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42882. Du climat au changement climatique : chantiers, leçons et défis pour l'histoire
- Author:
- Jean-Francois Mouhot
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article s'interroge sur la manière dont l'histoire peut nous aider à réfléchir – et offrir des éclairages nouveaux – sur le problème climatique. Après une présentation des domaines d'investigation de l'histoire en matière de changement climatique, il retrace la façon dont les hommes ont appréhendé le rapport au temps qu'il fait et à ses variations au cours des siècles et montre que, loin d'être un phénomène récent, la préoccupation des sociétés envers le climat est ancienne. Mais la prise de conscience contemporaine du réchauffement anthropique traduit un changement d'échelle dans les peurs puisque, pour la première fois, se pose la question de la survie de nos civilisations. Une seconde partie établit ce que le passé peut nous apprendre de la vulnérabilité des sociétés humaines face aux chocs climatiques. Enfin, l'article propose quelques pistes de réflexion sur les défis auxquels les historiens travaillant sur ces questions doivent faire face, et aussi sur les blocages qui continuent à freiner les recherches historiques en ce domaine.
42883. Mobilité humaine et changement environnemental : une analyse historique et textuelle de la politique des Nations Unies
- Author:
- Karen Elizabeth McNamara and Chris Gibson
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Après les horreurs de la Grande Dépression et de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) a reçu un mandat très large pour améliorer la paix future et le bienêtre de l'humanité. Malgré son travail considérable dans les sphères sociale et économique au cours des soixante dernières années, l'aggravation de la pauvreté, l'injustice et les violations des droits de l'Homme ont été couplées avec la dégradation de l'environnement mondial. Pris ensemble, ces problèmes soulignent les défis consistant à assurer à la fois un environnement global durable et la sécurité de la vie humaine sur terre.
42884. Migrations climatiques : quel rôle pour le droit international ?
- Author:
- Michel Morele and Nicole de Moor
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Le sort de ceux qui sont appelés les « réfugiés climatiques » est d'actualité dans les débats et les écrits scientifiques. Géographes, anthropologues, politologues et juristes se réunissent autour de la question pour débattre de leur existence, leur nombre, les causes de leur fuite, et les cadres institutionnels politiques et juridiques existants ou nécessaires. Alors que les individus ont toujours utilisé la migration comme une stratégie pour répondre aux changements environnementaux, c'est l'attention mondiale croissante portée au phénomène du changement climatique qui a amené les universitaires, les décideurs et la communauté des ONG à s'intéresser à ceux qui sont contraints de quitter leur lieu de vie habituel en raison de changements environnementaux. Il est important de constater que beaucoup de ceux qui subissent aujourd'hui les effets de ces changements n'ont pas les moyens nécessaires leur permettant de se déplacer. En conséquence, ils risquent de se trouver négligés et dan...
42885. Les migrants des politiques climatiques : nouveaux défis face aux déplacements générés par le changement climatique
- Author:
- Jeanette Schade
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Malgré les efforts des chercheurs spécialistes des migrations, les « migrants climatiques » sont encore couramment perçus comme des gens déplacés en raison des impacts négatifs du changement climatique. Ce récit sur la cause « climatique » comme principal facteur de migration découle en grande partie de l'influence qu'exercent sur le débat climatique les chercheurs spécialisés dans les études sur la population et l'environnement (P). En effet, les approches néomalthusiennes qui soustendent ce débat comportent le risque d'aboutir à des solutions non pertinentes comme cela s'est déjà produit dans les années 1970 avec les politiques suivies en matière de sécurité alimentaire. Une des solutions discutée aujourd'hui est celle du déplacement planifié des populations (réinstallation/relocalisation). Comme les questions de la « migration climatique » et du déplacement planifié ont trouvé une certaine reconnaissance au cours des négociations de la 16e conférence des parties (COP16) au...
42886. Rareté de ressources et conflit entre pasteurs et agriculteurs au Sud-Kordofan, Soudan
- Author:
- Salome Bronkhorst
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Il y a des preuves solides montrant que le pastoralisme en Afrique a émergé il y a sept mille ans et qu'il s'est progressivement étendu dans le nord de l'Afrique comme une réponse pour faire face aux incertitudes climatiques et aux sécheresses croissantes. En fait, « la préhistoire et l'histoire sont marquées par des mouvements humains (épisodiques et localisés) d'une zone climatique à une autre, car les gens étaient continuellement à la recherche d'environnements permettant de garantir leur survie et de satisfaire leurs aspirations à une existence plus stable ».
42887. Des migrants et des mots : Une analyse numérique des débats médiatiques sur les migrations et l'environnement
- Author:
- Tommaso Venturini, Francois Gemenne, and Marta Severo
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Vous savez, il y a un débat ici au sujet des réfugiés. Laissezmoi vous dire quelle est ma position et celle des personnes autour de cette table : les personnes dont nous parlons ne sont pas des réfugiés. Ce sont des Américains, et ils méritent l'aide, l'amour et la compassion de nos compatriotes. Président George W. Bush, à propos des populations déplacées par l'ouragan Katrina, 6 septembre 2005.
42888. Une artiste sans galerie
- Author:
- Sanja Ivekovic
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Rada Ivekovic (R. I.) : Lors de ta résidence au MAC/VAL en 2012, tu t'es présentée comme née à Zagreb, Yougoslavie, résidant à Zagreb, Croatie. Tu as résisté avec véhémence à la récupération par l'État (en l'occurrence croate) de ton travail : tu n'as pas souhaité faire partie du programme « La Croatie, la voici ! » pour ta performance, et tu ne t'es pas présentée à ton propre vernissage pour ton installation « Visages du langage », qui montrait des écrans avec des animaux, autant d'appellations injurieuses des femmes ? ces animaux se transformaient en visages de femmes battues. Tu as présenté une performance intitulée « Pourquoi un(e) artiste ne peut représenter un Étatnation », à propos de laquelle tu t'es distanciée du programme officiel de la Croatie en France. On peut dire que dans l'ensemble, ton travail a toujours invité à la réflexion politique. Voici la question : depuis quand refusestu d'être identifiée à la nation et à l'Étatnation ?
42889. Democracy Policy Under Obama: Revitalization or Retreat?
- Author:
- Thomas Carothers
- Publication Date:
- 01-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- Upon taking office in January 2009, President Barack Obama inherited a democracy promotion policy badly damaged from its prior association with the war in Iraq and with forcible regime change more generally. The Bush years had also seen a decline in America's reputation as a global symbol of democracy and human rights as well as rising fears of a broader democratic recession in the world.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Human Rights, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- Iraq and America
42890. The Future of Russia: Modernization or Decline?
- Author:
- Adam Balcer and Nikolay Petrov
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- Russia as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and nuclear power remains a key player in Eurasia with a substantial leverage in the post Soviet space and, at the same time, the most important neighbour of the EU. However, in the coming decades Russia will face serious challenges to its internal prospects and international position. The further rise of China, negative demographic trends (shrinking population, emigration of well-educated people), substantial increase of the share of Muslim population, degradation of its infrastructure, unsustainability of the current economic model and rampant corruption are the most important factors which will impact on Russia's future and by default on the EU's. Certainly, Russia's democratization would substantially increase its ability to face these challenges and impact positively on EU-Russia relations.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Nuclear Weapons, and Nuclear Power
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Europe, Eurasia, Soviet Union, and United Nations
42891. Russia, China and Global Governance
- Author:
- Charles Grant
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- The need for international co-operation has never been greater, yet global governance is inadequate. Whether one looks at the Doha round of trade liberalisation, the climate change talks led by the United Nations, the G20's efforts to co-ordinate economic and financial policies, or efforts to reform the UN Security Council (UNSC), not much is being achieved. 'Multilateralism'–the system of international institutions and rules intended to promote the common good–appears to be weakening. At the same time, the growing influence of China, Russia and other non-Western powers is pushing the international order towards 'multipolarity'.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Diplomacy, Governance, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, and Asia
42892. True Partners? How Russia and China See Each Other
- Author:
- Dmitri V. Trenin
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- This report compares Russian and Chinese security perceptions and explains how they shape the two countries' policies towards each other. It argues that the modern relationship between the two countries, formed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, was turned on its head at the start of the 21st century. China has now become a powerful factor affecting a whole range of Russian policies, both domestic and foreign. The paper also argues that, while Russia is not central to China's foreign relations, and non-existent in China's domestic politics, good relations with Moscow are an important supporting element in Beijing's overall strategy of reclaiming China's 'rightful place in the world'. It concludes that while both countries need each other and would benefit from a stable political relationship and close economic ties, both Moscow and Beijing lack the long-term strategies to create such a bond.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Foreign Policy, and Bilateral Relations
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, and Asia
42893. Boatloads of Growth: Recapturing America's Share of Asia-Pacific Trade
- Author:
- Ed Gerwin
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Third Way
- Abstract:
- By 2020, the Asia-Pacific's $10 trillion import market will present vast opportunities to support U.S. economic growth and wider prosperity for America's Middle Class. But, over the past decade, the U.S. share of key Asia-Pacific markets has actually plummeted–by over 40%. Retaking America's share of these rapidly expanding economies—beginning with trade deals like the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP)—could pay huge dividends: over a half trillion dollars in additional U.S. exports, supporting millions of good American jobs.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, and Labor Issues
- Political Geography:
- United States, America, and Asia
42894. China's Trade Playbook: Why America Needs a New Game Plan
- Author:
- Ed Gerwin and Ryan McConaghy
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Third Way
- Abstract:
- December 2011 marked China's 10th anniversary as a member of the World Trade Organization. Despite progress on market reforms in a number of areas, China has failed to live up to a wide range of promised WTO commitments. To make matters worse, China has actually regressed towards less open markets and "state capitalism" in key sectors. China's unfair currency manipulation has been a flashpoint in its trade relations with the United States and we must aggressively address that practice. But, China doesn't rely on currency alone to get an edge. Rather, it employs an entire array of unfair tactics to block American exports and investments and deny economic opportunity for our workers, manufacturers, farmers and service providers.
- Political Geography:
- United States, China, and America
42895. The Economy Is Slowing, But Perhaps Not For Long
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Slow, slower, and may be even stop. That's a quick summary of how Federal Reserve Board chairman Ben Bernanke sees the US economy. The economy grew at an annual rate of 2.5% last year, 1.9% in the first quarter of this year, "and available indicators point to a still-smaller gain in the second quarter" he advised congress last week. Household spending is slowing down because "confidence remains relatively low" (at its lowest level since December); numerous factors (a supply overhang, unavailability of credit) "impede growth" in the housing sector; manufacturing production has slowed; business investment has "decelerated"; there is "further weakness ahead" for investment demand; and "reduction in the unemployment rate seems likely to be frustratingly slow."
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, and Financial Crisis
- Political Geography:
- United States
42896. Fear Athens Less and Washington More
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 05-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- There comes a tide in the affairs of men And the one sweeping from Greece, across Europe and into the United States is washing away support for austerity, in some cases reinforcing opposition to it, largely from the Left. President Obama is delighted at this support for his refusal to cut spending in the face of mounting deficits, and the Republicans are feeling beleaguered at what they see as the disinterment of the body of works of John Maynard Keynes. No longer must the President sit at G8 meetings (in this weekend's case, G7 since Vladimir Putin finds it necessary to stay at home to deal with an unpleasant spate of dissent) and hear only the voice of Germany's iron Chancellor, Angela Merkel, extolling the virtues of thrift, austerity and balanced budgets. Now he has France's new socialist President, François Hollande, to preach the virtues of spending, "the indispensable stimulation of the economy", and, even better, high taxes-- up to 75% on incomes in excess of $1.35 million per year, which makes the team of Buffett and Obama mere pikers at the soak-the-rich game. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed the administration's delight at Hollande's "different political approach Different voices may be louder on growth than they have been It's been our view that there needed to be adjustments to austerity, so that there could be growth, both for economic reasons and for political reasons President Obama and our economic team have been saying for some time that growth had to factor into a European recovery." Take that, Mrs. Merkel and all you Republicans who want to cut entitlement spending and retain the Bush tax cuts that benefit "millionaires and billionaires", Obama shorthand for families earning more than $250,000 per year.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Monetary Policy, and Budget
- Political Geography:
- United States, Europe, Washington, Greece, and France
42897. Thinking About a Korean Denuclearization Treaty
- Author:
- Christopher Ford
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Even while officials of the United States and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) reportedly remain engaged in attempting to work out an arrangement pursuant to which the DPRK would return to the long-moribund Six-Party Talks process, there has been no shortage of commentators—including this author—who feel these negotiations are likely to founder on the rocks of Pyongyang's unwillingness, under essentially any conditions, to relinquish its nuclear weapons and associated infrastructure. Nevertheless, the DPRK claims that it remains genuinely interested in negotiations, making it at least theoretically possible that whatever their outcome, some kind of nuclear negotiations may recommence.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Nuclear Weapons, and Treaties and Agreements
- Political Geography:
- United States and Korea
42898. Future Marketplace: Free and Fair
- Author:
- Hanns Kuttner
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- In any market, buyers seek out the seller who offers the lowest prices and best terms. Government can distort markets by decreasing or increasing prices through subsidies, taxes or regulation. Compared to a free market, distortion means different sellers get the sale and at different prices.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Science and Technology
42899. How Safe Is the U.S. Safe Haven?
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- This version of the glorious sonnet composed by Emma Lazarus in 1883, and later engraved on a bronze plaque installed on the Statue of Liberty, calling the world's huddled masses to our shores, captures what it means these days to be a safe haven. Just as America proved to be such a safe haven for immigrants in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, it is now seen as a safe haven for wealth attempting to escape Europe's tax collectors and financial chaos and recession in Europe, and for foreign central banks newly enamored of the dollar.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Immigration, and Monetary Policy
- Political Geography:
- United States, Europe, and Germany
42900. A Rapidly Changing Energy World, Or Perhaps Not
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Slow growth here and in China, and recession in Europe are reducing demand for oil. Inventories in the U.S. are at a 22-year high. The Federal Reserve Board's QEs that pumped paper money into the economy and drove up the nominal price of oil have come to an end. And the twelve OPEC oil cartelists, who between them supply 40% of the world's oil, are producing 1.6 million barrels in excess of the agreed daily quota of 30 million barrels. As a result, U.S. benchmark crude oil prices are now closer to $80 per barrel than to the $110 they reached only four months ago.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Oil
- Political Geography:
- United States, China, and Europe