Numbering British Contention, 1758-1834

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESCRIPTIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF DATABASE HEADINGS
   1. GGID
   2. COUNTY
   3. TOWN
   4. PARISH
   5. PLACE
   6. ISSUE
   7. DESCRIPTION
   8. SOURCE
   9. PAGE NUMBER
3. PREVIOUS REPORTS OF THE RESEARCH
4. DATABASE DISPLAY: THE YEAR 1780

I. INTRODUCTION

In the period between 1758 and 1834 repertoires of contention in Britain changed from parochial, particular, and bifurcated to cosmopolitan, modular, and autonomous. In other words, eighteenth century actions "that included a good deal of ceremonial, street theater, deployment of strong visual symbols, and destruction of symbolically charged objects" through the course of time lost their relative predominance and instead "demonstrations, strikes, rallies, public meetings, and similar forms of public interaction came to prevail during the nineteenth century." ₁ These new routines for the eighteenth century contentious events are the ones that ordinary people in the United States and Western Europe still to this date principally employ to make claims. This conclusion merges from a systematic study of more than 8,000 contentious gatherings, in Southern England (1758-1820) and Great Britain as a whole (1828-1834). ₂

Research groups at the Center for Research on Social Organization (University of Michigan) and the Center for Studies of Social Change (New School for Social Research), working under Charles Tilly's direction, assembled the central catalog of 8,088 CGs from systematic reading of seven periodicals. In order to identify biases in the catalog, they made a number of comparisons with a) regional newspapers, b) Home Office county correspondence, and c) published historical analyses. ₃ As part of effort c), members of the research group enumerated CGs in 24 standard books on British history. ₄ About a fifth, of the CGs described in those books matched CGs in the central catalog. What is more, the 24 standard books include CGs which transpired in years and regions not covered in the central catalog. Among other efforts, the group produced a machine-readable life containing brief descriptions of both 1) the 8,088 CGs in the basic catalog and 2) 840 additional CGs mentioned in the books but not included in the central catalog. ₅ This report describes the machine readable file, currently lodged in RBase. At CSSC, the RBase file bears the name Master and can be found under the subdirectory Gbsplus.

The information contained in this database can prove indispensable to students of contentious politics, as well as students of eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain. However, one should be aware of the database's limitations. For example, the data begin with the year 1758, a year in the midst of the Seven Years War, mainly because it seemed the first year form which the group of researchers could assemble broad evidence comparable to evidence available for later years. Another limitation is that all CGs derived from the central database between 1758 and 1820 cover Southeastern England. Finally, Roger Wells who has investigated local records of conflict between 1793 and 1801 would remind us that "The press, even at the end of the eighteenth century, is an inconclusive source." ₆

If we are looking for a comprehensive document that covers every CG in Britain during the period, then this database will prove rather unsatisfactory. The strength of this database is not utter completeness; it cannot answer every possible question about contentious politics of the period; and it remains hostage of its sources and their biases. Nevertheless, the database includes many thousands of CGs never reported in the standard historical literature of the period, and can prove useful in bridging historical gaps when used concurrently with other historical works and into context of particular places, periods, groups, and social settings. Despite the limitations, scrutiny of contentious gatherings has large advantages over other possible means of analyzing popular collective interaction. It provides a way to make comparable observations over substantial chunks of space, time, and social situation, and therefore to facilitate identification of differences among places, periods, and settings. Because many individuals and groups appear in multiple gatherings at different times, following them from event to event helps trace changes in the behavior of individuals and groups. The information included in this database works better in comparison than in description, in social change rather than in static and close examination of a moment, in relation to other events and processes rather than collective interaction itself. Each entry answers in brief terms the questions when, where, how, and why the collective gathering at hand took place. It provides us with information on the participants, the claims they made, and in many cases the object of the claims. Finally, the database tells us the source of each entry.

Possible uses of this database include: the enumeration of certain events and types of contention over periods of time, by region, place, issue, or action; its function as a bibliographical source of British contentious politics from 1758 to 1834; and its utility as a contextual tool in order to narrate and analyze certain actions such as strikes, religious claims, or resentment against government policy in the time and space that the data set covers.

The rest of this working paper will describe the various fields and abbreviations that appear in the database display the sources from which the database was derived, list previous reports of the research, and finally, exhibit a small part of it. ₇

II. DESCRIPTIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF DATABASE HEADINGS

There are 9 different headings in this database. This part of the paper will explain in detail what each of the headings means, decipher the various abbreviations, and when necessary present examples of the type of information contained.

HEADINGS

1. cgid. This consists of truncated year, month, day, and sequence number, with 00 = unknown. For example, the cgid number 780 01 21 02 represents: the year 1780 (780), the month of January (01), the 21st of January (21), and the second event the database researchers were able to identify that data (02). ₈ Similarly, the cgid number 780030401 represents the first event identified in March 4, 1780. ₉

The database includes 8,088 collective gatherings from the general catalog derived from periodicals for the following years: 1758, 1759, 1768, 1769, 1780, 1781, 1789, 1795, 1801, 1807, 1811, 1819, and 1820 for the Southeast of Britain (Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent Counties) mentioned in any of four publications (Gentleman's Magazine, the Annual Register, the London Chronicle, and, from 1789 onward, the Times of London); 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, and 1834 for the whole of Great Britain (England, Scotland, or Wales) mentioned in any of seven publications (Gentleman's Magazine, the Annual Register, the Morning Chronicle, the Times, Mirror of Parliament, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, Votes and Proceedings of Parliament).

There are also machine-readable descriptions of 840 additional collective gatherings from 1758 through 1834 (including years and regions not presented at the general catalog), absent from the GBS general catalog but identified in 24 standard books of British history. ₁₀

2. County. This heading indicates the county that the mentioned collective gathering took place. The counties are listed in a truncated from (four characters, for example, CORN stands for Cornwall, DEVN for Devon and so on). The county codes and county names are the following (standardized to the 1831 Census):

COUNTIES OF ENGLAND

BEDF

Bedford

BERK

Berkshire

BUCK

Buckingham

CAMB

Cambridge

CHES

Chester/Chesire

CORN

Cornwall

CUMB

Cumberland

DERB

Derby

DEVN

Devon

DORS

Dorset

DURM

Durham

ESSX

Essex

GLOU

Glouchester

HANT

Southampton/Hants

HERE

Hereford

HERT

Hertford

HUNT

Huntingdon

KENT

Kent

LANC

Lancaster/Lancashire

LEIC

Leicester

LINC

Lincoln

MIDD

Middlesex

MONM

Monmouth

NORF

Norfolk

NORH

Northampton

NORT

Northumberland

NOTT

Nottingham

OXFO

Oxford

RUTL

Rutland

SALO

Salop/Shropshire

SOME

Somerset

STAF

Stafford

SUFF

Suffolk

SURR

Surrey

SUSS

Sussex

WARW

Warwick

WEST

Westmorland

WILT

Wiltshire

WORC

Worcester

YSER

York, East Riding

YSNR

York, North Riding

YSWR

York, West Riding

COUNTIES OF WALES

ANGL

Anglesey

BREC

Brecon/Brecknock

CARN

Carnarvon

CARD

Cardigan

CARM

Carmarthen

DENB

Denbigh

FLIN

Flint

GLAM

Glamorgan

MERI

Merioneth

MONT

Montgomery

PEMB

Pembroke

RADN

Radnor

COUNTIES OF SCOTLAND

ABER

Aberdeen

ARGY

Argyle

AYRS

Ayr

BANF

Banff

BERW

Berwick

BUTE

Bute

CAIT

Caithness

CLAC

Clackmannan

DUMF

Dumfries

DUMB

Dumbarton

HADD

Haddington/East Lothian

FIFE

Fife

FORF

Forfar/Angus

INVE

Inverness

KINC

Kincardine

KINR

Kinross

KIRK

Kirkcudbright

LANA

Lanark

EDIN

Edinburgh/Midlothian

ELGN

Elgin/Moray

NAIR

Nairn

ORKN

Orkney and Shetland

PEEB

Peebles

PERT

Perth

RENF

Renfrew

ROSS

Ross and Cromarty

ROXB

Roxburgh

SELK

Selkirk

SHET

Shetland

STIR

Stirling

SUTH

Sutherland

LINL

Linlithgow/West Lothian

WIG

Wigtown

COUNTY BOUNDARIES OF GREAT BRITAIN BEFORE 1974

3. Town. This heading indicates the town or the city (London, Wigan, Aberdeen etc) at which the collective gathering took place. It is always spelled out.

4. Parish. Whenever possible and applicable the parish (George, St, the Martyr, St. Mary Le-Bone etc) at which the collective gathering took place is included in this category. However, in most cases, the parish has not been recorded.

5. Place. This category indicates the location at which the collective gathering took place. It may be the name of the street, a public office, a field, a river, a store, a tavern, a ship, an open area, and so on. The combination of county, town, parish and place, usually reveals the location of the event with great accuracy.

6. Issue. Under this heading we find the major theme of claims participants made. It includes mutiny, opposition to laws, support for the king, anti-catholic sentiments, claims of strikers, and so on.

Let us look at the year 1780. From the standard historical literature we know that Lord North is the chief minister, and that Britain was fighting against the revolution in North America. In a year of low prices but rising taxes (as the trend had been), London's contention was dominated by Lord George Gordon's anti-Catholic Protestant Association. From the information displayed in the database we find that in the month of June the issue that dominated contention was the Popish Bill (or the Catholic Bill) and the opposition that it produced. Entries such as "Catholics Anti/Property Destruction," indicate attacks of the anti-Catholic Protestant organization against Catholics and what was considered as their property.

7. Description. This category includes the description of the collective event. For example, petitions to bodies of government, crowds breaking windows of non illuminators, strikes, and so on are described with a sentence or two which gives us an idea of what happened.

In June, 1780, descriptions such as "Crowd demolishes Catholic Church, priest's house, soldiers ineffective," are self-explanatory, and rather exact when combined with the issue, geographical area, and date.

8. Source. Under this heading we find the written source of the collective gathering. GBS means Great Britain Study. The sources of these collective gatherings are the periodicals listed at the cgid description in page 3. On the other hand, the rest of the sources are books. Looking back at the sample presented in page two we find that the source of the first collective gathering is JS. This means that the source is John Stevenson's Popular Disturbances in England. The books used for this task are the following (next to each author's name the abbreviation as it appears in the database will be given in parenthesis):

Belchem, John. (JBO) "Orator" Hunt: Henry Hunt and Working Class Radicalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

Bohstedt, John. (JBR) Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790-1810. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1983.

Bradley, James. (JB) Popular Politics and the American Revolution in England: Petitions, the Crown, and Public Opinion. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1986.

Brewer, John. (JBR) Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Carter, Michael J. (MC) Peasants and Poachers: A Study in Rural Disorder in Norfolk. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 1980.

Darvall, Frank O. (FD) Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934.

Flick, Carlos. (CF) The Birmingham Political Union and the Movements for Reform in Britain, 1830-1839. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books, 1978.

Foster, John. (JF) Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three Towns. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.

Goodwin, Albert. (AG) The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Hammond, J. L. and Barbara Hammond. (JH1) The Town Labourer, 1760-1832. London: Longmans, 1917.

Hammond, J. L. and Barbara Hammond. (JH2) The Skilled Labourer, 1760-1832. London: Longmans, 1920.

Hammond, J. L. and Barbara Hammond. (JH3) The Village Labourer, 1760-1832. London: Longmans, 1920.

Harrison, Mark. (MH) Crowds and History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790-1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Hayter, Anthony. (AH) The Army and the Crowd in Mid-Georgian England. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978.

Kirby, R. G. and A. E. Musson. (RK) The Voice of the People: John Doherty, 1798-1854. Manchester: Manchester University, 1975.

Logue, Kenneth. (KL) Popular Disturbances in Scotland, 1780-1815. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979.

Peacock, A. J. (AP) Bread and Blood: The Agrarian Riots in East Anglia, 1816. London: Gollancz, 1971.

Prothero, lorwerth. (IP) Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London: John Gast and His Times. Folkestone: Dawson, 1979.

Reany, Bernard. (BR) The Class Struggle in Nineteenth-Century Oxfordshire: The Social and Communal Background to the Otmoor Disturbances of 1830 to 1835. History Workship Pamphlets, 3. Oxford: History Workshop.

Rowe, D. J. (DR) London Radicalism, 1830-1843: A Selection from the Papers of Francis Place. Chatham, Kent: W. and J. Mackay. Published for London Record Society.

Rudé, George. (GR) Wilkes and Liberty. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.

Shelton, Walter J. (WS) English Hunger and Industrial Disorders: A Study of Social Conflict during the First Decade of George III's Reign. London: Macmillan, 1973.

Stevenson, John. (JS) Popular Disturbances in England, 1700-1870. London: Longman, 1992.

Thompson, E. P. (EPT) The Making of the English Working Class. London: Gollancz, 1963.

9. Page Number. This denotes the page number of the book (from the above list) at which the contentious gathering is mentioned.

III. PREVIOUS REPORTS OF THE RESEARCH

1. Books and chapters in books.

Brown, Brian. "Industrial Capitalism, Conflict, and Working-Class Contention in Lacanshire 1842." In Class Conflict and Collective Action, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Charles Tilly, 111-41. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981.

Munger, Frank. "Contentious Gatherings in Lancashire, England, 1750-1830." In Class Conflict and Collective Action, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Charles Tilly, 73-109. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981.

Steinberg, Marc W. "The Roar of the Crowd: Repertoires of Discourse and Collective Action among the Spitalfields Silk Weavers in Nineteenth-Century London." In Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action, ed. Mark Traugott, 57-87. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Tilly, Charles. "Collective Action in England and America, 1765-1775." In Tradition, Conflict, and Modernization: Perspectives on the American Revolution, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher and Richard Maxwell Brown, 45-72. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

Tilly, Charles. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley, 1978.

Tilly, Charles. "Repertoires of Contention in America and Britain, 1750-1830." In The Dynamics of Social Movements, ed. Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, 126-155. Cambridge Mass: Winthrop, 1979.

Tilly, Charles. "The Web of Contention in Eighteenth Century Cities." In Class Conflict and Collective Action, ed. Louise A. Tilly and Charles Tilly, 27-51. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981.

Tilly, Charles. "Britain Creates the Social Movement." In Social Conflict and the Political Order in Modern Britain, ed. James Cronin and Jonathan Schneer, 21-51. London: Croom Helm, 1982.

Tilly, Charles. "De Londres (1768) à Paris (1788)." In Mouvements populaires et conscience sociale, SVIe-XIXe siècles, ed. Jean Nicolas, 175-84. Paris: Maloine, 1985.

Tilly, Charles. "Collective Violence in European Perspective." In Violence in America, vol. 2, ed. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, 83-118. Newbury Park: Sage, 1989.

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834." In Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action, ed. Mark Traugott, 15-42. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Tilly, Charles. Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995.

2. Published articles.

Munger, Frank. "Measuring Repression of Popular Protest by English Judges of the Peace in the Industrial Revolution." Historical Methods 12 (Spring 1979): 76-83.

Munger, Frank. "Suppression of Popular Gatherings in England, 1800-1830." American Journal of Legal History 25 (1981): 111-40.

Schweitzer, R. A. "A Study of Contentious Gatherings in Early Nineteenth-Century Great Britain." Historical Methods 12 (Summer 1979): 123-7.

Schweitzer, R. A. and Steven C. Simmons. "Interactive, Direct-Entry Approaches to Contentious Gathering Event Files." Social Science History 5 (Summer 1981): 317-42.

Tilly, Charles. "Proletarianization and Rural Collective Action in East Anglia and Elsewhere, 1500-1900." Peasant Studies 10 (Fall 1982): 5-34.

Tilly, Charles. "Speaking Your Mind without Elections, Surveys, or Social Movements." Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (Winter 1983): 461-78.

Tilly, Charles. "Les origines du répertoire de l'action collective contemporaine en France et en Grande Bretagne." Vingtième Siecle 4 (1984): 89-108.

Tilly, Charles. "European Violence and Collective Action since 1700." Social Research 53 (Spring 1986): 159-84.

Tilly, Charles. "GBS + GCL = ?" Connections 10 (Summer 1987): 94-105.

Tilly, Charles. "The Analysis of Popular Collective Action." European Journal of Operational Research 30 (1987): 223-9.

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Social Science History 17 (Summer 1993): 253-80.

Tilly, Charles. "Social Movements and (All Sorts Of) Other Political Interactions - Local, National, and International - Including Identities: Several Divagations From a Common Path, Beginning With British Struggles Over Catholic Emancipation, 1780-1829 and Ending With Contemporary Nationalism." Theory and Society. Forthcoming, 1996.

Tilly, Charles and R. A. Schweitzer. "How London and Its Conflicts Changed Shape, 1758-1834." Historical Methods 15 (Spring 1982): 67-77.

3. Dissertations and theses.

Fowler, Charles. "The Causes of the Swing Rebellion: A Study of Contentious Gatherings 1828-1830." Master's thesis in History, University of Michigan, 1978.

Lanzona, Maria Vina A. "The British Polity Through Discourse: Studying Parliamentary Debates and Ideology in Nineteenth-Century English Society." Master's thesis in Historical Studies, New School for Social Research, 1994.

Munger, Frank. "Popular Protest and Its Suppression in Early Nineteenth-Century Lacanshire, England: A Study in Theories of Protest and Repression." Ph.D. diss. in Sociology, University of Michigan, 1977.

Steinberg, Marc W. "Worthy of Hire: Discourse, Ideology, and Collective Action among English Working-Class Trade Groups, 1800-1830." Ph.D. diss. in Sociology, University of Michigan, 1989.

4. Working papers.

Correa, Maria Emilia. "The Legal Context of Collective Action: A Chronology of Events in Great Britain, 1700-1834." Working paper no. 21, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1985.

Espaillat, Carmen and Vina A. Lanzona. "Repression and Facilitation in Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, 1750-1835." Working paper no. 160, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1993.

Horn, Nancy, and Charles Tilly. "Catalogs of Contention in Britain, 1758-1834." Working paper no. 32, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1986.

Kim, Hyun. "The Parliamentary History of Great Britain: A Chronology of the Debates and Proceedings of Both Houses of Parliament (for twenty selected years: 1758-59, 1768-69, 1780-81, 1785, 1801, 1807, 1811, 1819-20)" Working paper no. 25, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1986.

Lal, Radhika. "Social Change and Contention in Berkshire, 1820-1840." Working paper no. 45, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1987.

Munger, Frank. "A Comparison of Dissatisfactions and Collective Action Models of Protest: The Case of the Working Classes of Lacanshire, England: 1793-1830." Working paper no. 105, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1974.

Murphy, Fred. "Social Change and Contention in the County of Devon, 1800-1840." Working paper no. 53, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1987.

Pearlman, Michael. "Great Britain, 1828-1834: Historiography and Selected Bibliography." Working paper no. 159, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1977.

Pearlman, Michael. "Some Political Issues in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Part One: The Government and Workers' Associations, the Rural Rebellions of 1830, Parish Government, Catholic Emancipation." Working paper no. 160, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1977.

Pearlman, Michael. "Some Political Issues in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Part Two: The Rights of Collective Action and Assembly: Parliamentary Reform: Industrial Conflict." Working paper no. 165, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1977.

Poland Diane. "Social Change and Contention in Edinburgh, 1820-1840." Working paper no. 55, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1987.

Schweitzer, R. A. "British Catholic Emancipation, Prototype of Reform?" Working paper no. 220, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1979.

Schweitzer, R. A., Charles Tilly, and John Boyd. "The Texture of Contention in Britain, 1828-1829." Working paper no. 211, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1980.

Seth, Anuradha. "Social Change and Contention in Lacanshire, 1820-1840." Working paper no. 39, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1987.

Skinner, Rebecca, and Carlos de la Torre. "Social Change Contention in Warwick, 1800-1840." Working Paper no. 70, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1988.

Stanley, Erica A. "The GBS Topographical Survey of London." Working paper no. 308, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1983.

Stanley, Erica A. "Kent's Directories of London, 1759-1828: A Guide to the Machine-Readable Transcription." Working paper no. 309, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1984.

Steinberg, Marc W. "Class Consciousness, Interests, and Their Articulation among the English Working Class, 1828-1831." Working paper no. 292, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1983.

Tilly, Charles. "British Conflicts, 1828-1831." Working paper no. 212, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1980.

Tilly, Charles. "How (and, to Some Extent, Why) to Study British Contention." Working paper no. 212, Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1980.

Tilly, Charles. "Structural Change and Contention in Great Britain, 1789-1815." Working Paper no. 36, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1986.

Tilly, Charles. "Twenty Years of British Contention." Working Paper no. 52, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1987.

Tilly, Charles. "From Mutiny to Mass Mobilization in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Working Paper no. 109, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1991.

Tilly, Charles. "Revolution, War, and Other Struggles in Great Britain, 1789-1815." Working Paper no. 127, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1991.

Tilly, Charles. "How to Detect, Describe, and Explain Repertoires of Contention." Working Paper no. 150, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1992.

Tilly, Charles. "Political Identities. Working Paper no. 212, Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1995.

Notes

Note 1: Charles Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 46. Back.

Note 2: This database which is largely derived from newspapers, periodicals, and parliamentary publications, is the central subject of the following papers: Nancy Horn and Charles Tilly, "Catalogs of Contention in Britain, 1758-1834," working paper no. 32, (Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1986); Raül Zambrano and Charles Tilly, "Brit SPSS/PC System Files," working paper no. 154, (Center for Studies of Social Change, New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 1992). Edited versions of the major machine-readable files are available from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Back.

Note 3: See, for example, county-level analyses by Hyun Kim, Anuradha Seth, Radhika Lal, Fred Murphy, Diane Poland, Rebecca Skinner, and Carlos de la Torre in the list of previous reports. Back.

Note 4: With computer assistance from Kim Geiger, Themis Chronopoulos, Carmen Espaillat, Val Johnson, Laura Kalmanowiecki, Kumru Toktamis, and Hong Xu did the abstracting and editing. Back.

Note 5: We placed a CG in the catalog only when our source clearly identified a gathering of 10 persons or more during which at least one member of the group visibly made claims - requests, demands, attacks, expressions of support - on at least one person outside their number. We applied the same criteria to the books consulted. Often one of our periodicals mentioned an event, but provided insufficient information to permit its conclusion as a CG, while a book provided sufficient detail to qualify the same event; in this case we included the CG in the book-based catalog but not in the central catalog. A substantial but unknown share of the 840 additional CGs in the present database fall into that category. In other cases, a CG contained in the central catalog was also documented in one book or more: there are 194 CGs that fall into this category. Back.

Note 6: Roger Wells, Wretched Faces: Famine in Wartime England, 1793-1801, (Glouchester: Alan Sutton, 1988), 93. Back.

Note 7: All the examples provided in the previous sections of the paper, are derived from this part of the database. Back.

Note 8: This cgid number is taken from the seventh row of the sample displayed in page 16. Back.

Note 9: This cgid number is taken from the 12th row of page 16. Back.

Note 10: This bibliography appears in pages 8-9 of this paper. Back.