the right to seek asylum, the right of non-refoulment, and that may constitute a grave threat to the right to life.
Topic:: Asylum, Detention, Enforced Disappearance, and Border Patrol
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

349. Multiculturalism as Exclusion: Religious Identity and Displacement Urbanization in Lagos

Author:: Rebecca Enobong Roberts
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal on Migration and Human Security
Institution:: Center for Migration Studies of New York
Abstract:: This paper examines the experiences of internally displaced persons (IDPs) from northern Nigeria who have resettled in Lagos, introducing the concept of displacement urbanization to describe how protracted displacement reshapes the city. Drawing on multi-sited ethnography, surveys, and life-history interviews, the study shows that religious identity is the central determinant of land access, legitimacy, and protection. Christian IDPs, whose displacement is widely recognized as a consequence of Islamist violence, benefit from church networks and favorable public perception, while Muslim IDPs face layered exclusion, stigmatized both by host communities and Lagos-based Islamic institutions. The findings reveal that multiculturalism in Lagos functions less as a framework of inclusion than as a sorting mechanism that legitimizes inequality. Rather than dismantling divisions, it embeds ethno-religious mistrust and securitized framings into urban governance, leaving IDPs structurally invisible in planning and humanitarian frameworks. Policy must shift from denial to inclusion. Federal and state authorities should reform land governance to embed informal tenure within protective frameworks, while Lagos must integrate IDP communities into planning and service delivery. Humanitarian and religious actors should develop faith-equitable systems that counteract mistrust and strengthen social cohesion. Recognizing displacement urbanization as part of Lagos’s urban future is critical for building inclusive and durable solutions.
Topic:: Religion, Multiculturalism, Urbanization, Displacement, Internal Displacement, Exclusion, Identity, and Post-Colonial
Political Geography:: Africa, Nigeria, and Lagos

350. How Indian Domestic Politics Impacts Regional Arms Controls

Author:: Muhammad Shahzad Akram and Moneeb Mir
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: The interaction between domestic politics and arms control policy is a critical yet often underexplored dimension of strategic stability in South Asia. This paper examines how internal political dynamics in India influence its approach to arms control, disarmament, and strategic restraint. Traditionally viewed through the lens of regional security competition particularly with Pakistan and China, India's arms control posture is also entrenched in domestic factors such as political ideology, bureaucratic interests, civil-military relations, electoral compulsions, and the influence of strategic elites. Using a qualitative methodology and process-tracing approach, this study analyzes key policy decisions from successive Indian governments especially under the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and investigates how nationalist rhetoric, public opinion, and the political utility of strategic technologies (e.g., missile tests, nuclear modernization, and space militarization) have shaped India's arms control behavior. The paper argues that India's reluctance to embrace formal arms control mechanisms is not solely a response to external threats, but also a reflection of internal political incentives to project strength, technological autonomy, and strategic assertiveness. By contextualizing India's withdrawal from multilateral arms control forums, its strategic ambiguity regarding the No First Use (NFU) policy, and its modernization of conventional and nuclear forces, the paper highlights the challenges such domestic-political linkages pose to regional arms control dialogues. The study contributes to the broader discourse on how democracies particularly rising powers steer the tension between strategic responsibility and domestic political gain. It also accentuates the necessity for regional and global arms control frameworks to account for internal political pressures when engaging states like India. Ultimately, this research seeks to enhance understanding of the domestic drivers of arms control policy in India and their implications for regional security, crisis stability, and the future of arms control in South Asia.
Topic:: Arms Control and Proliferation, Domestic Politics, Ideology, and Regional Security
Political Geography:: South Asia and India

351. Political Order in Post 2004 Afghanistan

Author:: Nighat Mehroze Chishti and Shabir Amhad Khan
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: After the ouster of Taliban in 2001, the international community was faced with the daunting task of bringing stability and lasting peace to the war-torn Afghanistan. Constitution was one and perhaps the most important starting point in this regard and Bonn Agreement was the first step towards this goal. The constitution of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 2004 was drafted with considerable external involvement. Although this constitution has almost all features of a democratic constitution, its practical implementation is far from satisfactory. The 2014 Presidential elections were followed by the creation of a National Unity Government (NUG) with power sharing between the President and the Chief Executive Officer, a newly created post under the NUG Agreement, brokered with active intervention of the United States. This new set up was to be given constitutional cover through a Constitutional amendment within two years. But it never happened. Lastly, the results of 2019 elections were fiercely challenged by the runner up candidate Mr. Abdullah Abdullah, who declared a parallel government and took the oath as President of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Mazar Sharif, the same day as did Dr. Ashraf Ghani, the winning candidate at Kabul. In 2021, after the retake over of Afghanistan, the Taliban declared that the “Islamic Emirate” has been reinstated thus discarding the set up provided under the Constitution of 2004(Rahimi, 2022). This research attempts to answer the main question as to why this Constitution could not achieve the desired results i.e. stability and prosperity in Afghanistan? Pragmatism as research philosophy being followed, allowing the researcher to use both subjective and objective interpretation to do content analysis.
Topic:: Elections, Taliban, Constitution, Domestic Politics, and Armed Conflict
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and South Asia

352. From Regional Insecurity to Global Peace: South Asia’s Security Pathways after U.S. Disengagement

Author:: Adeel Irfan and Sundas Khizar
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: Disengagement of the U.S. from Afghanistan has altered the security situation in South Asia. South Asia has heightened insecurities but also opened new ways for collaboration. This research examines the security situation in the region from three perspectives: Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), The Theory of Securitization, and The Dependency Theory. It explains the interaction of local instabilities and the global peace discourse. The research is qualitative and discourse analytical in the description and analytical methods. The economic coherence, counterterrorism, geopolitical realignments, and security discourses are analysed to identify and pattern securitization, articulations of regional threats, and dependency. Interdependence of South Asia‘s security (RSCT) explains South Asia‘s security conundrum. Varying aspects of border disputes, terrorism, and other forms violence are ‗transnational‘. Securitization Theory explains how political leaders and BCEs construct narratives of existential threats (i.e. extremism, insurgency, refugees, and terrorism) to justify fonitization. Dependency Theory explains how the lack of autonomous security postures of South Asian States is framed. These findings suggest that, to achieve sustainable peace in South Asia, there is need to cooperative, regional construct self-dependency, and redeploy the revisited discourses of securitization. The study also adds to the discussion about redefining global peace, which, as the study argues, cannot simply mean the absence of conflict. Global peace must also contain cooperative, just, and desecuritized regional orders. South Asia, thus, teaches valuable lessons on how regional insecurity can be transformed into global peace.
Topic:: Peace, Disengagement, Securitization, Regional Security, Dependency, and Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT)
Political Geography:: South Asia and United States of America

353. Retrospective Study of the Chief Executive of Pakistan: 1947-2008

Author:: Imrana Begum
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: The parliamentary system of governance that Pakistan inherited creates two separate offices of the head of state and head of the government. Both offices have different roles and responsibilities. The head of the government belongs to the executive branch, led by the Prime Minister and federal ministers. This branch has an independent authority defined in the Constitution. However, in practice, the complexities of governance often diverge from its theoretical framework. The political history of Pakistan from 1947-2008 witnessed that not a single prime minister served the entire five-year constitutional term in office. They were dismissed either by the President or by the military. Accepting and respecting the distinct roles of the ―head of state and the head of government‖ remained a persistent issue in Pakistan. Political instability, weak institutions, and the ambiguous role of office holders have hindered sustainable economic growth. The stability of a state depends on the strength of its institutions. Strong and independent institutions foster peace, justice, and sustainable governance. This paper deals with the Chief Executive of Pakistan from 1947 to 2008. It is a Retrospective study that examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of the chief executive. It narrates the frequent appointments and removals of the chief executive from their offices. It is divided into four phases from 1947-1958, 1958-1973, 1973-1999, and 1999 to 2008. The paper also discusses issues and challenges associated with this office and suggests recommendations to navigate the complexity.
Topic:: Governance, Constitution, Economic Growth, Institutions, and Coup
Political Geography:: Pakistan and South Asia

354. U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan: Implications for Pakistan's Strategy

Author:: Abdul Ghafoor, Mirwais Kasi, and Umbreen Javaid
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: This paper discusses US withdrawal from Afghanistan and its political-economic consequences on Pakistan in a changing regional environment. It underscores the U.S.-Pakistan-Afghanistan relations after 9/11 which started in the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, in operation enduring freedom on allegations that Taliban harbored Osama bin Laden. His subsequent demise in the year 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan, aggravated regional intricacies. Presidents of the United States Barack Obama and Donald Trump progressively sought troop withdrawal, which eventually saw the last withdrawal, August 21, 2021. The study examines the strategic and political-economic reactions of Pakistan especially its strategic depth seeking in Afghanistan. It also evaluates the potential of Pakistan to stabilize and contribute towards the political economy of Afghanistan. The methodology of the study is qualitative content analysis, with the help of NVivo-14 software. Under the Rational Choice Theory, the study examines the decision-making processes of states such as Pakistan to make strategic choices through cost-benefit analysis to navigate the region and enjoy the best avenue to foreign policy choices.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Political Economy, Military, and Rational Choice Theory
Political Geography:: Pakistan, Afghanistan, South Asia, North America, and United States of America

355. Foreign Policy of China: Pursuing the Resources in Afghanistan

Author:: Naqibullah Mashwani
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: China, a major power playing the peripheral diplomacy to bring developing countries to a table of dialogues, negotiations and international conferences to express their interests and form new relations.Thus, it has always been friendly and supportive to Afghanistan; providing humanitarian aid, investing in infrastructure, and extracting natural resources. However, China spent more on the minerals of Afghanistan during the new acting government than in the previous government. China was not deeply involved economically with the former government though they had signed some significant agreements.This was also one of the reasons China did not resist and took part in the 20 years long war in Afghanistan, instead, China supported, hosted and mediated Taliban. After the fall of Kabul and the return of the Taliban, China turned its policy and filled the vacuum, gave them de facto recognition and backed them in terms of security and economic development. This paper deeply explores the foreign policy of China towards Afghanistan and how they invested in extracting natural resources, infrastructure and tightened major economic agreements with the Taliban and contributed to the internal security and stability.China, a pioneer in oil extraction in Afghanistan has signed significant agreements and contracts with the interim government of Afghanistan for mineral extraction and refinery development.
Topic:: Security, Foreign Policy, Natural Resources, and Taliban
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, China, and Asia

356. Constructive Role of State-Owned Broadcaster in Elevating Economic Development and Peacebuilding: The Case Study of China Radio International and CGTN-Radio (2024-2025)

Author:: Muhammad Ahmad Sheikh and Muhammad Yousaf
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: Constructive or solutions-focused news is often promoted as a way to lessen the conflicts based news and encourage audience to participate in national development, rather than reporting negative, conflict-driven news. (Djerf-Pierre, M., & Ekström, M. (2025) The study analyzes CRI/ CGTN -Radio news, podcast and talk shows highlighting positive economic frames while suggesting a need for stronger constructive journalism practices in prevailing world economic and peace situation. The thematic analysis of the main themes development, peace, and stability in the programmes of CR/CGTN -Radio (state-owned broadcaster) of China show mostly positive coverage. The programming content reveals that the news coverage of china radio international and CGTN-Radio emphasizes the economic development and peace initiatives of Pakistan and China. This study employs qualitative content analysis. Furthermore, the research highlights the necessity for constructive journalism globally, with a particular focus on China. The results indicate that state media prioritizes solutions to issues, social and economic stability, sustainability, and prosperous development.
Topic:: Journalism, Economic Development, Peacebuilding, and Radio
Political Geography:: Pakistan, China, South Asia, and Asia

357. The American Dream and Social Mobility in Indian American Diaspora Literature: Education as a Key Factor in The Namesake

Author:: Khalil Ur Rehman, Tahir Jamil, and Abbas Jan
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: This study explores the role of education as a key factor in achieving the American Dream and social mobility within Indian American diaspora literature, with a particular focus on Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. Using concepts of social and cultural capital espoused by Pierre Bourdieu, this research takes an examination of how education works, on the one part, as a pathway to socio-economic advancement for immigrant communities, on the other, as a barrier. Subsequent analysis includes some socio-economic data regarding Indian American educational attainment and economic mobility. Findings suggest that education acts as the primary channel by which the society is integrated and the upwardly mobile created. Primarily, however, it entrenches conflicts of identity linked with culture. It serves diaspora studies by demonstrating intersections between literature, sociology, and immigrant aspiration.
Topic:: Education, Diaspora, Literature, Social Mobility, and American Dream
Political Geography:: South Asia and India

358. Artificial Intelligence and the New World Order: A Comparative Study of US-China Technological Rivalry

Author:: Adnan Nawaz, Syed Raghab Ali, Naudir Bakht, and Zosha Noor
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: The power rivalry between the United States and China in the twenty-first century has been significantly influenced by advancements in artificial intelligence. This technology not only transforms economic markets but also enhances military capabilities and shapes political governance. This research explores the historical progression of AI development across these countries by showing how their unique political frameworks, alongside economic tables and strategic visions, created separate paths toward AI domination. During the Cold War years, the United States paced ahead through governmental investments combined with university innovation and its flexible private sector activity yet China obtained its growth through state-mandated direction and national planning alongside substantial financial allocations in line with initiatives like the Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan. China's Belt and Road initiative employs AI surveillance tools to construct new infrastructure as the United States depends on autonomous private enterprise operations without state control and freedom to conduct independent research. The competition between China and the United States targets multiple areas including semiconductor manufacturing technology together with quantum computing research and ethical standards creation which exposes weaknesses for each side. This study qualitatively evaluates the competition between US and China and analytically elucidates the key challenges which are posing threats to the global power hierarchy.AI operates as an accelerating force that shapes future power dynamics while determining digital sovereignty principles and deepening global ideological conflicts.
Topic:: Governance, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Artificial Intelligence, Rivalry, and Digital Sovereignty
Political Geography:: China, Asia, North America, and United States of America

359. Arms Race in the Indian Ocean: Redefining Strategic Stability

Author:: Kanwal Hayat, Anas Bin Tariq, and Malik Waqar Aslam
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: The Indian Ocean has become an epicenter for increasingly expanding arms races, with significant far-reaching implications for the region's strategic balance. India, China, the United States, as well as region-specific stakeholders like Pakistan, are expanding their naval forces at an accelerated rate, motivated by security objectives as well as deep-rooted distrust. Building naval fleets, submarine capabilities, as well as military alliances reflects the quintessential security dilemma actions of one nation in trying to secure safety, results in defensive reactions from others, triggering spirals of increasing militarization. This paper draws on the lens of neo-realism in analyzing how hegemonic desires as well as power dynamics between leaders are leading towards regional tensions. Thomas Hobbes' timeless observation that 'the condition of man is a condition of war of everyone against everyone' aptly reflects the competitive nature of the Indian Ocean's strategic environment. In conducting documentary analysis, the research considers this race for weapons in the neorealist prism, with particular emphasis on the international system's inherently anarchical structure as well as states' insatiable demand for power as well as security. In providing us with a map towards stability, the paper also draws on elements of cooperation in terms of neo-liberalism, calling for cooperative security strategies such as the role of international institution, trust-building measures, as well as economic interdependence that can assist in lowering conflict risk as well as increasing strategic stability
Topic:: Security, Neoliberalism, Strategic Stability, Arms Race, and Neorealism
Political Geography:: South Asia and Indian Ocean

360. Religiosity and Ageing: Personal Faith or Social Influence? Insights from the Lived Experiences of the Older Adults in Muzaffarabad

Author:: Tafakhar Ali Asdi
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: Religion plays a profound role in human societies by influencing personal well-being and social harmony. Earlier studies have established that religious inclination tends to increase with age. However, the extent to which this transformation stems from intrinsic faith development with age or cultural role pressures on the older adults remains debatable. This paper explores religiosity as a natural consequence of the ageing process, shaped by individual psychological and existential factors, in contrast to religiosity driven by external factors like societal pressures. A reflexive thematic analysis was carried out after in-depth interviews with open ended questions, from 32 participants. Muzaffarabad, the capital city of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, with rich religious traditions provided an ideal socio-cultural setting for this study. The findings revealed a complex interplay between personal spiritual growth and social influences caused by cultural norms and family expectation. The study contributes to gerontological discourses and provides insights for policymakers, scholars and social workers in developing more inclusive strategies and supportive environment for spiritual well-being of the older adults in South Asian Muslim societies
Topic:: Islam, Religion, Aging, and Social Influence
Political Geography:: South Asia and Kashmir

361. Role and Impact of ISIS in Syrian Civil War

Author:: Muhammad Aswad Naeem, Afira Mujeeb, and Muhammad Saeed
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: This study examines the rise, evolution, and impact of the Islamic State (ISIS) within the context of the Syrian Civil War. Emerging from the chaos following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, ISIS capitalized on instability, sectarian divisions, and weak state structures in both Iraq and Syria to establish a self-proclaimed caliphate. The group employed brutal tactics, controlled key territories like Raqqa, and financed operations through oil smuggling and extortion. Its ideological narrative and use of media allowed it to recruit globally and spread fear. ISIS deeply affected the Syrian conflict, creating divisions among opposition groups and prompting shifting alliances. Major powers such as Iran, Turkey, and Russia responded with varying strategies based on their regional interests. Though militarily defeated by 2017, ISIS legacy persists through fragmented governance, continued insurgent activities, and prolonged geopolitical tension. The paper applies realist theory to explain the motivations of state actors involved in the Syrian war.
Topic:: Terrorism, Islamic State, Military Intervention, and Syrian War
Political Geography:: Middle East and Syria

362. Smart Governance: A Conceptual Analysis and Integrative Model

Author:: Temoor Bin Aslam and Sobia Khurram
Publication Date:: 01-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: South Asian Studies
Institution:: Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:: Smart Governance is an emerging theme, but its propositions are found to be varied in literature. This study is aimed to extract different propositions for Smart Governance from literature and put them together into a coherent whole with an integrative model to offer a more complete and nuanced view of this theme. Towards this end, a total of eight literature reviews were shortlisted for an in-depth review. Meta-synthesis of the propositions in shortlisted reviews helped develop an integrative model that highlights characteristics, dimensions, and components in conjunction with implementation strategies and the aspired outcomes of Smart Governance. This model can serve as a framework for understanding and applying Smart Governance in local and national contexts.
Topic:: Governance, Smart Cities, Data, and Integrative Model
Political Geography:: Global Focus

363. The European Integration as a Strategic Resource for the Ukrainian Democratic Media and the EU in Countering Russian Propaganda

Author:: Gleb Trufanov
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Advanced Military Studies
Institution:: Marine Corps University Press, National Defense University
Abstract:: Abstract: This article focuses on scientific description and discursive analysis of the key parameters of the Ukrainian media as strategic agents of Ukrainian discursive transit during the Russo-Ukrainian War and the proposition of the new field for cooperation of the European Union (EU) and Ukraine conflict studies in media. This study analyzes changes in EU media policies with Ukrainian democratic media development during wartime. The author focuses on the positive outcomes and future perspectives of the EU-Ukraine media organizations’ cooperation in media security and Russian propaganda countering. The article revises the current EU-Ukraine efforts in countering Russian propaganda and proposes the application of conflict studies in the sphere of journalist’s security. By security in this case, the author understands a set of measures to reduce the lethality of journalists’ work in war zones.
Topic:: War, Media, Regional Integration, Propaganda, Armed Conflict, Hybrid Warfare, Information, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

364. Forum: Fostering Cooperation in Conflict Research Beyond Borders

Author:: Efe Tokdemir, İlker Kalın, Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham, Deniz Aksoy, and David B. Carter
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace
Institution:: Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research
Abstract:: In this forum article, we examine the state of the field of Peace and Conflict Studies in providing a platform to incorporate local knowledge to generate global insights. Many scholars in peace and conflict studies have traditionally relied on cross-national empirical analyses to investigate conflict dynamics, which can present opportunities for increased level of collaboration, methodological advancement, and interdisciplinary works. Whereas Western-oriented institutions and approaches serve as the locomotive of the production in the field, the vast majority of their data locates in non-Western contexts with diverse cultural, political, social, linguistic, and economic settings. Hence, the overarching theme of this forum emphasizes the benefits of an empirically-driven, methodologically rigorous research agenda that strongly incorporates local knowledge. We offer a platform to discuss the limits and prospects of Global North- South cooperation, the challenges of gathering dependable data, and the ways to overcome these issues while maintaining academic integrity and deepening our understanding of conflict dynamics. We believe that sustained investment in collaborative partnerships and capacity-building initiatives will be critical for unlocking the full potential of local expertise and insights in advancing knowledge-production and fostering peace and stability in conflict-affected areas.
Topic:: International Cooperation, Conflict, and Collaboration
Political Geography:: Global South and Global North

365. The Lawful Losers? Why Democracies Struggle to Deter Cyber Aggression

Author:: Paul A. Eisenmann
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Advanced Military Studies
Institution:: Marine Corps University Press, National Defense University
Abstract:: Democratic states are increasingly vulnerable in cyberspace due to inherent ethical constraints, transparency requirements, and legal oversight, significantly hindering their ability to effectively deter cyber aggression. This article critically assesses the strategic disadvantages democracies face using the examples of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, including attribution challenges, threshold ambiguities, and the problematic diffusion of cyber capabilities among state and nonstate actors. It evaluates how strict adherence to international humanitarian law (IHL) further constrains democratic responses, contrasting sharply with the operational flexibility enjoyed by authoritarian adversaries. The article advocates strengthening cyber resilience, promoting global norm-building initiatives, and crucially retaining credible traditional military retaliation options. This integrated strategy enables democracies to uphold their values, effectively counter cyber threats, and actively shape global cyber norms, thereby ensuring strategic stability and digital security.
Topic:: Cybersecurity, Democracy, Deterrence, Norms, Resilience, International Humanitarian Law (IHL), and Constraints
Political Geography:: United Kingdom, Europe, Germany, North America, and United States of America

366. An Analysis of Türkiye’s Role in the Black Sea Region Building Process

Author:: Nergiz Özkural Köroğlu and Fatih Özgüven
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace
Institution:: Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research
Abstract:: In a multipolar world, new security threats have emerged, and region-based approaches have been developed to address these new security challenges. In the literature on regionalisation, it is assumed that region-building processes take place under certain conditions and in certain stages. Considering the existing processes in the literature, this study aligns the formation of the Black Sea Region with the understanding of the stages of region-building and proposes new stages of region-building, influenced by the first and second waves of regionalisation processes. In order to analyse Türkiye’s role in the region, the statements made by Turkish political elites (Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, President, and Presidential Spokesperson) during their visits to the Black Sea countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia) between 2014 and 2023 were subjected to content analysis. This period was chosen to highlight the post-2014 period, which witnessed conflicts that negatively affected the region-building process. Security concerns are important in region-building processes and often lead to the formation of security communities.
Topic:: Multipolarity, Regional Security, and International Society
Political Geography:: Turkey, Middle East, and Black Sea

367. Achtung-Swarm! A Proposal for Swarm Maneuver Groups

Author:: John Bolen
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Advanced Military Studies
Institution:: Marine Corps University Press, National Defense University
Abstract:: The unmanned combat vehicle, or combat drone, is making its presence felt on battlefields around the world. Much like the tank and aircraft in World War I, drones have been employed individually or in small groups to conduct reconnaissance and precision strikes. But the Department of War’s renewed focus on large-scale combat operations warrants new thought regarding drone employment. This article is not a treatise on the technical aspects of unmanned combat vehicles, but instead a proposal for drone employment en masse as an operational maneuver force. It uses historical examples of operational maneuver, recent drone operations, and imagination to generate a new concept for combat drone employment: the swarm maneuver group. The high mobility and mass of the proposed swarm maneuver group offers the Joint Force a new means of conducting persistent deep operations to disintegrate adversary antiaccess/area-denial (A2/AD) systems and enable Joint operational access to theaters. The aim of this article is to generate creative thought, debate, and purposeful action regarding the offensive employment of unmanned combat vehicles in large-scale combat operations.
Topic:: Weapons, Drones, Innovation, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and Warfare
Political Geography:: Global Focus

368. Ontological Security with its Widening and Deepening Boundaries: An Evaluation through a Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review Lens

Author:: Sevgi BALKAN-ŞAHİN and Özge Çetiner
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace
Institution:: Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research
Abstract:: Using rigorous bibliometric and systematic methodologies, this article comprehensively reviews academic studies on ontological security. Based on a Web of Science (WoS) retrieved dataset of 163 articles in International Relations and Political Science journals, the article has examined issues such as keywords, authorship, citation networks, and countries through bibliometric analysis. This quantitative analysis revealing the “widening” dimension of ontological security is complemented by a qualitative overview based on a systematic literature review to highlight the “deepening” dimension of ontological security. Together with an assessment of Turkish academia’s contribution to this widening and deepening literature, the article provides a map of ontological security for future studies.
Topic:: International Relations, Political Science, Literature Review, Bibliometric Analysis, and Ontological Security
Political Geography:: Global Focus

369. Strategic Vulnerabilities in Space: U.S.-China Militarization and the Risks to Global Strategic Stability

Author:: Ameema Khalid
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Advanced Military Studies
Institution:: Marine Corps University Press, National Defense University
Abstract:: This study investigates the militarization of space by the United States and China using the theoretical frameworks of technological determinism and the security dilemma. Data analysis of policy documents, military doctrines, and strategic literature reveals how technological advancements, mutual distrust, and dual-use technologies have transformed space into a contested domain. Findings indicate that the lack of international regulations and transparency exacerbates the risks of miscalculation and conflict. The study suggests actionable measures, including binding treaties, enhanced transparency, and conflict resolution mechanisms to promote peaceful space exploration. This research contributes to the broader discourse on space security by offering insights into managing militarization challenges in a rapidly advancing technological era.
Topic:: Security, Science and Technology, Space, Strategic Stability, and Militarization
Political Geography:: China, Asia, North America, and United States of America

370. Conscientious Centaurs: Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Human-Machine Teaming, and Moral Enmeshment

Author:: Jonathan Alexander
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Journal of Advanced Military Studies
Institution:: Marine Corps University Press, National Defense University
Abstract:: In modern warfare, lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) introduce artificial intelligence–enabled capabilities that may execute lethal actions without final human judgment. Their development envisions human-machine teams (HMT) that combine machine precision with human situational awareness in what has been termed “centaur warfighting.” Although some argue that autonomous weapons will shield personnel from the psychological burdens of combat, others contend that such systems risk morally distancing human operators from lethal outcomes. This article instead examines how humans may become “enmeshed” with machines within HMT sociotechnical structures, producing new forms of moral exposure and potentially contributing to morally injurious experiences at the tactical level.
Topic:: Weapons, Morality, Autonomous Weapons Systems, Human-Machine Team (HMT), and Moral Injury
Political Geography:: Global Focus

371. All Azimuth Debate: Gradual Reform or Revolution? Pathways to Global IR

Author:: Ayşe Zarakol and Ersel Aydinli
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace
Institution:: Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research
Abstract:: This forum article is based on the All Azimuth Debate held at Bilkent University on 3 October 2024. The event was organized by the Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research in cooperation with Bilkent University’s Department of International Relations. The debate was moderated by Dr. Seçkin Köstem. The forum article demonstrates the scholarly exchange between Dr. Ayşe Zarakol and Dr. Ersel Aydınlı based on the answers that they gave to Dr. Seçkin Köstem’s questions on Global International Relations (IR). This forum article features two leading scholars’ perspectives regarding the definition of Global IR, the main actors and venues for Global IR, the role of English language as the dominant academic language, the essentialism/parochialism trap and pathways for a stronger global representation for the discipline of IR.
Topic:: International Relations, Globalization, Language, and Theory
Political Geography:: Global South

372. Twisting in the Wind: The Politics of Tepid Transitions to Renewable Energy

Author:: Deniz Ünal
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: International Relations Council of Turkey (UİK-IRCT)
Abstract:: The book analyses the transition to renewable energy in Türkiye, which, according to the Bayulgen, is the country in the world that needs it the most to reduce its current account deficit, energy insecurity, and increasing environmental degradation. Chapter one is an introductory chapter and draws the general framework for the study. The main puzzle of the book is why renewable energy reforms stagnate over time despite favourable economic and technical conditions and why it is hard to increase renewable energy against fossil fuels. These questions are important to detect if the factors necessary to initiate pro-renewable policies are different from those that are necessary to sustain them. The Turkish case shows how governments can implement renewable energy reforms under external pressures to meet increasing energy demand without an ideological commitment to the environment. Therefore, clean energy reforms are not always motivated by societal demands. Once the reforms are enacted by the hand of a narrow governing circle more easily, more democracy is needed to sustain them to break the incumbent position of fossil fuel companies. Thus, the author claims that the drivers of initial reforms are crises, opportunistic elites, and concentration of power; while the drivers of sustainable reform are representative institutions and professional bureaucracy.
Topic:: Book Review, Renewable Energy, Green Transition, and Energy
Political Geography:: Turkey and Middle East

373. The Origins of European Integration: The Pre-History of Today’s European Union, 1937-1951

Author:: Hacer Soykan Adaoğlu
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Uluslararasi Iliskiler
Institution:: International Relations Council of Turkey (UİK-IRCT)
Abstract:: Looking at the history of European integration, it is well known that the post-World War II period was crucial. Although the foundations of the idea of “unity” in Europe have a much longer history, this idea took on a more concrete form in the post-war period. In this sense, the Schuman Declaration of May 9, 1950, can be considered a turning point. Apart from this step, we should of course not ignore the contribution of David Mitrany and other theoretical studies, especially those focusing on functionalism. While there is dense and comprehensive literature on the history of European integration within this framework, Mathieu Segers’ 2024 work, entitled The Origins of European Integration: The Pre-History of Today’s European Union, 1937-1951, analyzes the process from a different perspective. Focusing on the years 1937-1951, the book is almost like an archeological study. What makes it original in this sense is that it draws attention to the “American influence” in European integration, or “Americanisation” in his own words. Apart from the “Introduction” and “Conclusion”, Segers divides his work into two parts and six episodes.
Topic:: History, European Union, Book Review, and Regional Integration
Political Geography:: Europe

374. The Rise of the Authoritarian Populist Right: The Illiberal Defenders of Freedom?

Author:: Péter Krekó
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Institution:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Abstract:: In recent years, political forces promoting exclusionary, nationalist, and illiberal ideologies are undeniably on the rise—not only in authoritarian regimes, but across the democratic world as well. Symbols once believed to be buried in the past, such as the Nazi or Roman salute, have resurfaced in mainstream political movements. For instance, in 2018, members of the far- right group Generation Identity were filmed performing the Roman salute in Austria, reminiscent of historical fascist movements.1 In 2024, members of the youth wing of Italian PM Giorgia Meloni’s governing party were caught on tape making Nazi salutes.2 Similarly, far-right activists and politicians in the United States have been seen engaging in or defending such gestures, thus normalizing them in contemporary politics.3 As recently as January 2025, prominent U.S. public figures—including Elon Musk and Steve Bannon— have used the salute, only to deny it afterward. But this game only adds to the gesture’s theatrical appeal, turning it into a secret expression of one’s “true” beliefs under supposed ideological oppression. This flashy shift in symbolism has occurred alongside the growing prevalence of overtly racist and exclusionary rhetoric. In countries such as Hungary and Italy, mainstream politicians have adopted narratives that frame migrants as existential threats to national identity, often using openly racist language previously thought to be taboo. Prior to this decade, mainstream far-right parties typically used softer, more “politically correct” ethno-nationalist language, blaming certain cultural patterns and traditions (e.g., the treatment of women among Muslims) instead of making explicit references to the color of skin.4 But many politicians no longer feel the need to mask their agenda behind subtle or restrained language. For example, in July 2022, Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary, made his point clear when he declared, “We [Hungarians] are not a mixed race ... and we do not want to become a mixed race.”5 Meanwhile, in the American media, figures like journalist Tucker Carlson have promoted the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory—a set of unsubstantiated claims that the “globalists” are deliberately replacing white Americans with immigrants and people of color to erode traditional American values and deprive “old America” of political power. This theory, previously confined to the fringes of white supremacist circles, became a cornerstone of the politics of Hungary’s Viktor Orbán as an official explanation for the demographic trend in Europe. Conspiracy theories now flourish at the highest levels of political decision-making, shaping policies on immigration, public health, and election integrity, among others, in Europe and the United States.
Topic:: Authoritarianism, Populism, Right-Wing Politics, and Illiberalism
Political Geography:: Global Focus

375. Unravelling the Nexus Between Organ Trade, Transplantation, and Global Health

Author:: Saja Abusulttan, Emma K. Massey, Dennis A. Hesselink, and Frederike Ambagtsheer
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Institution:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Abstract:: Organ transplantation is a highly specialized medical practice that has saved and prolonged the lives of hundreds of thousands of patients with failing or- gans.1 Despite strong advancements in medical technologies and the increase of transplantation activities globally, there remains an alarming shortage of organs.2 The total number of transplants performed worldwide is estimated to be less than 10 percent of the global need.3Estimates suggest that 15 million organs are needed annually to meet the global demand.4 This scarcity has led to the proliferation of a global organ market that largely consists of trade in living donor kidneys.5 Although reliable figures for the trade’s scope are lacking, the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that between 3,000 and 6,000 transplants are performed illegally every year.6 With an estimated annual profit of up to $1.7 billion, the organ trade ranks amongst the top 10 most lucrative international organized criminal activities.7 The trade’s global proliferation brings forth numerous challenges for criminal justice and health policy.8 In this essay, we examine the interlinkages between the organ market, organ transplantation, and global health, and we assess the implications of these links for health policy. Our main argument is that contrary to popular depictions of the trade as an underground organized criminal network, the organ trade is a socio-medical problem that is embedded within healthcare systems. This convergence of the legal and illegal has numerous implications for health policymakers and criminal justice practitioners in limiting the organ trade and ameliorating its associated harms. In what follows, we explore this embeddedness and its implications in more detail. First, we introduce definitions of organ trade and its prohibition. Next, we describe how the global expansion of living donor kidney trans- plantation has coincided with the proliferation of illegal living donor kidney transplantations. We describe the various dimensions of this market, followed by an assessment of the trade’s associated harms. We conclude by offering reflections and recommendations for policy.
Topic:: Global Health, Policymaking, and Organ Transplants
Political Geography:: Global Focus

376. Global Health Security: Challenges and Opportunities in the Current Geopolitical Climate

Author:: Rebecca Katz
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Institution:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Abstract:: The global COVID-19 crisis and the shifting geopolitical climate are challeng- ing global cooperation in health security. New alliances amongst nations are forming: lower and middle-income country blocs are strengthening, while some nations are reorienting their disease governance away from multilateral institu- tions and towards regional entities. Meanwhile, bilateral funding in global health is drying up, and global financing mechanisms, including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (The Global Fund), Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, and the Pandemic Fund, are all competing for the same, shrinking pot of development assistance dollars. Member States of the World Health Organization agreed to the text of a new international agreement to strengthen global governance of pandemics, but the negotiations were strained by issues of equity and access to medical countermeasures—issues that will continue to be debated even after the agreement is formally adopted. All these events are reshaping the global order and challenging the future of global health security. This article reviews key components of global health security, discusses evolving disease threats, addresses recent developments in the field, and presents chal- lenges, opportunities, and predictions for the future. Global health security (GHS) must be considered as part of the broader landscape of international relations and foreign policy. This consideration is critical because the state of international politics impacts the stability of global health security. The unpredictability of world leaders, potential future vulner- abilities from cyberattacks, trade disputes, unsustainable migration flows, and continued political divisions within nations all destabilize the current world order.1 More specifically, humanitarian crises in the Middle East, ongoing con- flict between Ukraine and Russia, and escalating tensions between China and Taiwan have all shaken the foundations of international cooperation. These geopolitical tensions influence the creation and effectiveness of collaborative, multilateral health efforts.
Topic:: Security, International Cooperation, Geopolitics, Multilateralism, COVID-19, and Global Health
Political Geography:: Global Focus

377. Beyond Exceptionalism: Costa Rica in Historical and Regional Context

Author:: Carlos Alvarado Quesada, Ariana Palomo, and Michelle Alas
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Institution:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Abstract:: Carlos Alvarado Quesada served as the 48th President of the Republic of Costa Rica from May 2018 to May 2022, when his constitutionally limited term ended. Under President Alvarado’s leadership, Costa Rica contributed to global efforts to combat climate change and defended human rights, democ- racy, and multilateralism. President Alvarado is a recipient of the 2022 Planetary Leadership Award by the National Geographic Society for his outstanding commitment and action toward protecting the ocean and in September 2019 he received on behalf of his country the Champion on the Earth Award for policy leadership, presented by the United Nations Environment Program. President Alvarado’s prior government leadership service includes a tenure as Minister of Labor and Social Security (2016-2018) and as Minister of Human Development and Social Inclusion (2014–2016) and Executive President of the Joint Social Welfare Institute, responsible for implementing social protection and promoting poverty alleviation programs. Before entering politics, he worked for Procter and Gamble, Latin America.
Topic:: History, Multilateralism, Interview, Exceptionalism, and Regional Politics
Political Geography:: Latin America and Costa Rica

378. The Myth of the Monolith: The Latino Vote in U.S. Elections

Author:: María Teresa Kumar
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Institution:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Abstract:: María Teresa Kumar is the co-founder and President of Voto Latino, the nation’s largest Latino voter registration and youth advocacy organization. Under her leadership, Voto Latino has registered nearly 2 million voters, with 79 percent casting ballots. The organization has pioneered the use of technology, social media, and influencers to expand the Latino electorate in key battleground states and combat disinformation, reaching over 6 million Americans monthly. A recognized political strategist, Kumar has advised President Obama’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and serves on the National Task Force on Election Crises. She is an Emmy-nominated MSNBC analyst and serves on the boards of Steve Madden, Emily’s List, and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. A first-generation Harvard Kennedy School graduate, she has been named among Bloomberg’s 100 Influential Latinos and Washingtonian’s Top Political Influencers.
Topic:: Elections, Voting, Interview, and Latinos
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

379. The Politics of USAID

Author:: Cheryl Kamin
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Institution:: Brown Journal of World Affairs
Abstract:: Cheryl Kamin is a senior independent international health consultant. She most recently served as a Senior Infectious Disease Advisor (2018-2024) with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in the Bureau for Global Health’s Office of Infectious Diseases. She is a retired USAID Foreign Service Health Officer and has worked in the USAID Washington headquarters and overseas in USAID offices in Malawi, Russia, and Israel (working on the West Bank/Gaza portfolio). Kamin has extensive experience managing international maternal and child health programs and infectious disease prevention efforts focused on HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, and emerging threats of global health security. Prior to serving as a Foreign Service Officer, Kamin worked with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. She was a Peace Corps volunteer in Niger and has a Master’s degree in Public Policy from the University of Michigan.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Foreign Aid, Interview, and USAID
Political Geography:: North America and United States of America

380. Germany's Special Relationship with Israel and the Recent Gaza War

Author:: Müge Aknur and İbrahim Saylan
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Novus Orbis: Journal of Politics & International Relations
Institution:: Department of International Relations, Karadeniz Technical University
Abstract:: German foreign policy towards Israel has been shaped by its historical and moral responsibility stemming from the Holocaust, with German governments creating a special relationship with Israel as a fundamental aspect of the post-war German national role conception. Germany has also assigned itself the role of a protector of Israel and committed to ensuring Israel’s security as a component of Germany’s reason of state (Staatsraison). Although this support has not been absolute or limitless and Germany has, as a founding member of the European Union, aligned its foreign policies with other European countries, this special relationship has nonetheless significantly influenced German foreign policy, particularly concerning the Palestine-Israel conflict. The catastrophic Gaza war that started in October 2023 has once again tested Germany’s special relationship with Israel. Despite substantial casualties on the Palestinian side, Germany has given strong support to Israel by affirming its right to self-defense, endorsing Israel in UN resolutions, increasing its arms exports to Israel, and supporting Israel in the international arena. However, these policies have jeopardized Germany’s international image and provoked extensive criticisms of moral and strategic blindness. This article seeks to analyze the impact of the special relationship and Staatsräson on Germany’s foreign policy towards the recent Gaza war, using Kalevi Holsti’s (1970) national role conception as a conceptual framework. While not unconditional and unlimited, the recent Gaza War demonstrates that Germany’s special relationship with Israel, which has been strengthened and deepened over decades, remains intact, even in the face of harsh criticism.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Bilateral Relations, Role Conceptions, 2023 Gaza War, and Staatsraison
Political Geography:: Europe, Israel, Palestine, Gaza, and Germany

381. Examining the Cyprus Issue through the Lens of the EU’s Periodic Progress Reports on Türkiye

Author:: Yusuf Avar
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Novus Orbis: Journal of Politics & International Relations
Institution:: Department of International Relations, Karadeniz Technical University
Abstract:: This study tries to comprehend and evaluate the significance of the Cyprus problem in Türkiye’s relations with the EU. In this sense, it aims to ascertain any potential shifts in the EU’s stance towards Cyprus and to elucidate the specific issues that the EU prioritized across several periods. Therefore, the EU’s 1998-2024 (except one not prepared in 2017) progress reports have undergone content analysis. It has been observed that the Cyprus issue has been discussed in every report and this situation proves how much the EU has given its importance to the issue. Within this framework, the concept of bottom-up Europeanization has been employed as a conceptual framework to explain the EU’s stance on the Cyprus issue. It is apparent that the Greek Cyprus, with Greece’s assistance, effectively transferred the Cyprus issue to the EU level, and no EU reports criticize Greece or the Greek Cyprus for their problem-solving efforts. Rather, most reports state that Türkiye and the Turkish Cypriots are the primary causes of the issue.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Bilateral Relations, Territorial Disputes, and European Union
Political Geography:: Europe, Turkey, Middle East, Greece, and Cyprus

382. Turkish Foreign Policy in 2020s: Designed for a "Gentle Giant"?

Author:: Emre Kalay
Publication Date:: 07-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Novus Orbis: Journal of Politics & International Relations
Institution:: Department of International Relations, Karadeniz Technical University
Abstract:: Türkiye does not refrain from utilizing its hard power components to influence the conjecture in its region in the 2020s. The utilizing of hard power instruments has different levels: producing and providing military equipment to one side of the conflict as in the Ukrainian case; in addition to producing and providing military equipment, providing technical assistance as in the Nagorno-Karabakh issue and Libya; using military power to confront, standoff and deter other parties as in Eastern Mediterranean question and, conducting extraterritorial military operations as in Syria case. What makes Türkiye a gentle giant is what comes with/after the utilization of hard power. If Türkiye’s interests are considered to be satisfied with/after the usage of hard power, Turkish foreign policy starts to send messages towards peace and prosperity in the region. By doing so, it tries to ensure the countries in question that Türkiye has no interest in further violent conflict or has the ambition to violate their sovereignty.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Strategic Interests, and Hard Power
Political Geography:: Turkey, Ukraine, Middle East, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh

383. Understanding Lithuania's total defence approach in the face of Russian threat through principal–agent theory

Author:: Dovydas Rogulis
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: Identification of the principal and agent in the case study of Lithuania’s total defence approach by analysing official documents. Identification of what constitutes a total defence approach in Lithuania by scrutinising both official documents and semi-structured interviews. Determining the implementation of the total defence approach by considering official documents and semi-structured interviews. To understand the deeper context, qualitative research methods are employed. The analysis includes primary documents and semi-structured interviews, which provide the opportunity to identify casual links that may not be evident from document analysis alone. In the case study strategy, specifically focusing on the implementation of Lithuania’s total defence approach, a deeper understanding is essential, and this naturally requires the in-depth insights that the interview method can offer. Empirical data from Lithuania highlights that the misalignment is not only due to information asymmetry, shifting priorities, or weak oversight but also to differing perceptions of what total defence entails. The Lithuanian Parliament, as the principal, envisioned total defence as a broad, inclusive strategy involving all sectors of society and business. In contrast, the government and military, as agents, prioritised military professionalisation and NATO integration, treating civilian involvement as secondary. This difference in perspective led to the deprioritisation of elements, such as citizen mobilisation and resilience-building. The data also shows that inconsistent definitions of total defence among institutions hindered effective policy implementation. Thus, principal–agent theory needs to account for these perceptual differences, suggesting that misalignment can arise from interpretive differences, rather than deliberate manipulation.
Topic:: Security, Defense Policy, Military Security, and Principal-Agent Theory
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Lithuania

384. NATO enhanced forward presence in the Baltics: The nexus between the host and the framework nation

Author:: Donatas Palavenis
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: Following the events in Ukraine in 2014, North Atlantic Treaty Organization decided to strengthen its presence in three Baltic States (3B) by establishing an enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) in Estonia, led by the United Kingdom; Latvia, led by Canada; and Lithuania, led by Germany. This study examines the nexus between host nations (HNs) and the eFP framework nations (FNs) while referencing small state theories. The case study considered theoretical and analytical approaches, including classical realism, neorealism, constructivism, liberal theory, neoliberal theory, shelter theory, alliance theory, alliance shelter theory, theory of the free-riding concept of bandwagoning, strategic hedging, and the concept of neutrality to indicate small states’ behaviour and attitude towards bigger states. The more intensive nexus between FNs and HNs was evident in the 3B; however, it varied when analysing activities in military and economic fields. Empirical evidence related to the FN–HN states’ pair led to different theoretical considerations. The study’s outcome suggests that an individual bespoke approach towards the 3B’s is required. The alliance and alliance shelter theories should be regarded as the most appropriate, albeit not explicitly corresponding with first-hand findings.
Topic:: NATO, International Security, Alliance, Economic Security, and Small States
Political Geography:: Europe and Baltic States

385. Crowdsourcing for security in the age of hybrid threats

Author:: Imre Dobák
Publication Date:: 03-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: The study explores emerging forms of crowdsourcing solutions in cyberspace for security and national security purposes. It aims to systematise the main types of crowdsourcing solutions that involve civilian participation and contribute to the overall security of society in an increasingly broader context. The study begins with international examples of crowdsourcing, which can be visible in various areas of security. Identifying their specific features as they appear on open platforms helps to frame and examine the issue. Nowadays, the multitude of international security conflicts and processes indicate that the use of information and communications technology tools available at the individual level can effectively support the (national) security use of knowledge and expertise available in a distributed manner as a concentrated resource. The examples examined in this study indicate that the crowdsourcing approach can play a significant role in security and national security strategies across various areas. However, the adoption and effectiveness of crowdsourcing solutions in the voluntary contribution of individuals to security will undoubtedly be influenced by the nature of security events and the open involvement of members of society.
Topic:: Intelligence, National Security, Cybersecurity, Information Technology, Hybrid Threats, and Crowdsourcing
Political Geography:: Global Focus

386. Artificial intelligence as a moral agent: regulatory implications and a relational–contextual extension of Moor’s classification

Author:: Maciej Czyszczoń
Publication Date:: 12-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: This paper reassesses the regulatory value of James Moor’s four-level typology of machine morality, considering the European Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) and the forthcoming European Union (EU) liability directives. It asks whether Moors categories—ethical impact, implicit, explicit, and full moral agents—still capture the morally relevant properties of today’s generative, adaptive AI, and, if not, whether adding a relational−contextual dimension can better anticipate responsibility gaps. To address this gap, we introduce a novel relational–contextual dimension and a three-factor Responsibility Index (RI₃) that refines Moor’s typology by cross-classifying AI systems according to complexity, autonomy, and behavioural predictability for regulatory use. Adopting a strictly conceptual design, the study combines analytic philosophy with illustrative comparisons drawn from recent EU policy debates and high-profile incidents. It refines key terms, tests their coherence against statutory risk tiers, and distils the analysis into a three-factor matrix—complexity, autonomy, and predictability—that can be operationalised by lawmakers. The evaluation confirms that Moor’s typology remains a valuable baseline for distinguishing between passive and decision-making artefacts. Nevertheless, it also highlights how moral accountability is distributed within socio-technical networks. The proposed relational−contextual dimension, in conjunction with the regulatory matrix, aligns more closely with the AI Act’s risk logic and highlights scenarios in which moral agency is effectively delegated to the system. Moor’s framework should be retained but augmented: only by integrating relational criteria can legislators close emerging accountability gaps surrounding large-scale, autonomous AI. The matrix offers a pragmatic tool for aligning philosophical insight with concrete legal duties.
Topic:: Security, Regulation, Artificial Intelligence, Moor's Typology, Relational Agency, and European Union
Political Geography:: Global Focus and Europe

387. Moscow’s African relations: Unveiling Russia’s strategy in Africa and its impact on global politics

Author:: Seun Bamidele
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: This paper aims to investigate Russia’s growing involvement in African affairs and understand how its actions are shaped by broader geopolitical calculations. The research also seeks to assess the implications of this engagement for global peace and security. To achieve these objectives, the study employs case studies and geopolitical analysis as its primary methodological tools. It focuses on key African regions -North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Sahel region to examine Russia’s strategic goals and how they are pursued through specific initiatives and partnerships. This approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the regional variations and broader patterns in Russia’s African strategy. The findings reveal that over the past decade, Russia has significantly expanded its presence in Africa through a multifaceted strategy, which includes economic investments, military cooperation, and diplomatic outreach. By analysing Russia’s activities in the areas such as natural resource investments, military alliances, and political partnerships, the study identifies a clear alignment between Russia’s regional actions and global geopolitical ambitions. These engagements underscore a deliberate effort by Russia to reassert itself as a global power while reshaping the balance of influence in Africa. The study concludes that Russia’s strategic calculus in Africa is complex and deeply intertwined with its broader foreign policy goals. Its growing influence on the continent has significant implications for Africa’s political and economic development, as well as for international relations, in broad terms. By offering a comprehensive analysis of Russia’s strategies, the study enhances our understanding of the evolving dynamics of global power competition and the shifting geopolitical landscape.
Topic:: International Relations, Foreign Policy, International Security, Geopolitics, and Regional Stability
Political Geography:: Africa and Russia

388. Analysis of the power of drones and limitations of the anti-drone solutions on the Russian-Ukrainian battlefield

Author:: Mohamed Zied Chaari
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: The recent and rapid growth of low-cost, sophisticated drones, along with the associated technological challenges, is a notable feature of warfare tactics. As the Russians and Ukrainians become more dependent on these cost-effective yet crude drones, they establish a new battlefield characterised by high efficacy and low cost. Both Russian and Ukrainian forces launch drones to target each other. Drones locate their targets, perhaps with low efficacy, but they can cause significant destruction. Drones can destroy and carbonise tanks, which cost about $4 million each. However, the unit price of drones does not exceed $1,000. The limitations and ineffectiveness of most anti-drone devices currently on the market, including lasers, high-power microwaves, and radio frequency jammers, are evident in the increasing ubiquity of drones. This case study suggests that current counter-drone technologies are unable to neutralise kamikaze and weaponised drones on both sides. As a result of these failures, Russian and Ukrainian forces employ new technologies, such as metal grids and nylon net barriers, which are effective in destroying and stopping drones to some extent. This article presents a case study involving the reliance on drones by both warring sides, who have also been utilising anti-drone tactics since February 2022. The work investigates the solutions currently available to both adversaries for reducing the impact of weaponised drones on the battlefield. This study evaluates them and demonstrates how their inherent drawbacks could motivate the development of new strategies and countermeasures against armed drones.
Topic:: Security, Defense Policy, Geopolitics, Weapons, Drones, and Russia-Ukraine War
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Ukraine

389. The hero in military education and media narrative: Possibilities of development of values by media education

Author:: Pedro C. Magalhães
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: From the perspective of imaginary studies, as manifested in diverse mythologies, the hero is the one who seeks to prove personal value in the face of hostile conditions, confronting apparently invincible opponents to defend people and/or communities. In this regard, we investigated whether the construction of the hero figure in media narratives is congruent with the archetype of the hero as manifested in the military model of professional training, which is based on tradition and the ethics of sacrifice, from the point of view of military ethos. The research method involves bibliographical research and an analysis of media narratives, which led to an elaborate set of guidelines for carrying out media education in the armed forces (in military training courses) to foster the military ethos. This research concludes that the concept of the hero was transformed after the Cold War, giving rise to the anti-hero, who does not defend collective values but contrasts with the figure of the hero typical of military culture. Considering the characteristics of new generations and the current challenges of media culture, this work proposes some guidelines for developing military values through media culture: role-playing exercises, production of media on historical figures, and analysis of moral dilemmas based on historical and fictional narratives. The use of narratives includes, but goes beyond, educational approaches focusing on media skills, since, in addition to promoting skills aimed at understanding and producing media messages, such narratives also emphasise the methodologies and techniques aimed at developing students’ ethics and vision of the world with regard to military training courses.
Topic:: Education, Media, Narrative, Heroism, and Military
Political Geography:: Global Focus

390. Theoretical foundation of a proposed methodology and analysis framework for political instability risk assessment

Author:: Zisis Kyrgos and Ippokratis Daskalakis
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: The last decade has seen the most cases of political instability and internal security incidents among all the decades of the 20th and 21st centuries so far. This fact alone indicates a necessity to address the factors contributing to the phenomenon in a way prospectively usable in decision and policy-making procedures. An analysis methodology taking into consideration the factors contributing to such cases would be a valuable tool to achieve the above necessity. Consequently, the objective of this research is to specify these factors. The methodology used to determine these factors involves a case study of historical cases of internal state unrest and instability. Fifteen cases were selected for analysis at random, based on the data obtained from the Uppsala Conflict Data Programme. The cases selected were analysed based on the parties involved in the conflict, the conflict’s historical and political contexts, factors contributing to its occurrence according to relevant bibliography, actions taken by the rival groups, potential external involvement in the conflict, and other points of interest relevant to the study. The factors determined include the social entity’s relative size, denial of rights, information flow, geography, leadership, means of projecting power, environmental conditions, repression/freedom of action, and triggering event. The above factors were cross-referenced with different theories relevant to the subject under examination.
Topic:: Security, National Security, Instability, and Risk Assessment
Political Geography:: Global Focus

391. Anchoring NATO’s eastern flank: A neoclassical realist analysis of Romania’s Black Sea policy and its strategic interaction with Turkey

Author:: Zoltán Lechner
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: This study addresses two specific objectives. First, it aims to examine Romania’s foreign and security policy towards the Black Sea region and explain how and why Bucharest’s position in regional power dynamics has changed over time. Second, it aims to describe how Romania’s and Turkey’s strategic perspectives on the Black Sea relate to each other. The paper employs a qualitative, theory-informed case study methodology to examine Romania’s foreign and security policy in the Black Sea region. This is complemented by a comparative foreign policy analysis to explore the relationship between Romania’s and Turkey’s strategic perspectives. Accordingly, the research design integrates both single-case analysis and paired comparison to capture the dynamics of strategic regional interaction. Using the theory of neoclassical realism, the paper describes Romania’s strategic initiatives in the Black Sea region, explains how structural and domestic influences have shaped Bucharest’s foreign and security policy, and examines the complex relationship between the regional strategies of Romania and Turkey, by identifying the common and divergent interests of the two states. Romania’s Black Sea policy has been shaped by both external variables—structural power dynamics affecting the region—as well as internal variables—elite perceptions and the shifting dynamics of domestic politics. The relationship between the Black Sea strategies of Romania and Turkey can be described as a mixture of convergence, rooted in common security interests, and divergence, fuelled by distinct threat perceptions, domestic political dynamics, and regional ambitions.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, NATO, International Security, and Regional Politics
Political Geography:: Russia, Turkey, Romania, and Black Sea

392. Initiatives to prevent radicalisation in Spanish and French educational establishments

Author:: Ryszard Maciej Machnikowski
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: The radicalisation of young people leading to extremism is considered a serious security challenge in Europe. As the case of the foiled attack at the Taylor Swift concert in Vienna shows, this phenomenon can occur anywhere. In response to this challenge, Western European countries have developed a number of prevention projects targeting young people. This article presents and analyses the main educational initiatives implemented in France and Spain designed to reduce the risk of children and young people being radicalised and influenced by extremist ideologies. The data necessary for the preparation of this text were collected during study visits to France (Paris) and Spain (Madrid, Salamanca, Barcelona, and Malaga), which took place between 2020 and 2023. During the visits, we carried out numerous queries and in-depth interviews with French and Spanish experts dealing with the issues analysed. The article points out the importance of cooperation among state security institutions, the educational sector, and families at risk of radicalisation as well as the need for the coordination of various preventive measures. Due to the differences in the political systems of France and Spain, the former adopted a strategy of developing and implementing deradicalisation and prevention activities at the central level, while in Spain, preference was given to the regional and local levels for the execution of such projects.
Topic:: Education, Radicalization, Assessment, and Violence Prevention
Political Geography:: Europe, France, and Spain

393. Collaboration among NATO’s defence innovators: Lessons from Poland

Author:: Ryan Atkinson
Publication Date:: 09-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Security and Defence Quarterly
Institution:: War Studies University
Abstract:: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is responding to security challenges arising from emerging technologies by leveraging national and multilateral innovation networks to strengthen collective defence and accelerate technological adaptation. NATO partnerships provide a research scope encompassing key policy developments on specific technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomy, quantum, and data. Poland’s innovation ecosystem is analysed to highlight how public–private partnerships with NATO promote alliance-wide strategic objectives aligned with national innovation networks. This comparative case study analyses NATO’s Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA) and the national innovation networks of allies, as demonstrated by the case of Poland. Data was gathered from policy documents, industry reports, and other publicly available sources. Poland’s proactive innovation strategy is a model for utilising local strengths to tackle global security concerns and test facilities and accelerator programmes under NATO DIANA. Poland’s innovation model provides a significant case study that offers valuable insights for future research and development. Combating the challenges posed by evolving technologies requires adaptable security measures, demonstrated by various examples from Poland’s local accelerators and test centres. NATO’s approach, involving industry partnerships and defence innovation, provides a model for other allies. The case of innovation in Poland provides a generalisable methodology for studying other national approaches to innovation aligned with the NATO accelerators.
Topic:: Security, Defense Policy, NATO, Science and Technology, and Innovation
Political Geography:: Europe and Poland

394. USSR-Africa Relations in the 1970s and 1980s: An Analytical Proposal of Motivations, Conditioning Elements and Impacts

Author:: Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Visentini
Publication Date:: 10-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Institution:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Abstract:: The actuality of the theme of USSR relations with African countries in the 1970s and 1980s is grounded in the revision of a dimension of the mainstream historiography of the Cold War and in the current Russia-Africa interaction, which has deeper roots, essential for its comprehension. The USSR-Africa relations constitute a historiographical gap, dominated by subtly instrumental works produced in the context of the late escalation of the Cold War on the continent. Within this framework, the present text is based on ongoing research. In two previous articles, here taken as a starting point, the focus was on the African Revolutions of the 1970s and 1980s, followed by the analysis of African Marxist Military Regimes during the same period. From this point forth, relevant matters emerged, such as the profile of the relations between the Second and Third Worlds, and the doubling of the number of self-proclaimed socialist states with a Marxist-Leninist orientation, all of which emerged in the periphery (rising from 14 to 30). Two-thirds of these new regimes were African. In this context, the present article examines the Soviet Union (USSR) relations with the African States that were its allies in the 1970s and 1980s. The analysis focuses on the reciprocal motivations, the conditioning elements and the resulting impacts and legacies. This process gained significance belatedly, within a short period of two decades (1969-89), targeting a limited number of countries, yet it was intense (sometimes motivated by Cuba) and had a considerable impact on the transformation of Africa. It is argued that African nations were not “pawns” of the Cold War in their cooperation with Moscow, nor that the USSR pursued a systemic project of “exporting the revolution” or a geopolitical Grand Design for Africa (Coker 1985)
Topic:: International Relations, Foreign Policy, History, Socialism/Marxism, Geopolitics, and Soviet Union
Political Geography:: Africa and Soviet Union

395. Mapping Algeria's Foreign Policy in Africa Through Complex Network Analysis: Security and Energy Dynamics (2019-2025)

Author:: Mourad Benguita
Publication Date:: 10-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Institution:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Abstract:: In recent years, Africa has emerged as a pivotal space of geopolitical realignment, strategic competition, and region-wide integration experiments. The continent’s growing significance is fueled by its energy potential, evolving security configurations, and the multiplication of cross-border infrastructure and connectivity initiatives. As states navigate this increasingly interdepen-dent environment, foreign policies have shifted from traditional bilateralism to more fluid and multi-layered forms of engagement, including overlapping alliances, regional corridors, and transnational institutional frameworks.Within this continental transformation, Algeria has embarked on a recalibrated foreign policy, particularly since 2019. Internally, the Hirak pro-test movement and the subsequent reconfiguration of the political order ushe-red in demands for a more assertive and diversified external policy posture. Externally, Algeria has faced growing competition over African influence, particularly from regional rivals like Morocco, which has reasserted itself diplomatically across the continent, and from global powers, both traditional (France and the EU) and emerging (China, Russia, Turkey and Gulf states). This dual pressure has compelled Algeria to adopt a more proactive and systemic approach to its African policy.
Topic:: Security, Foreign Policy, Geopolitics, Energy, Regional Politics, and Network Analysis
Political Geography:: Africa, Algeria, and North Africa

396. Françafrique, Neocolonialism and the Political Economy of Coups d'État in the Franc Zone (2020-2023)

Author:: Mussa Jau and Karine de Souza Silva
Publication Date:: 10-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Institution:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Abstract:: In recent years, Francophone African countries have been the scene of coups d’état launched by the military class dissatisfied with the regimes in power between 2020 and 2023. With the events that occurred in Mali, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Niger and Guinea-Conakry, it was possible to observe some similarities in the justifications invoked by the protagonists of the coups, such as: economic depression, insecurity or the lack of progress in the fight against terrorism, corruption and, last but not least, the fight against economic imperialism and French neocolonialism on the continent.The population appears to be aligned with the ideals of the current military regimes and demonstrates its discontent with France’s track record of diplomatic, military, and economic activity on the continent. Consequently, incisive demonstrations were organized in front of French embassies in practically all affected territories — in which the population demanded the expulsion of the French diplomatic corps, the withdrawal of African countries from the Franc Zone3, and consequently the deinstitutionalization of the CFA Franc4, delimited here as the object of the research.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Political Economy, Coup, Regional Politics, and Neocolonialism
Political Geography:: Africa, Europe, France, Mali, Niger, Gabon, Burkina Faso, and Guinea-Conakry

397. Pan-African-Foreign Policy Theory: A Conceptual Significance of Foreign Policy Analysis Within Policy Agenda Setting for Africa

Author:: Chris Landsberg, Sandile Moloi, and Oscar Van Heerden
Publication Date:: 10-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Institution:: Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Abstract:: This article claims that Pan-Africanism Foreign Policy Theory is about Africa’s states’ foreign policy. This claim and theory have not been developed before. The closest argument to our Pan-Africanism Foreign Policy Theory is the writing in 2009 by McDougal (2009), which contends that, as the continental states and its premier integration bodies seek to craft a new-Pan-Africanism, African foreign policies should be based on three aspects: cultural and political unity; Afro-centric development, and the Afri-can conceptualisation of Ubuntu. We lay further claim that Pan-Africanism is rarely analysed by reviewing the goals pursued by states, specifically those of security, prosperity, and world reorganisation. This paper aims to make a constructive contribution to the overall literature by examining Pan-Africanism as African foreign policy, given that little has been written about it from this viewpoint.
Topic:: Security, Foreign Policy, Economics, Pan-Africanism, and Regional Politics
Political Geography:: Africa

398. Women’s Rights in Islam: The Responsibility for Women’s Education

Author:: Norany Sman, Ke Sambo, and Harth Bunhe
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Review of Human Rights
Institution:: Society of Social Science Academics (SSSA)
Abstract:: Generalizations about Islam and human rights in Islam are seen replete in today's media, especially the misconceptions on Muslim women's rights. With an emphasis on the historical, theological, and social aspects of women's access to knowledge in Islamic tradition, this paper aims to explore the rights and obligations of women in Islam regarding education. It also discusses the harmony between women's rights to education and the value of the obligation of being nurturers and caretakers within the family. The paper highlights the continued necessity for efforts toward gender equality in education from an Islamic perspective while also taking into account the difficulties and advancements in women's education in nations with a majority of Muslims.
Topic:: Education, Islam, Religion, Women, and Muslims
Political Geography:: Global Focus

399. The Red Door: Blood and soil between Italy and Pakistan

Author:: Lorenzo Rinelli
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Review of Human Rights
Institution:: Society of Social Science Academics (SSSA)
Abstract:: This article advances the assertion that in Italy, the transition from economic citizenship to social and political citizenship remains unresolved. By employing a critical legal studies approach, I intend to discuss the social dysfunctions of the current Italian citizenship law by going back to the tragic fate of Saman Abbasandthe dynamics of isolation and marginalization of migrant communities in the multimillion-dollar agri-food Italian industry. This move entailsa historical and legal excursus on Italian migrationdynamics that close in on recent attempts toattunecitizenship laws toItalian societyin the context of contemporary global capitalism.
Topic:: Race, Immigration, Citizenship, Gender, and Agri-food
Political Geography:: Pakistan, Europe, South Asia, and Italy

400. Soviet Nationality Conflict: Structural Legacies and Ethnic Conflicts and in the Post-Soviet Space

Author:: Marco Marsili
Publication Date:: 02-2025
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Review of Human Rights
Institution:: Society of Social Science Academics (SSSA)
Abstract:: This article examines how Soviet nationalities policy shaped post-Soviet ethnic conflicts. It argues that Soviet ethnofederalism—while promoting nominal autonomy—entrenched ethnic identities and borders, enabling later fragmentation. Using a structural-historical approach, it traces continuities in institutions, elite networks, and symbolic geographies from the USSR to contemporary disputes. Case studies from Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Nagorno-Karabakh show how autonomy structures fostered secessionist mobilization. Crimea and Donbas illustrate how Russia has revived Soviet-era institutions and narratives for geopolitical aims. The study reconceptualizes Soviet federalism as a legacy regime, highlighting durable path dependency in identity, legitimacy, and violence, and challenging collapse-as-rupture narratives in favor of continuity in post-imperial politics.
Topic:: Genocide, Human Rights, Migration, Ethnic Cleansing, State Building, Soviet Union, Post-Soviet Space, and Nationality
Political Geography:: Russia and Soviet Union

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS