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39642. Analysis of the Status of Women in Burundi’s Political and Electoral Processes
- Author:
- Serge Nanourou and Abigal Wilson
- Publication Date:
- 07-2014
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- International Foundation for Electoral Systems
- Abstract:
- Burundi is one of few countries in the world to have adopted a gender quota for its legislature in an effort to promote the inclusion and participation of women in the political process. As such, it presents an informative case study on the impact a gender quota can have as a catalyst for more progressive and inclusive governance. Given the International Foundation for Electoral System’s (IFES) commitment to gender equality and women’s participation in electoral processes and government, a thorough analysis demonstrating the effectiveness of quotas is a vital effort that aids IFES in supporting their use as a tool for democratic progress. As detailed in IFES’ Analysis of the Status of Women in Burundi’s Political and Electoral Processes, gender quotas in Burundi, which have their origin in the 2000 Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement that marked the end of a long and bloody civil war and have been encoded in Burundi’s Constitution and Electoral Code, have led to significant increases in the number of women participating in government, which is an important initial step in ensuring meaningful participation of all members of society. Perhaps the greatest indicator of success of the gender quota policy in Burundi is the high rate of women’s representation in the legislature. In the 2010 elections, 31% of National Assembly members and 46% of senators were women. Most remarkable is the fact that provisions to ensure quota requirements, which are set at 30% minimum, did not have to be invoked in order to reach these figures. In contrast, the 30% quota was only reached after seats were added in the 2005 elections. Four years prior to that, before provisions ensuring a minimum of 30% of women’s representation in the legislature had been adopted, less than 20% of seats in both the National Assembly and the Senate were filled by women. This marked improvement from election to election is strong evidence for the efficacy of gender quotas in the Burundian context.
- Topic:
- Gender Issues, Elections, Women, and Feminism
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Burundi
39643. Political Finance and Gender Equality
- Author:
- Lolita Cigane and Magnus Ohman
- Publication Date:
- 08-2014
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- International Foundation for Electoral Systems
- Abstract:
- Throughout the world, women and men have different opportunities to participate in the political sphere. This is particularly true when it comes to participation as candidates and elected officials in electoral processes. There are many factors that contribute to existing gender inequalities in politics. While political finance is an important instrument for achieving gender equality in politics, the ongoing debates about political finance rarely consider the impact of money on the level of representation of both men and women in elected offices. IFES' latest publication, Political Finance and Gender Equality, has been developed on the premise that there is an important connection between political finance and gender equality that has not been explored in-depth. Discussions regarding political finance should take into account the issue of gender, particularly in consideration of the challenges that prospective women candidates face with regard to the role of money. This white paper attempts to take initial steps to examine the relationship between these two important issues. After an examination of political finance regulation and its impact on the chances of women and men to effectively run for elected office, the paper reviews the effect of varying electoral systems on gender equality in politics and political finance. Finally, this white paper discusses a recent pilot project in the Middle East and North Africa. A series of interviews with women candidates informed the work of multi-stakeholder working groups in Tunisia and Yemen, and these working groups provided recommendations for reform in their respective countries.
- Topic:
- Gender Issues, Politics, Finance, and Feminism
- Political Geography:
- Africa, Middle East, Yemen, North Africa, and Tunisia
39644. Money and Elections in the Maldives
- Author:
- International Foundation for Electoral Systems
- Publication Date:
- 11-2014
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- International Foundation for Electoral Systems
- Abstract:
- The International Foundation for Electoral System’s (IFES) in close cooperation with national experts from Commerce, Development and Environment Consulting, conducted a nation-wide survey to measure the prevalence of vote buying in the Maldives during the March 2014 parliamentary elections. This is the first systematic study of its kind conducted in the Maldives and it provides statistical data on vote buying, campaign finance and other election-related issues. It reveals that 37% of the voters have personally witnessed attempts at vote buying. In addition, the Maldivian public is highly cynical of the way in which political parties and candidates spend their campaign funds. At the same time there is very strong public support for campaign finance reforms and, in particular, for combating vote buying. The methodology and sample were designed to be nationally representative with a +/- 3 percent margin of error. The report will be shared with the government, the parliament, the Election Commission, civil society, political parties and others. IFES is currently providing technical support to the Electoral Reform Working Group to formulate amendments to electoral legislation, and remains committed to supporting Maldivian institutions in improving the electoral process.
- Topic:
- Elections, Finance, Voting, and Campaign Finance
- Political Geography:
- South Asia, Asia, and Maldives
39645. Financing for the Implementation of National Action Plans on UN Security Council Resolution 1325: Critical for Advancing Women's Human Rights, Peace and Security
- Author:
- Dewi Suralaga and Mavic Cabrera-Balleza
- Publication Date:
- 10-2014
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP)
- Abstract:
- In 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted the landmark resolution 1325(2000) on Women and Peace and Security, a historic recognition of the gender dimension of conflict, the disproportionate impact of conflict on women and girls, and the significant, yet often unrecognized, contributions women have made – frequently in the face of grave threats and unrelenting opposition – to sustained conflict resolution and peacebuilding. As we approach the 15-year anniversary of the resolution and the world continues to be plagued by unresolved conflicts and new threats to peace, human security and dignity, efforts to implement UNSCR 1325 and, indeed, the full Women and Peace and Security agenda) must be redoubled. The time is ripe to accelerate adequate and predictable funding. Though a host of factors contribute to the success of resolution 1325 (2000) implementation, adequate funding remains paramount among these. Yet, OECD recently reported that only three per cent of peace and security funding targets gender equality and women’s empowerment as a principal objective.1 Therefore sustainable and adequate financing continues to be a significant challenge. Despite being at the forefront of work to advance the Women and Peace and Security agenda, women’s rights groups, networks and movements face uniquely difficult obstacles in accessing sustainable funding for their work, particularly at the grassroots level. While governments hold primary responsibility for the implementation of resolution 1325(2000), women’s rights groups and movements are vital to addressing the context specific root causes of conflict and building a transformative and sustainable peace. Funding women’s rights groups and movements would go far in addressing the “implementation deficit” faced by the WPS agenda.
- Topic:
- Security, Gender Issues, United Nations, Women, Peace, and WPS
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
39646. Women Count: Security Council Resolution 1325: Civil Society Monitoring Report 2014
- Author:
- Mavic Cabrera-Balleza, Eleonore Veilet Chowdhury, Helena Gronberg, and Annalise Moser
- Publication Date:
- 10-2014
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP)
- Abstract:
- The forthcoming 15th anniversary of UNSCR 1325 once again brings to the fore the importance of monitoring policy implementation. In the last 15 years, greater accountability to the resolution has been a consistent call from civil society, the UN and Member States. However, only a handful of Member States are actually monitoring the progress and achievements as well as the gaps and weaknesses in the implementation of the resolutions. The 2014 edition of Women Count, Security Council Resolution 1325: Civil Society Monitoring Report, demonstrates once again that while it is labor intensive and time consuming, monitoring is a doable and relevant exercise. It also illustrates that while funding is absolutely necessary, the lack of it should not be an excuse to not monitor. On the fifth year of Women Count, the civil society monitoring of UNSCR 1325, civil society groups from Azerbaijan, India, Iraq, Kenya and Libya are participating in this independent monitoring report for the very first time. Moreover, we are for the first time including a territory, Nagorno-Karabakh in monitoring and analyzing the applicability of the WPS resolutions in different socio-political and cultural contexts. 21 countries were monitored in 2014 bringing the total number of countries monitored in the last five years to 24. Beyond just a figure, this number represents the wealth of data, information and analysis on how UNSCR 1325 has impacted the lives of women around the world—in conflict-affected countries, in developed and non-conflict countries, in middle income countries; in countries with or without National Action Plans. GNWP’s participation in the ongoing Global Study on Women, Peace and Security is informed by the findings and recommendations in the last five years of this monitoring exercise. I would like to emphasize that some of the findings and recommendations such as those on women’s lack of representation in official peace negotiations, lack of local level action, as well as the persistent problem on lack of funding for women’s peacebuilding work at the grassroots level are not new and in fact some of them have been articulated prior to 2010. However, the civil society monitoring initiative presents new evidence and fresh insights.
- Topic:
- Conflict Prevention, Security, Gender Issues, United Nations, Women, Negotiation, Peace, and WPS
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
39647. Two Concepts of Pluralism: A Comparative Study of Mahatma Gandhi and Isaiah Berlin
- Author:
- Ramin Jahanbegloo
- Publication Date:
- 12-2014
- Content Type:
- Research Paper
- Institution:
- India International Centre (IIC)
- Abstract:
- When the definitive history of democratic thought in the 20th century is written, both Mohandas K. Gandhi and Isaiah Berlin will take their places as the two most distinguished theorists of the pluralist tradition. As history goes, Gandhi and Sir Isaiah never met and the latter never wrote any piece on the former. However, Isaiah Berlin visited India in 1961 and met with Jawaharlal Nehru, but he never considered seriously the views of Gandhi as an anticolonial leader. In his talk delivered in New Delhi on 13 November 1961 on ‘Rabindranath Tagore and the Consciousness of Nationality’, Berlin presents himself as a person who is ‘shamefully ignorant of Indian civilization, even of what is most valuable and most important in it’ (Berlin, 1996: 249).
- Topic:
- Multiculturalism, Ethics, Philosophy, Pluralism, and Morality
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
39648. Around 1948: Human Rights and Global Transformation
- Author:
- Rashid Khalidi, Lydia H. Liu, Samuel Moyn, Deborah Nelson, and Eurgenia Lean
- Publication Date:
- 10-2014
- Content Type:
- Video
- Institution:
- Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University
- Abstract:
- Footage from the October 8, 2014 panel discussion "Around 1948: Human Rights and Global Transformation" at Columbia University about the issues surrounding the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Featuring Rashid Khalidi, Edward Said Professor of Modern Arab Studies, Columbia University; Lydia H. Liu, Wun Tsun Tam Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University; Samuel Moyn, Professor of Law and History, Harvard University; and Deborah Nelson, Associate Professor of English, University of Chicago. Moderated by Eugenia Lean, Associate Professor of Chinese History and Director of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University. Co-sponsored by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, the Center for International History, Critical Inquiry, the Department of East Asian Languages & Cultures, the Department of History, the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society, and the Middle East Institute.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, History, and Geopolitics
- Political Geography:
- Middle East, East Asia, Asia, and Global Focus
39649. Understanding the Nature of Local-Global Interactions in Istanbul’s Retail Property Market
- Author:
- Fatih Eren
- Publication Date:
- 07-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Rest: Journal of Politics and Development
- Institution:
- Centre for Strategic Research and Analysis (CESRAN)
- Abstract:
- Today, capital, people and information flows have increased more than ever before among different regions in the world. Every flow creates a different local-global interaction in its own social environment. One of social environments in which this kind of interactions occurs is property markets. There are some theories to explain the nature of local and global interactions in social sciences literature. However, the success of these theories in explaining the nature of local-global interactions in a property market became subject to a research very few. This research aims to make a contribution to this area. The study also intends to find general answers to some important questions emerge in the internationalization process of property markets. The study focuses on the three well-accepted interaction theories of social sciences, which are imperialism, globalisation and glocalisation. The validity of the assumptions of these theories in the case of Istanbul’s retail property market is questioned in this research. The emergence of social structures and the specific behaviours of these structures in local property markets may be understood better when true point of view is found out about interactions. A qualitative methodology is followed; interview and document analysis methods are used in the study. Findings show that the nature of local-global interactions experienced in Istanbul’s retail property market is very unique so it is not possible to explain t
- Topic:
- Globalization, Imperialism, Housing, and Retail
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Turkey, Asia, and Istanbul
39650. Erasmus+ Programme With Eyes of Ukrainian Students
- Author:
- Svitlana Batsyukova
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- This article looks at the relevance, comprehensiveness and integrity of the Erasmus+ programme in Ukraine thorugh the lenses of Ukrainian students' eyes. It takes account of recently signed political provisions of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and demonstrates support outlined in the Agreement toward goals of the Erasmus+ programme. The core component of the article presents analysis of students' questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of questions aimed at supporting or countering different arguments related to the introduction of the Erasmus+ programme in Ukraine.
- Topic:
- European Union, Higher Education, and Survey
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Ukraine
39651. Cross-cultural Encounters Of Managers In International Ngos: Results of Qualitative Research Project in Ukraine
- Author:
- Svitlana Buko
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- The article focuses on cross-cultural communication (drivers and barriers) of Ukrainian and American managers within international Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) in Ukraine. The goal of this qualitative research is to analyze communication dynamics of foreign managers-expatriates with local Ukrainian staff members, identify how culture impacts communication and compare US and Ukrainian cultural dimensions using G. Hoftede’s cultural dimension, F. Trompenaars business culture analysis models and cultural adjustment theory. The data in the article are based on the qualitative research study that was conducted in Ukraine and US, where 22 managers (locals and expats) were interviewed and shared case studies of cross-cultural encounters of managers in international NGOs in Ukraine. Research results helped identify barriers and drivers of communication and specify peculiarities of managerial communication values within INGOs.
- Topic:
- Communications, Culture, Research, and NGOs
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Ukraine, and United States of America
39652. Global Leadership: Testing Leadership Practices Inventory in Ukraine (Quantitative Case Study)
- Author:
- R. Boyd Johnson
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- Article examines perceptions of leadership of two different generations of Ukraine using Leadership Practice Inventory (LPI). Leadership practices accepted in certain societies correlate with the dominant culture and reflect its norms and expectations. This quantitative research project focused on adaptation of LPI and testing leadership concepts in Ukraine, a country with an interesting history and unique geopolitical location. The survey results showed peculiarities and differences of Ukrainian leadership perceptions of two different generations.
- Topic:
- Geopolitics, Leadership, Values, and Case Study
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Ukraine, and Global Focus
39653. "The Big Society" of the United Kingdom
- Author:
- Arman Gasparyan
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- This article discusses the 'Big Society' of the U.K. and particularly the Localism Bill, a distinct component of this agenda aimed at decentralizing government, transferring power to local authorities and communities. This research examines the Localism Bill effectiveness and ways in which it is different from other decentralization efforts, while also exploring the possibility of adopting select provisions of the Localism Bill in Yerevan. Our main findings show that the respondents who are well informed about the U.K. government’s domestic policies recognize the freedoms and flexibilities that are transferred to local governments. The level of satisfaction with the Council has increased considerably among the citizens of Sutton. Our analysis also demonstrates that respondents to the second survey were willing to champion and/or support local government reforms in Yerevan. Nonetheless, the majority of them did not believe such reforms were feasible at this time.
- Topic:
- Governance, Decentralization, and Power
- Political Geography:
- United Kingdom, Europe, and Armenia
39654. Colonialism in Ngbo Clan: A Historical Review
- Author:
- Kelechi Johnmary Ani
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- The Ngbo clan, during the colonial era, was made up of Umu Ogudu Oshia, Okposhi Eshi, Okposhi Eheku, Ekwashi, Amoffia, Emezaka and Ezzangbo. The intrusion of the colonial masters into the clan was visited by massive resistance that led to deaths on both sides. The paper showed that the colonial administration engaged in massive exploitation of the people to the level that there was disagreement between the District Officer of Abakaliki Division and the Resident Officer, Ogoja Province; on what should make up the task collectors salaries. To make matters worse, there was palpable lack of confidence between the colonial councilors and the people they represented. Soon, the Ngbo Court ceased to function because of the masses antagonism to colonial exploitation. Hence, the court building was used as a United African Company (U. A. C). Kernel buying station. The work therefore calls on the larger Igbo society to rise against all forms of negative neo-imperialism on our collective cultural commonwealth.
- Topic:
- History, Neoimperialism, and Colonialism
- Political Geography:
- Africa
39655. The Effect of Age on Conditional Fecundability in Nigeria
- Author:
- Magdalene Agdalene, Akikibofori Akikibofori, and Jacob Sunday
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- Delaying the start of childbearing raises the issue of fertility postponed versus fertility foregone. One of the limits of previous studies of “How late can you wait? Is it difficult to control sexual activity? Data on the frequency and timing of intercourse within a menstrual cycle are uncommon. We use such data from the Menstrual Cycle Fecundability Study for this study “Can we wait until the early 30s? We model the effect of age on conditional fecundability, i.e. the probability of conception given that the couple is not sterile, simultaneously controlling for the effect of primary sterility and the frequency and timing of Intercourse in each menstrual cycle. Can we wait until the early 30s for a birth? Our evidence is yes (provided you are not already sterile) as the increase in the mean waiting time to conception is very modest and of little practical importance.
- Topic:
- Health, Children, Women, Aging, and Fertility
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Nigeria
39656. Gender Polymorphism in the Context of Gastronomic Culture: A Sociological Dimension of the Problem
- Author:
- V. V. Nikolenko
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Institution:
- Studies of Changing Societies Journal (SCS)
- Abstract:
- The paper presents an attempt to explore several features of interaction between gastronomy and social life using sociological optics (thinking). In particular, it draws a conclusion that gender dimension of gastronomic culture against the social interaction background both in its historical context and nowadays takes quite polyaspect forms of manifestation. Thus, in a society of traditions, gender hierarchization of the meal/table somewhat hindered processes of interaction between men and women during their food practices, cooking processes, which fact to some extent secured the marginal status in society, for women in the first place. These patterns were directly reflected in culinary everyday life and a variety of other gastronomic situations, particularly, during the meal itself. However, gender characteristics of gastronomic culture (feminine) may serve as a "litmus test" to reflect the nature of the state power, including that of a totalitarian regime (according to I. Sokhan). This, in turn, affects the attitude on the part of those in power, expressed through the exercise of their feeding function, to society as a whole. By contrast, we believe that in modern times the most relevant/prominent are other notable characteristics of gender content of gastronomic culture. They are recorded primarily in sustainable cross-cultural peculiarities of selection of a specific menu for for each sex (male/female), which, in turn, is formed under the influence of archetypal social legislation (the term by I. Sokhan) on the one hand, and is sensible to substantial determination of topical social challenges of today on the other.
- Topic:
- Gender Issues, Women, Totalitarianism, and Socialization
- Political Geography:
- Ukraine and Global Focus
39657. 2013-14 IGCC White Paper on Defense Transparency in Northeast Asia
- Author:
- Tai Ming Cheung and Jordan Wilson
- Publication Date:
- 11-2014
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
- Abstract:
- The 2013‒2014 Northeast Asia Defense Transparency Index (DTI) measures transparency in de-fense activities in one of the most strategically important but politically volatile regions of the world. In the fifth year of this Index, its central goal remains to provide a rigorous, quantitative-based measurement of this essential but contested concept. Improving trust, confidence, and credibility in Northeast Asia’s security environment is becoming ever more pressing as arms competition intensifies among major regional powers and security interests become increasingly entangled. In this climate of growing security anxiety, the demand for timely and relevant defense information has grown, not only from governments and their mil-itaries but also from many other quarters, including the general public, media, and business com-munity. But while the case has been made by policy and academic experts that increased transpar-ency could potentially meet some of these demands and strengthen mutual trust between states, defense transparency lacks agreed-upon definitions and standardized means of measurement. The Institute on Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) has sought to address this analytical gap to provide a general framework for defining and measuring defense transparency, specifically for the six states covered in the DTI: the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Japan, the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea (ROK), the Russian Federation (Russia), and the United States.The brief begins by presenting the methodology used by IGCC to initially develop the DTI, then highlights changes made to improve the process in this latest edition. This is followed by the final scores achieved by states in the 2013–2014 DTI, which are compared with previous years. The Analysis section examines what brought about scoring changes for these states from the previous editions of the index. Finally, the Country Assessments and Recommendations section summarizes trends for each of the six countries. By taking a comprehensive approach to defense transparency and continuing to refine our meth-odology, we want to ensure that the DTI will remain an informative, relevant and adaptive tool for measuring defense transparency going forward, enabling comparison both across states and over time.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Budget, Cybersecurity, Media, and Transparency
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Japan, China, Korea, and United States of America
39658. “Destined to Cooperate”: Japan-ROK Naval Cooperation and its Implications for U.S. Strategic Interests in Northeast Asia
- Author:
- Samuel J. Mun
- Publication Date:
- 03-2014
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) and Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces (JMSDF) are “destined to cooperate” in an increasingly competitive security environment in Northeast Asia. Both parties share bilateral security treaties with the United States, prioritize protection of shared sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and face the challenge of addressing the threat of North Korea’s ballistic missile and nuclear weapons program.
- Topic:
- International Cooperation, Military Strategy, Armed Forces, Navy, and Strategic Interests
- Political Geography:
- Japan, Asia, South Korea, and United States of America
39659. America’s Allies and Nuclear Arms: Assessing the Geopolitics of Nonproliferation in Asia
- Author:
- Robert Zarate
- Publication Date:
- 05-2014
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- While U.S. policymakers and lawmakers sometimes deeply disagree on precisely how to stop hostile states from getting nuclear weapons, they generally agree on the overall goal of nuclear nonproliferation with regard to adversaries. But what about the goal of nonproliferation with regard to treaty allies? If Japan, South Korea, or other U.S. treaty allies in Asia who are threatened by China’s and North Korea’s growing nuclear and missile threats, were someday to insist on getting independent nuclear arsenals, should Washington welcome or oppose them?
- Topic:
- Nuclear Weapons, Geopolitics, Nonproliferation, and Alliance
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, North Korea, and United States of America
39660. China’s Air Defense Identification System: The Role of PLA Air Surveillance
- Author:
- Mark Stokes
- Publication Date:
- 05-2014
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- In the wake of the 18th Central Committee’s Third Plenum in November 2013, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of National Defense (MND) announced the establishment of its first air defense identification zone (ADIZ). Assessments of the ADIZ to date have focused in large part on implications for territorial and maritime disputes in region. However, other potential drivers may offer additional context for the decision. Among these include coercion of Taiwan, unprecedented changes in China’s national airspace management system, and technical advances that have enhanced interoperability between the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and Navy (PLAN).
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Territorial Disputes, Surveillance, and Air Force
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia