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42802. Books: Michael Williams on Anthony Shadid's 'House of Stone'
- Author:
- Michael Williams
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Chatham House
- Abstract:
- Anthony Shadid, the prize-winning American journalist who died this year while covering the Syrian uprising, has left an evocative portrait of a disappearing Lebanese Christian community.
- Political Geography:
- America, Lebanon, and Syria
42803. Museum: Hugh Pope on Orhan Pamuk's eccentric time-capsule
- Author:
- Hugh Pope
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Chatham House
- Abstract:
- The Turkish writer's novel, 'The Museum of Innocence', has been brought to life in a house in Istanbul.
- Political Geography:
- Turkey
42804. Books: Michela Wrong's Congo and Rwanda reading list
- Author:
- Michela Wrong
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Chatham House
- Abstract:
- Michela Wrong, author of 'In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz' chooses seven books about the crisis in Africa's Great Lakes region. Michela Wrong's 'In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz' tracked the rise and fall of Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's kleptocrat dictator.
- Political Geography:
- Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda
42805. 5 myths about... Green Living
- Author:
- Agnes Frimston
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Chatham House
- Abstract:
- Thought you were doing all the right things to help the planet? Read on
42806. Editorial
- Author:
- Předseda Redakční rady
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
42807. Editorial
- Author:
- Předseda Redakční rady
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- No abstract is available.
42808. Preparing Special Operations Forces for the Future
- Author:
- Adm. William H. McRaven
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- How America's elite warriors are adapting to new battlefields and new challenges.
- Political Geography:
- America
42809. Toward an Integrated Joint Force
- Author:
- General Norton Schwartz, USAF (ret.)
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Today's complex global security environment requires a new kind of jointness.
- Topic:
- Security and Environment
42810. The Triad's Uncertain Future
- Author:
- Mark B. Schneider
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Strategic cuts and disarmament efforts have put American nuclear primacy in peril.
- Political Geography:
- America
42811. Ceding the Next Battlefield
- Author:
- Eric R. Sterner
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Space is increasingly critical to our security and prosperity. Yet America still needs a strategy to compete there.
- Topic:
- Security
- Political Geography:
- America
42812. Getting Serious About Cyberwarfare
- Author:
- Frank J. Cilluffo and J. Richard Knop
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- When it comes to cybersecurity, the United States is still at the starting line. It shouldn't be.
- Political Geography:
- United States
42813. Misreading the Muslim World
- Author:
- Jeffrey Gedmin
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Waging the battle of ideas requires an understanding of culture and an appreciation of values. Both are currently missing in U.S. outreach.
- Political Geography:
- United States
42814. Cold War Nuclear Redux
- Author:
- Jamie M. Fly and Evan D. Moore
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- President Obama has reverted to old thinking about arms control and nuclear security.
- Topic:
- Cold War
42815. Cruise Control in the War on Terror
- Author:
- Thomas Joscelyn
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Tactical successes and strategic failures typify the White House's approach to counterterrorism.
- Topic:
- War
42816. The Sorry State of U.S. Economic Statecraft
- Author:
- Andrew K. Davenport
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Currently, America isn't seriously using economic warfare against our enemies. Here's how we can.
- Topic:
- Economics
- Political Geography:
- United States and America
42817. A False Start With Russia
- Author:
- Herman Pirchner, Jr.
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Obama's vaunted "reset" with Russia rests on exceedingly shaky foundations.
- Political Geography:
- Russia
42818. Reading China Wrong
- Author:
- Michael Pillsbury
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- The misguided objective of "building trust" continues to warp Washington's policy toward Beijing.
- Political Geography:
- China, Washington, and Beijing
42819. Obama's European Failure
- Author:
- Luke Coffey
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- How the current Administration has abandoned its Continental allies-and why that's a mistake.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42820. The Cost of Misunderstanding Iran
- Author:
- Ilan Berman
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- The Obama administration's Iran policy is driven by dangerous misconceptions about the nature of the regime in Tehran.
- Political Geography:
- Iran and Tehran
42821. How Israel Thinks About Iran
- Author:
- Kenneth Katzman
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- From Yaakov Katz and Yoaz Hendel, an inside look at the coming conflict between Tehran and Jerusalem.
- Political Geography:
- Iran, Israel, Tehran, and Jerusalem
42822. World Upside Down
- Author:
- Elan Journo
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Peter Berkowitz explains how international law is being wielded as a weapon against Israel.
- Topic:
- International Law
- Political Geography:
- Israel
42823. A Spy's World
- Author:
- Malcolm Forbes
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- An elite peek into the post-9/11 counterterrorism effort, coutesy of Henry Crumpton.
42824. The Interpreter
- Author:
- Winfield Myers
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Journal of International Security Affairs
- Institution:
- Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
- Abstract:
- Bernard Lewis looks back at his lifelong love affair with the Muslim World.
42825. Coming to Terms with a Misinterpreted Past? Rethinking the Historical Antecedents of Germany's 1999 Citizenship Reform
- Author:
- Andreas Fahrmeir
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- The article contends that the significance attributed to the 1999 citizenship reform in Germany is closely linked to a particular reading of the history of German citizenship policies. This reading, which remained dominant until the 1990s, assigned a crucial role for Germany's exclusionary citizenship policies to the law of descent, which seemed to be deeply ingrained in successive German states policies and practices from the nineteenth century on. Arguing that recent historiography on citizenship has called attention to the significant degree of variation between periods of openness and closure, as well as highlighting restrictive naturalization policies as a key ingredient of ethnic closure, the author contends that this focus was misplaced. Accordingly, the disappointing effects of a law that focused on the automatic transmission of citizenship while paying less attention to making voluntary transition to citizenship easier are not particularly surprising.
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42826. Germany's Citizenship Policy in Comparative Perspective
- Author:
- Marc Morjé Howard
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- This article puts the 1999 German Nationality Act into a comparative European perspective. By applying a common measure of the relative restrictiveness or inclusiveness of a country's citizenship policy to the countries of the EU-15 at two different time periods, it provides an analysis of change both within and across countries. From this perspective, Germany has clearly moved "up" from having the single most restrictive law before the 1999 reform to a more moderate policy today. Yet Germany's major "liberalizing change" was also tempered by a significant "restrictive backlash." The German case therefore provides support for a broader theoretical argument about the potential for mobilized anti-immigrant public opinion to nullify the liberalization that often occurs within the realm of elite politics.
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Germany
42827. A Bridge or Barrier to Incorporation? Germany's 1999 Citizenship Reform in Critical Perspective
- Author:
- Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos and Karen Schönwälder
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- This article probes the consequences of Germany's 1999 citizenship reform as it pertains to the incorporation of immigrants. We maintain that the law's principled rejection of dual citizenship and related stipulation that children born into German nationality via the law's revolutionary jus soli provision choose between their German citizenship or that of their non-German parents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three is unfair, potentially unconstitutional, and likely unworkable in administrative terms. We also argue that the decline in naturalization rates in Germany since 2000 is due to a combination of legal, administrative, and symbolic barriers in the law, as well as a lack of incentives for naturalization for immigrants from European Union member states and other rich industrialized countries. We believe that progress in the area of incorporation will require a shift in outlooks on the part of German political elites, such that immigrants are seen as potential members of a diverse community of free and equal citizens rather than untrustworthy and threatening outsiders.
- Topic:
- Law
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Germany
42828. "What Do You Expect? That We All Dance and Be Happy?" Second-Generation Immigrants and Germany's 1999 Citizenship Reform
- Author:
- Sandra Bucerius
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Based on a five-year ethnography, this article looks at Germany's citizenship reform of 1999 from the perspective of a population that is often at the center of attention: second generation immigrant drug dealers. While the reform had the potential to make a significant difference for this group, with respect to both their legal status in the country and perception of Germany, the findings of this article show that the reform did not have such an impact. On the contrary, the reform seems to have had the opposite effect, alienating the young men even more from Germany by keeping citizenship out of reach for them. While some have argued that in the light of supranational citizenship norms and the discourse of citizenship rights as human rights, national citizenship becomes increasingly unimportant as new forms of post-national citizenship gradually emerge, this does not seem to hold true for the young men of this study.
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42829. Climate Policy Outcomes in Germany: Environmental Performance and Environmental Damage in Eleven Policy Areas
- Author:
- Roger Karapin
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Germany has reduced its emissions of greenhouse gases more than almost any other industrialized democracy and is exceeding its ambitious Kyoto commitment. Hence, it is commonly portrayed as a climate-policy success story, but the situation is actually much more complex. Generalizing Germany's per-capita emissions to all countries or its emissions reductions to all industrialized democracies would still very likely produce more than a two-degree rise in global temperature. Moreover, analyzing the German country-case into eleven subcases shows that it is a mixture of relative successes and failures. This analysis leads to three main conclusions. First, high relative performance and high environmental damage can coexist. Second, we should see national cases in a differentiated way and not only in terms of their aggregate performances. Third, researchers on climate policies should more often begin with outcomes, work backward to policies, and be prepared for some surprises. Ironically, the most effective government interventions may not be explicit climate policies, such as the economic transformation of eastern Germany. Moreover, the lack of policy-making in certain areas may undercut progress made elsewhere, including unregulated increases in car travel, road freight, and electricity consumption. Research on climate and environmental policies should focus on somewhat different areas of government intervention and ask different questions.
- Topic:
- Economics
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42830. Evolution and Normalization: Historical Consciousness in Germany
- Author:
- Felix Philipp Lutz
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- German political culture has been undergoing gradual but significant changes since unification. Military engagements in combat missions, the introduction of a professional army, and a remarkable loss of recent historical knowledge mostly within the younger generations are hallmarks of the new millennium. Extensive education about the Holocaust is still prevalent and there is a strong continuity of attitudes and orientations toward the Nazi era and the Holocaust reaching back to the 1980s. Nevertheless, a lack of knowledge about history-not only the World War II period, but also about East and West Germany-in the age group of people under thirty is staggering. The fading away of the generation of victims who are the last ones to tell the story of persecution during the Holocaust and a parallel rise of new actors and technologies, present challenges to the educational system and the current political culture of Germany.
- Topic:
- War
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42831. Volatile Counter-Cosmopolitans: Explaining the Electoral Performance of Radical Right Parties in Poland and Eastern Germany
- Author:
- Lars Rensmann
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Despite several breakthroughs that indicate radical right parties' significant electoral potential, they remain highly volatile players in both Poland and eastern Germany. This is puzzling because radical right competitors can benefit from favorable politico-cultural conditions shaped by postcommunist legacies. The electoral markets in Poland and the eastern German Länder show low levels of affective party identification and low levels of political trust in mainstream parties and government institutions. Most importantly, there is a sizeable, yet largely unrepresented segment of voters who share salient counter-cosmopolitan preferences. They point to a “silent counterrevolution“ against globalization and cosmopolitan value change that displays substantive affinities to radical right ideology. Offering a transborder regional comparison of the four most relevant radical right parties and their conditions for electoral mobilization in Poland and eastern Germany, this article argues that the radical right's crossnational volatility-and often underperformance-in elections is mainly caused by internal supply side factors. They range from organizational deficiencies, leadership issues, and internal feuds, to strategic failures and a lack of democratic responsiveness. In turn, the disequilibrium between counter-cosmopolitan demand and its political representation is likely to be reduced if radical right competitors become more effective agents of electoral mobilization-or new, better organized ones emerge.
- Topic:
- Globalization
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42832. Book Reviews
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Abstract:James Cronin, George Ross, and James Shock, eds. What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011)Reviewed by Willy JouJames Bohman, Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2007)Reviewed by by Conrad KingRitter, Gerhard, The Price of German Unity. Reunification and the Crisis of the Welfare State, translated by Richard Deveson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)Reviewed by Joyce M. MushabenMichaela Hoenicke Moore, Know Your Enemy. The American Debate on Nazism, 1933-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)Reviewed by John BendixElena Mancini, Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).Reviewed by Leila J. Rupp Paul Betts, Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)Reviewed by Charles S. Maier
- Political Geography:
- New York and Germany
42833. The Commemorative Ceremonies of the Expellees: Tag der Heimat and Volkstrauertag
- Author:
- Jeffrey Luppes
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- This article discusses the respective origins and developments of the German expellee organizations' chief days of commemoration, the Tag der Heimat and the Volkstrauertag, and investigates key elements of the commemorative ceremonies that take place on these occasions, in particular, their liturgical setups, thematic mottos, recitations of Totenehrungen, and the performance of "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden." Despite assertions that the expulsion has been insufficiently commemorated in the Federal Republic, and in spite of recent calls for a national day of remembrance to rectify this commemorative lacuna, this article shows how the expulsion has been memorialized on various levels for decades. Moreover, it argues that the expellee organizations' historical narratives have been one-sided and de-contextualized and sheds light on how the ceremonies bring these understandings of the past to life by highlighting German wartime suffering.
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42834. Corporeality As a Weapon: Siegmund Breibart's Embodiment of Muskeljudentum
- Author:
- Matthew J. Sherman
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Ideations of corporeality are situated at the crux of "muscular Judaism" in early twentieth- century Europe. The sporting event was viewed as a battlefield for equalization. In the ideological context of Muskeljudentum, the apathy of Talmudjudentum (Talmudic Judaism) was replaced by exercise, in which the strengthening of the corporeal would rejuvenate the psychical. Jewish strongman Siegmund Breitbart capitalized on his masculine feats of strength and aesthetic appeal by creating public performances, which displayed not only militarized corporeality, but also provided a stage for the promotion of "muscular Judaism," through both symbolic and literal representations of Zionist ideology. Breitbart reappropriated masculine Jewish corporeality, embodied corporeal notions of reciprocity at the core of Muskeljudentum, and found individual agency through the militarized aesthetic and motion of his body.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42835. The Concept of "Normality" in German Foreign Policy since Unification
- Author:
- Hans Kundnani
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- In this paper I examine the use of the concept of "normality" in debates about German foreign policy since unification. In the early 1990s, left-wing intellectuals such as Jürgen Habermas tended to criticize the idea of "normality" in favor of a form of German exceptionalism based on responsibility for the Nazi past. A foreign policy based on the idea of "normality" was associated above all with the greater use of military force, which the right advocated and the left opposed. Thus, "normality" became a synonym for Bündnisfähigkeit. Yet, from the mid 1990s onwards, some Social Democrats such as Egon Bahr began to use the concept of "normality" to refer instead to a foreign policy based on sovereignty and the pursuit of national interests. Although a consensus has now emerged in Germany around this realist definition of foreign-policy "normality," it is inadequate to capture the complex shift in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic since unification.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42836. Book Reviews
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Abstract:David Meskill, Optimizing the German Workforce: Labor Administration from Bismarck to the Economic Miracle (New York: Berghahn Books, 2010) Reviewed by Gregory Baldi;Jan-Werner Müller, Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011) Reviewed by John Bendix;Douglas B. Klusmeyer and Demetrios G. Papademetriou, Immigration Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany (New York: Berghahn Books, 2009) Reviewed by Suzanna M. Crage;Derek Hastings, Catholicism the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) Reviewed by Robert P. Ericksen;Review of Pertti Ahonen, Death at the Berlin Wall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) Reviewed by Hope M. Harrison;Wolfgang Scholz, The Social Budget of Germany: Keeping the Welfare State in Perspective (Berlin: edition sigma, 2009) Reviewed by John Bendix;Philip Broadbent and Sabine Hake, eds., Berlin. Divided City, 1945-1989(New York: Berghahn Books, 2010) Reviewed by Helge F. Jani;Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010) Reviewed by Larson Powell
- Political Geography:
- New York and Germany
42837. Intersectionality and the Substantive Representation of Migrant Interests in Germany
- Author:
- Barbara Donovan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- The paper uses the concept of intersectionality to examine the experiences of politicians with migrant backgrounds in Germany. The last decade has seen a significant increase in the number of persons with migrant backgrounds integrating into political parties and winning elections to both federal and regional legislatures. Do the migrant experiences of these persons shape their politics? Theories of substantive representation have suggested that gender shapes representation. What about the racial and ethnic identities that often coexist with immigrant status? Moreover, how do those identities and experiences interact with the prerogatives of party, partisanship, and regional representation? This study uses data gathered from both the federal and regional level to explore and explain the role of migrant-related concerns in the political behavior and articulated preferences of politicians with migrant background in Germany. It further explores how these relate to gender, careers, representational roles, and partisan identification. The article concludes that a consideration of the interaction of migrant identity with other factors allows us to see multiple dimensions of representation in Germany today.
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42838. Party Formation and Dilemmas of Opportunity Structure: Freie Wähler in the German Political System
- Author:
- Helga A. Welsh
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- The Freie Wähler (free voters, FW) offer the rare chance to analyze parties in the making. Their long-time anchoring in local elections, centrist, middle-class political orientation, and bifurcated organizational structure distinguish them from other new political parties that aspire to participate in Land (state), national and European elections. Against the backdrop of FW success in Bavaria, where they received 10.2 percent of the vote in 2008, this article explores the FW expansion to the state level but not their national aspirations. In contrast to most studies that emphasize opportunity structures that work in favor of new political actors, this article highlights their dialectical nature. For example, the FW self-image is based on their difference from political parties, but the rules of the game push them to the status of "almost-party" at the local level and parties at the Land level. Their local roots are a source of legitimacy, but when they reach beyond, divisions among members and voters hold back their electoral fortunes. Independence and issue orientation are appealing to some voters but hamper the establishment of a clear identity and effective campaigning in state elections. Success for FW candidates is linked to the weakness of the dominant parties in the conservative camp. Spatial-temporal conditions are significant in considering the future of the FW at the Land level.
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Germany
42839. "Keep the Home Fires Burning": Fairy Tale Heroes and Heroines in an East German Heimat
- Author:
- Sonja Fritzsche
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- The article argues that the films Das kalte Herz (The Cold Heart, 1950) and Der Teufel von Mühlenberg (The Devil of Mill Mountain, 1955) functioned in two ways-as fairy tales and also as new Heimat or “homeland' tale. Besides Wolfgang Staudte's The Story of Little Mook, these two films were the only two live action fairy tale films that appeared before East Germany's DEFA made its first Grimm feature adaptation in 1956, The Brave Little Tailor. Yet, unlike the Grimm-based films that take place in a generic “forest,“ these first two films take place explicitly in the Black Forest and the Harz Mountains, two locations synonymous with the beauty and timeless nature of past notions of German Heimat. The two films also engaged with the growing monetary and symbolic success of the West's postwar Heimatfilme or homeland films. The article focuses on how The Cold Heart and Mill Mountain contributed to the rearticulation of the emerging Heimat discourse in the early German Democratic Republic, with a particular focus on gender.
- Political Geography:
- Germany
42840. Book Reviews
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- German Politics and Society
- Institution:
- German Politics and Society Journal
- Abstract:
- Abstract: William Collins Donahue, Holocaust as Fiction: Bernhard Schlink's "Nazi" Novels and Their Films(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)Reviewed by Margaret McCarthyTheodor W. Adorno, Guilt and Defense: On the Legacies of National Socialism in Postwar Germany, edited, translated, and introduced by Jeffrey K. Olick and Andrew J. Perrin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010)Reviewed by Gregory R. Smulewicz-ZuckerFriedrich Pollock, Theodor W. Adorno, and Colleagues, Group Experiment and other Writings: The Frankfurt School on Public Opinion in Postwar Germany, edited and translated by Andrew J. Perrin and Jeffrey K. Olick (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011).Reviewed by Jan BoestenGabriele Mueller and James M. Skidmore, eds. Cinema and Social Change in Germany and Austria(Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2012).Reviewed by Sabine von MeringChristopher J. Fischer, Alsace to the Alsatians? Visions and Divisions of Alsatian Regionalism, 1870-1939(New York: Berghahn Books, 2010)Reviewed by Jennifer A. Yoder
- Political Geography:
- New York, Germany, and Austria
42841. L'institutionnalisation du Parlement européen
- Author:
- Antonin Cohen and Anna-Christina L. Knudsen
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Lors de la dernière élection présidentielle, en France, trois candidats sur dix étaient membres du Parlement européen – Eva Joly, Marine Le Pen et JeanLuc Mélenchon ayant tous été élus ou réélus lors des élections européennes de 2009. Mieux. Les six principaux candidats à la présidence de la République étaient ou avaient été membres du Parlement européen – François Bayrou, François Hollande et Nicolas Sarkozy ayant siégé, il est vrai peu de temps, durant la cinquième législature.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42842. L'autonomisation du « Parlement européen »
- Author:
- Antonin Cohen
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les organisations intergouvernementales européennes restent trop souvent analysées de manière isolées les unes des autres. Cet article entend au contraire illustrer le processus d'institutionnalisation du champ du pouvoir européen en prenant pour objet les interdépendances évolutives entre ces différentes organisations. En analysant le recrutement parlementaire des quatre assemblées supranationales du Conseil de l'Europe, des Communautés européennes, de l'Union de l'Europe occidentale et de l'Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord des années 1950 aux années 1970, cet article montre que le cumul des sièges au sein de ces assemblées tend à décroître au fil des années, contribuant à l'autonomisation de ce qui est alors rebaptisé « Parlement européen », ainsi qu'à la socialisation d'un nombre toujours croissant de parlementaires nationaux à la politique européenne supranationale. Il montre, en outre, la corrélation entre longévité, cumul des sièges et capital juridique, en isolant un petit groupe de parlementaires multipositionnés connus pour avoir joué des rôles très variés dans la construction européenne, comme Fernand Dehousse, PierreHenri Teitgen et bien d'autres. Cet article repose sur une base de données regroupant plusieurs centaines de parlementaires.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42843. L'Europe estelle un État comme les autres ?
- Author:
- Guilloaume Sacriste
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- La polity communautaire, plutôt que d'avoir autonomisé une sphère du politique à l'image des processus d'émergence des Étatsnations occidentaux, apparaît comme un système politique institutionnalisant sa propre hétéronomie socioéconomique. C'est l'hypothèse défendue dans cet article en prenant comme point d'entrée le travail des parlementaires européens de la commission juridique de l'Assemblée communautaire des années 1960. Les logiques sociales ainsi mises en évidence permettent de conclure sur la nature des outputs de cette commission : ces derniers brouillent la distinction public/privé au principe des ÉtatsNations.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42844. Modes de recrutement et de circulation des premiers membres britanniques et danois du Parlement européen
- Author:
- Ann-Christina L. Knudsen
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article analyse les modes de recrutement et de circulation des 95 parlementaires britanniques et danois membres du Parlement européen (MPE) avant l'instauration du suffrage universel direct en juin 1979. Il s'appuie sur une étude prosopographique approfondie des biographies collectives et relationnelles des parcours de carrières politiques de ces députés, avant et après leur double mandat en tant que MPE. L'étude comparative montre la façon dont les parlementaires européens ont circulé dans la politique nationale et européenne, et comment des possibilités élargies de carrières politiques furent ainsi intégrées dans la vie politique de ces deux populations de parlementaires.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42845. Réinventer l'institution parlementaire européenne
- Author:
- Aurelie Elisa Gfeller
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article offre un éclairage sur la réinvention de l'institution parlementaire communautaire à la suite de l'introduction du suffrage universel direct en 1979. Il analyse la stratégie discursive des élus et de leur présidente, Simone Veil, qui firent valoir leur nouvelle légitimité démocratique pour asseoir leur autorité face aux fractions des élites européennes associées aux autres institutions communautaires ou à d'autres institutions transnationales. Il montre aussi comment les nouveaux élus mobilisèrent diverses ressources pour renforcer leur stratégie de légitimation : leurs compétences budgétaires limitées, mais aussi les visites et voyages officiels orchestrés par leur présidente et leur engagement sur un thème porteur dans l'opinion, les droits de l'Homme.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42846. Sociogenèse d'une catégorie politique : l'introduction de « partis politiques au niveau européen » dans le droit communautaire
- Author:
- Francisco Roa Bastos
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- « Ceci n'est pas une pipe », peignait Magritte en 1929 dans La trahison des images. À bien des égards, ceci n'est pas non plus un article sur les « partis politiques au niveau européen ». Du moins, pas tout à fait. Il ne prétend pas déterminer la nature, les fonctions ou encore les perspectives d'évolution des organisations politiques concrètes qui sont aujourd'hui reconnues sous cette appellation, mais bien proposer une étude historique et sociologique des mobilisations qui ont conduit à l'introduction de la catégorie même de partis « politiques au niveau européen » dans le traité de Maastricht en 1992.
42847. Des eurodéputés « experts » ? Sociologie d'une illusion bien fondée
- Author:
- Willy Beauvallet and Sebastien Michon
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Au sein du Parlement européen (PE), comme de l'Union européenne, la figure de l'expert apparaît comme une dimension incontournable de la définition des rôles et de la structuration de l'espace politique européen. Cet article vise à montrer que la figure de l'eurodéputé expert correspond à une illusion bien fondée, une simplification dont la crédibilité est assise sur des processus sociaux institutionnalisés. Cette construction institutionnelle est le produit de la rencontre entre un contexte et des propriétés sociales et politiques qui se cristallisent dans le rôle de l'expert. Si cette définition dominante de la fonction d'eurodéputé emporte un certain nombre de conséquences et de contraintes, elle n'en demeure pas moins soumise à des tensions et des investissements concurrents qui font de l'institutionnalisation du PE un processus dynamique.
42848. Logiques partisanes, territorialisation et capital politique européen
- Author:
- Reni Lefebvre and Guillarme Marrel
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'article analyse le processus d'investiture des candidats aux élections européennes de 2009 pour le parti socialiste français. Il montre que la constitution des listes obéit à des logiques endogènes fortes et prend peu en compte le capital européen des impétrants. En articulant sociographie qualitative et entretiens, il s'agit ici de saisir le plus finement possible les logiques multiples et contradictoires qui président à la fabrication des listes. La faible prise en compte de l'européanisation des candidats est liée à des variables conjoncturelles et situationnelles, mais aussi à des logiques plus structurelles. La multiplication des critères en jeu en 2009 décuple les incertitudes pesant sur le processus de négociation.
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42849. Les violences contre les femmes en Russie : des difficultés du chiffrage à la singularité de la prise en charge
- Author:
- Francois Dauce and Amanine Regamey
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Basé sur une enquête menée en 2010 auprès de responsables associatifs et administratifs, cet article analyse la manière dont la violence contre les femmes est abordée et prise en charge en Russie. Il s'interroge d'abord sur les conditions de connaissance du phénomène : alors que les chiffres des violences domestiques donnent l'image d'une Russie particulièrement violente, c'est surtout le manque de fiabilité et le flou entourant les statistiques qui est à souligner ? quant aux facteurs économiques, sociaux et culturels, ils agissent surtout comme des facteurs aggravants – tout autant que le manque de prise en charge par l'Etat. En effet, alors que se sont constituées dans les années 1990 des ONG soutenues par les organisations internationales et qui mettent en avant un modèle légaliste de l'action publique, la réponse étatique reste dispersée et fragmentaire (absence de loi, de mesures de prévention ou de protection). Dans les années 2000, alors que les associations sont affaiblies, c'est le paradigme familialiste qui semble prendre le pas en Russie, portant l'attention moins sur la violence contre les femmes que sur la violence contre les mères.
42850. À propos de la complexité des révoltes dans les pays arabes
- Author:
- Nizar Messari
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Pour m'atteler à la tâche d'essayer de comprendre les bouleversements dans le monde Arabe au cours de l'année 2011, je me propose dans cet article d'analyser ces événements à la lumière de quelques modèles théoriques qui visent à expliquer les mobilisations sociales et populaires, d'abord pour fournir une clé pour comprendre ces événements et ensuite pour analyser ce que ces mobilisations ont apporté aux modèles théoriques préexistant. Deux questions différentes mais liées s'imposent : pourquoi plusieurs peuples arabes se sontils soulevés au cours de l'année 2011 ? Pourquoi l'ontils fait d'une façon presque simultanée ? D'un point de vue théorique, la littérature qui existe nous dirige vers deux concepts explicatifs : le premier est l'existence de structures d´opportunités politiques préalables qui ont balisé le chemin pour plus de réformes, alors que le second est l'existence d'un réseau d'événements, non pas liés mais mutuellement influençables, et dont l'évolution influence les événements dans les autres pays. Dans le cas des révoltes de 2011 dans les pays Arabes, les leçons à tirer sont que, si parler de structures d'opportunités politiques indique une inclinaison vers la structure au détriment de l'acteur, les révoltes de 2011 dans le monde Arabe ont indiqué le rôle central que les acteurs peuvent jouer dans les mobilisations, et obligent ainsi à une certaine adaptation du modèle des structures d'opportunités politiques.
- Political Geography:
- Arabia
42851. Théories de la reconnaissance dans les relations internationales
- Author:
- Thomas Lindemann and Julie Saada
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les théories de la reconnaissance ont été développées, ces vingt dernières années, lorsqu'une série de débats politiques et de mouvements sociaux ont attiré l'attention sur l'idée de reconnaissance. Comme le souligne A. Honneth, elles reposent sur l'idée que la qualité morale des rapports sociaux ne peut être mesurée à la seule aune de la répartition juste ou injuste des biens matériels, mais que la justice doit aussi intégrer, de manière essentielle, nos conceptions sur la manière dont les sujets se reconnaissent mutuellement, et sur l'identité qu'ils se reconnaissent. Enracinées dans la conception hégélienne de la lutte pour la reconnaissance, les théories de la reconnaissance ont été développées non seulement dans des travaux philosophiques, mais aussi dans des recherches sociologiques, politistes et constructivistes. Elles semblent pourtant très éloignées des analyses contemporaines de ce type de conflictualité particulier qu'est la guerre. Plus généralement, différentes raiso...
42852. La reconnaissance entre États
- Author:
- Alex Honneth
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Sur un plan préthéorique, nous semblons admettre tout naturellement que les faits et gestes des acteurs étatiques obéissent souvent à l'intention de faire respecter par d'autres États la collectivité qu'ils représentent et d'en obtenir la reconnaissance par des mesures adaptées. Dans nos discussions quotidiennes, nous nous accordons bientôt pour dire que le comportement des dirigeants politiques palestiniens ne peut être compris indépendamment d'une telle quête de reconnaissance, que le gouvernement russe dépense sans compter depuis déjà des années pour regagner la considération des États occidentaux ou que les gouvernements d'Europe de l'Ouest usent de toutes les ressources de la diplomatie pour se faire à nouveau respecter par l'administration Bush. Certes, de prime abord, de telles transpositions de la catégorie de la reconnaissance aux relations interétatiques n'ont rien de surprenant: notre récente réactualisation de la théorie hégélienne de la reconnaissance ne visait-elle p...
42853. Théorie constitutive : reconnaissance, éthique et politique dans les relations internationales
- Author:
- Mervyn Frost
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dans un article intitulé « La reconnaissance entre les États : sur le substrat moral des relations internationales » Axel Honneth relève que dans le langage usuel, on parle souvent des États comme cherchant le respect et la reconnaissance de la part d'États étrangers. Nous comprenons aisément les États lorsqu'ils font valoir leur droit à une reconnaissance dont on les prive. Honneth souligne que « nous convenons volontiers que le comportement des dirigeants politiques de la Palestine, par exemple, ne peut être compris sans prendre en compte de telles aspirations à une reconnaissance ; que le gouvernement russe réalise de gros efforts pour imposer le respect aux pays occidentaux ou bien que pendant les mandats de Bush, les gouvernements d'Europe occidentale ont usé de relations et manouvres diplomatiques pour renouveler le respect de leur allié américain ». Pourtant, lorsque nous nous tournons vers la discipline des Relations Internationales (RI), nous constatons que la notion de rec...
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Palestine
42854. Le conflit tchétchène à l'épreuve de la reconnaissance
- Author:
- Aude Merlin and Anne Huérou
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- L'article revient sur le conflit russo-tchétchène en faisant l'hypothèse que la question du déni de reconnaissance a eu une importance centrale dans la transformation d'un conflit politique en conflit armé. La reconnaissance est envisagée tant du point de vue des qualifications dont il a fait l'objet que des enjeux symboliques qui ont marqué les relations entre les deux parties. Une première partie explique comment le fait de ne pas qualifier ce conflit comme guerre produit des effets sur son déroulement. Une deuxième partie analyse l'affirmation identitaire tchétchène dans les différentes phases du conflit en revenant sur le temps long et sur la dimension coloniale des relations russo-tchétchènes, face aux diverses labellisations qui lui assignent des enjeux décalés. La conclusion interroge le recours au droit, moins dans le cadre d'une justice transitionnelle « post-conflit » que comme un levier majeur, voire le seul possible en termes de recherche de qualification et de reconnaissance des crimes commis pendant le conflit.
42855. Méconnaître pour reconnaître ? La << stratégie de sortie >> américaine d'Irak ou comment faire de nécessité vertu
- Author:
- Christian Olsson
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dans cet article, nous déclinons dans un premier temps les différentes significations données dans la pensée stratégique occidentale à l'acte militaire de « tuer au combat » au regard du thème de la reconnaissance de l'ennemi. Nous montrons ainsi que trois grands récits historiques, aux implications très différentes quant à la reconnaissance de l'adversaire, se sont sédimentés dans cette pensée. Dans un deuxième temps, nous cherchons à comprendre les discours militaires américains sur l'ennemi insurgé en Irak à la lumière de ces trois grands récits, cela en nous intéressant plus particulièrement à la stratégie américaine de sortie du conflit d'Irak entre 2007 et 2011. Notre argument principal est que ces récits historiques ont en été au cour du processus qui a conduit la hiérarchie militaire à avaliser les négociations avec l'opposition armée irakienne. Ils permettent en effet d'éclairer comment le constat de l'échec à éradiquer « l'insurrection irakienne » par la voie militaire s'est mué en reconnaissance contrariée des revendications politiques de certains d'entre eux.
42856. Reconnaître l'absence et dire les responsabilités : le cas des civils tués par les forces armées américaines en Afghanistan et en Irak
- Author:
- Christophe Wasinski
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article pose la question du mode de reconnaissance des morts civiles causées par les forces armées américaines lors des guerres en Afghanistan et en Irak au cours des années 2000. Il part du constat que la mortalité civile causée par les opérations militaires n'est pas immédiatement accessible. La connaissance de cette mortalité dépend d'un travail d'énonciation qui l'exprime, la confirme, la qualifie, ou encore la justifie. Nous faisons ici l'hypothèse que, dans le cas des conflits en Afghanistan et en Irak, le mode de reconnaissance de la mortalité civile dépend des effets d'une sorte de « controverse » opposant deux régimes d'énonciation. Le premier est un régime qui nie et/ou minimise la mortalité des civils et met en évidence un comportement « responsable » dans la prise en charge de la problématique par les militaires. Le second régime, quant à lui, conteste le fait que les guerres d'Afghanistan et d'Irak sont menées de façon assez précautionneuse pour les civils.
- Political Geography:
- Afghanistan
42857. La mobilisation des réfugiés palestiniens dans le sillage de la « révolution » syrienne : s'engager sous contrainte
- Author:
- Valentina Neopolitano
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article propose une lecture de l'actuelle contestation syrienne à partir du point de vue des Palestiniens de Syrie. Cette communauté d'un demi-million d'individus a intégré la « révolution » syrienne et cela à partir de ses propres subjectivités et attentes. Cette étude vise, d'une part, à approfondir notre connaissance des « répertoires d'actions » et des « pratiques de résistance individuelles » adoptées au cours de la contestation syrienne face aux contraintes imposées aux contestataires par la répression du régime. D'autre part il montre comment cette communauté de réfugiés a réagi face à la crise qui traverse son pays hôte et comment la « révolution » est devenue le théâtre pour l'expression non seulement des quêtes de liberté et dignité du peuple syrien, mais aussi des revendications proprement palestiniennes s'inscrivant dans un contexte national marqué par le mécontentement généralisé des réfugiés vis-à-vis de leur leadership politique.
42858. Autour de l'Afghanistan contemporain
- Author:
- Delphine Deschaux-Beaume
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- En matière de conflit afghan, l'actualité la plus récente vient renforcer le constat d'échec de la stratégie qui consistait à « gagner les coeurs et les esprits » en Afghanistan, et d'en faire un État viable et en sécurité . Depuis le conflit soviétoafghan, et plus encore depuis la guerre déclenchée en 2001, ce conflit alimente à ce titre une abondante littérature. Qu'il s'agisse d'ouvrages géopolitiques ou stratégiques , de témoignages engagés , ou encore d'ouvrages sociologiques visant à saisir le phénomène taliban et l'islamisation du « terrorisme afghan » , la littérature sur le contexte du conflit afghan est pléthorique. Dès lors, pourquoi s'attacher à deux ouvrages parus en 2011 traitant une fois de plus du « problème afghan » ? Les ouvrages de Michael Barry et de Pierre Micheletti sont intéressants à plusieurs titres, et notamment de par leur parti pris analytique . Dans les deux cas, l'enjeu n'est pas d'axer l'analyse sur la recrudescence de la violence armée exercée par de...
- Political Geography:
- Afghanistan
42859. Le conflit étudiant québécois : une « épidémie » de sens pour un Québec politiquement malade
- Author:
- Gabriel Blouin Genest
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dans un ouvrage problématisant les fondements philosophiques de la propagation des maladies infectieuses, Jean Lombard et Bernard Vanderwalle rappellent que l'épidémie n'est pas « un moment comme d'autres [.], mais un instant critique ». Si le conflit étudiant québécois de 2012 a été le vecteur si tenace de la propagation d'un imaginaire social québécois en mutation, avec ses nouveaux héros, ses bons et ses mauvais personnages, ses mises en scène, ses zones d'insécurité et ses traumatismes, c'est que ce conflit représente, au fond, ce type « d'instant critique », cette zone d'ombres où politique et construit social s'entremêlent et se chevauchent dans une « épidémie de sens ». Ce forum est ainsi l'occasion de revenir sur ce moment polyphonique qualifié par plusieurs commentateurs de « printemps québécois » ou « érable » et qui a pris fin avec l'élection, le 4 septembre dernier, d'un gouvernement minoritaire dirigé par la chef du Parti québécois Pauline Marois, succédant au gouverne...
42860. Le printemps érable comme choc idéologique
- Author:
- Frederic Jean
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Afin de protester contre la décision du gouvernement du Québec d'augmenter les droits annuels de scolarité universitaire de 1 625 $ CAN (soit une hausse de 75 %) en l'espace de cinq ans, de nombreuses associations étudiantes de la province sont entrées en grève l'hiver dernier, à partir de la mifévrier. Jusquelà, rien d'étonnant : quel groupe organisé pourrait bien subir un tel renchérissement sans montrer les dents ? Pour autant, la perspective comptable ou corporatiste ne suffit pas à expliquer le « printemps érable », soit la prolongation du conflit étudiant sur la saison suivante et sa mutation en une véritable crise sociale, finalement résolue par l'élection (hâtive) d'un nouveau gouvernement le 4 septembre. Les manifestations monstres, la violence, la restriction des libertés fondamentales, les concerts populaires de casseroles, tout cela peut difficilement se résumer à un enjeu pécuniaire. Pour comprendre l'intransigeance du gouvernement d'alors et la ténacité des grévistes...
42861. Le (dé)goût d'un printemps : la construction sociale de la violence et de l'extrémisme politique lors du conflit étudiant québécois
- Author:
- Gabriel Blouin Genest
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Alors que le conflit social et étudiant québécois vient tout juste de prendre fin, avec l'élection d'un gouvernement du Parti québécois le 4 septembre 2012 et l'abolition de la hausse des frais de scolarité qui avait provoqué la crise étudiante au Québec, les mois passés nous permettent tout de même d'y porter un regard analytique, en s'intéressant notamment à la « cartographie langagière » qui a marqué ce conflit. Ce mouvement de protestation des étudiants québécois, initié en réaction à une augmentation des droits de scolarité de 75 % sur cinq ans, a mené à la plus longue grève de l'histoire du Québec. Pour forcer le retour en classe, le gouvernement de Jean Charest avait voté le projet de loi 78 (devenue par la suite loi 12) qui suspendait la session pour les étudiants en grève et limitait substantiellement le droit de grève et de manifestation, sous peine de pénalités majeures pour les individus et fédérations étudiantes. C'est dans ce contexte que le gouvernement en place a dé...
42862. Révolte contre le néolibéralisme, riposte contre la liberté d'association
- Author:
- Phillippe Langois
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dans son Histoire du syndicalisme québécois, Jacques Rouillard raconte la grève des ouvriers irlandais du canal de Beauharnois près de Montréal, il y a presque deux siècles, en 1843. Nous sommes à l'époque où les syndicats sont encore considérés par la loi comme des organisations criminelles et où les travailleurs revendiquent la journée de travail de 12 heures. Après une émeute ayant fait dix morts et une cinquantaine de blessés, les entrepreneurs des chantiers navals analysent ainsi: « [L]es troubles sont le fait d'agitateurs et non de la masse des ouvriers. Selon le témoignage d'un contremaître, le danger vient de ce que "chez ces hommes qui sont sans foyer et livrés à la misère [.] il s'établit une unite d'action qui peut chambarder les règles qui, d'ordinaire, jouent individuellement entre l'ouvrier et son patron". Il se promet de voir à l'avenir à ce que "l'on ne permette pas à ces masses de miséreux de se réunir dans une même localité". »
42863. L'angle mort du débat sur la « juste part » dans le conflit étudiant au Québec : les banques. Un conflit idéologique qui ne dit pas son nom
- Author:
- Sylvie Paquerot
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Dès le début de la grève étudiante au Québec, l'argument principal, voire unique, du gouvernement de cette province pour justifier la hausse des frais de scolarité était que les étudiants devaient payer leur « juste part ». Or il faut bien constater, plusieurs mois après le début du conflit, que si elle est inlassablement revenue dans le discours gouvernemental , la formule ne semble pas pour autant avoir suffisamment retenu l'attention des médias pour qu'un véritable débat s'engage sur son sens et la pertinence de son application. Les discours tout azimut sur la « juste part » sans analyse plus approfondie de ce dont il est question semblent d'autant plus surprenants qu'une telle analyse permet selon nous de capturer l'essence même du conflit qui a eu cours : un changement d'orientation de société, de compromis social, sans véritable débat démocratique.
42864. Des migrants environnementaux aux migrants climatiques : un enjeu définitionnel complexe
- Author:
- Chloe Ann Vlassopoulos
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Réfugiés environnementaux/climatiques, migrants forcés de l'environnement/du climat, migrants environnementaux/climatiques, écomigrants. Les termes pour qualifier les personnes forcées de quitter leur lieu habituel de vie en raison d'une dégradation de l'environnement ne manquent pas et reflètent la difficile construction de cet enjeu en tant qu'objet de recherche et problème nécessitant l'intervention des autorités publiques.
- Topic:
- Climate Change and Environment
42865. Du climat au changement climatique : chantiers, leçons et défis pour l'histoire
- Author:
- Jean-Francois Mouhot
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Cet article s'interroge sur la manière dont l'histoire peut nous aider à réfléchir – et offrir des éclairages nouveaux – sur le problème climatique. Après une présentation des domaines d'investigation de l'histoire en matière de changement climatique, il retrace la façon dont les hommes ont appréhendé le rapport au temps qu'il fait et à ses variations au cours des siècles et montre que, loin d'être un phénomène récent, la préoccupation des sociétés envers le climat est ancienne. Mais la prise de conscience contemporaine du réchauffement anthropique traduit un changement d'échelle dans les peurs puisque, pour la première fois, se pose la question de la survie de nos civilisations. Une seconde partie établit ce que le passé peut nous apprendre de la vulnérabilité des sociétés humaines face aux chocs climatiques. Enfin, l'article propose quelques pistes de réflexion sur les défis auxquels les historiens travaillant sur ces questions doivent faire face, et aussi sur les blocages qui continuent à freiner les recherches historiques en ce domaine.
42866. Mobilité humaine et changement environnemental : une analyse historique et textuelle de la politique des Nations Unies
- Author:
- Karen Elizabeth McNamara and Chris Gibson
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Après les horreurs de la Grande Dépression et de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) a reçu un mandat très large pour améliorer la paix future et le bienêtre de l'humanité. Malgré son travail considérable dans les sphères sociale et économique au cours des soixante dernières années, l'aggravation de la pauvreté, l'injustice et les violations des droits de l'Homme ont été couplées avec la dégradation de l'environnement mondial. Pris ensemble, ces problèmes soulignent les défis consistant à assurer à la fois un environnement global durable et la sécurité de la vie humaine sur terre.
42867. Migrations climatiques : quel rôle pour le droit international ?
- Author:
- Michel Morele and Nicole de Moor
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Le sort de ceux qui sont appelés les « réfugiés climatiques » est d'actualité dans les débats et les écrits scientifiques. Géographes, anthropologues, politologues et juristes se réunissent autour de la question pour débattre de leur existence, leur nombre, les causes de leur fuite, et les cadres institutionnels politiques et juridiques existants ou nécessaires. Alors que les individus ont toujours utilisé la migration comme une stratégie pour répondre aux changements environnementaux, c'est l'attention mondiale croissante portée au phénomène du changement climatique qui a amené les universitaires, les décideurs et la communauté des ONG à s'intéresser à ceux qui sont contraints de quitter leur lieu de vie habituel en raison de changements environnementaux. Il est important de constater que beaucoup de ceux qui subissent aujourd'hui les effets de ces changements n'ont pas les moyens nécessaires leur permettant de se déplacer. En conséquence, ils risquent de se trouver négligés et dan...
42868. Les migrants des politiques climatiques : nouveaux défis face aux déplacements générés par le changement climatique
- Author:
- Jeanette Schade
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Malgré les efforts des chercheurs spécialistes des migrations, les « migrants climatiques » sont encore couramment perçus comme des gens déplacés en raison des impacts négatifs du changement climatique. Ce récit sur la cause « climatique » comme principal facteur de migration découle en grande partie de l'influence qu'exercent sur le débat climatique les chercheurs spécialisés dans les études sur la population et l'environnement (P). En effet, les approches néomalthusiennes qui soustendent ce débat comportent le risque d'aboutir à des solutions non pertinentes comme cela s'est déjà produit dans les années 1970 avec les politiques suivies en matière de sécurité alimentaire. Une des solutions discutée aujourd'hui est celle du déplacement planifié des populations (réinstallation/relocalisation). Comme les questions de la « migration climatique » et du déplacement planifié ont trouvé une certaine reconnaissance au cours des négociations de la 16e conférence des parties (COP16) au...
42869. Rareté de ressources et conflit entre pasteurs et agriculteurs au Sud-Kordofan, Soudan
- Author:
- Salome Bronkhorst
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Il y a des preuves solides montrant que le pastoralisme en Afrique a émergé il y a sept mille ans et qu'il s'est progressivement étendu dans le nord de l'Afrique comme une réponse pour faire face aux incertitudes climatiques et aux sécheresses croissantes. En fait, « la préhistoire et l'histoire sont marquées par des mouvements humains (épisodiques et localisés) d'une zone climatique à une autre, car les gens étaient continuellement à la recherche d'environnements permettant de garantir leur survie et de satisfaire leurs aspirations à une existence plus stable ».
42870. Des migrants et des mots : Une analyse numérique des débats médiatiques sur les migrations et l'environnement
- Author:
- Tommaso Venturini, Francois Gemenne, and Marta Severo
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Vous savez, il y a un débat ici au sujet des réfugiés. Laissezmoi vous dire quelle est ma position et celle des personnes autour de cette table : les personnes dont nous parlons ne sont pas des réfugiés. Ce sont des Américains, et ils méritent l'aide, l'amour et la compassion de nos compatriotes. Président George W. Bush, à propos des populations déplacées par l'ouragan Katrina, 6 septembre 2005.
42871. Une artiste sans galerie
- Author:
- Sanja Ivekovic
- Publication Date:
- 12-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Rada Ivekovic (R. I.) : Lors de ta résidence au MAC/VAL en 2012, tu t'es présentée comme née à Zagreb, Yougoslavie, résidant à Zagreb, Croatie. Tu as résisté avec véhémence à la récupération par l'État (en l'occurrence croate) de ton travail : tu n'as pas souhaité faire partie du programme « La Croatie, la voici ! » pour ta performance, et tu ne t'es pas présentée à ton propre vernissage pour ton installation « Visages du langage », qui montrait des écrans avec des animaux, autant d'appellations injurieuses des femmes ? ces animaux se transformaient en visages de femmes battues. Tu as présenté une performance intitulée « Pourquoi un(e) artiste ne peut représenter un Étatnation », à propos de laquelle tu t'es distanciée du programme officiel de la Croatie en France. On peut dire que dans l'ensemble, ton travail a toujours invité à la réflexion politique. Voici la question : depuis quand refusestu d'être identifiée à la nation et à l'Étatnation ?
42872. Democracy Policy Under Obama: Revitalization or Retreat?
- Author:
- Thomas Carothers
- Publication Date:
- 01-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- Upon taking office in January 2009, President Barack Obama inherited a democracy promotion policy badly damaged from its prior association with the war in Iraq and with forcible regime change more generally. The Bush years had also seen a decline in America's reputation as a global symbol of democracy and human rights as well as rising fears of a broader democratic recession in the world.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Human Rights, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- Iraq and America
42873. The Future of Russia: Modernization or Decline?
- Author:
- Adam Balcer and Nikolay Petrov
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- Russia as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and nuclear power remains a key player in Eurasia with a substantial leverage in the post Soviet space and, at the same time, the most important neighbour of the EU. However, in the coming decades Russia will face serious challenges to its internal prospects and international position. The further rise of China, negative demographic trends (shrinking population, emigration of well-educated people), substantial increase of the share of Muslim population, degradation of its infrastructure, unsustainability of the current economic model and rampant corruption are the most important factors which will impact on Russia's future and by default on the EU's. Certainly, Russia's democratization would substantially increase its ability to face these challenges and impact positively on EU-Russia relations.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Nuclear Weapons, and Nuclear Power
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Europe, Eurasia, Soviet Union, and United Nations
42874. Russia, China and Global Governance
- Author:
- Charles Grant
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- The need for international co-operation has never been greater, yet global governance is inadequate. Whether one looks at the Doha round of trade liberalisation, the climate change talks led by the United Nations, the G20's efforts to co-ordinate economic and financial policies, or efforts to reform the UN Security Council (UNSC), not much is being achieved. 'Multilateralism'–the system of international institutions and rules intended to promote the common good–appears to be weakening. At the same time, the growing influence of China, Russia and other non-Western powers is pushing the international order towards 'multipolarity'.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Diplomacy, Governance, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, and Asia
42875. True Partners? How Russia and China See Each Other
- Author:
- Dmitri V. Trenin
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- This report compares Russian and Chinese security perceptions and explains how they shape the two countries' policies towards each other. It argues that the modern relationship between the two countries, formed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, was turned on its head at the start of the 21st century. China has now become a powerful factor affecting a whole range of Russian policies, both domestic and foreign. The paper also argues that, while Russia is not central to China's foreign relations, and non-existent in China's domestic politics, good relations with Moscow are an important supporting element in Beijing's overall strategy of reclaiming China's 'rightful place in the world'. It concludes that while both countries need each other and would benefit from a stable political relationship and close economic ties, both Moscow and Beijing lack the long-term strategies to create such a bond.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Foreign Policy, and Bilateral Relations
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, and Asia
42876. Boatloads of Growth: Recapturing America's Share of Asia-Pacific Trade
- Author:
- Ed Gerwin
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Third Way
- Abstract:
- By 2020, the Asia-Pacific's $10 trillion import market will present vast opportunities to support U.S. economic growth and wider prosperity for America's Middle Class. But, over the past decade, the U.S. share of key Asia-Pacific markets has actually plummeted–by over 40%. Retaking America's share of these rapidly expanding economies—beginning with trade deals like the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP)—could pay huge dividends: over a half trillion dollars in additional U.S. exports, supporting millions of good American jobs.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, and Labor Issues
- Political Geography:
- United States, America, and Asia
42877. China's Trade Playbook: Why America Needs a New Game Plan
- Author:
- Ed Gerwin and Ryan McConaghy
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Third Way
- Abstract:
- December 2011 marked China's 10th anniversary as a member of the World Trade Organization. Despite progress on market reforms in a number of areas, China has failed to live up to a wide range of promised WTO commitments. To make matters worse, China has actually regressed towards less open markets and "state capitalism" in key sectors. China's unfair currency manipulation has been a flashpoint in its trade relations with the United States and we must aggressively address that practice. But, China doesn't rely on currency alone to get an edge. Rather, it employs an entire array of unfair tactics to block American exports and investments and deny economic opportunity for our workers, manufacturers, farmers and service providers.
- Political Geography:
- United States, China, and America
42878. The Economy Is Slowing, But Perhaps Not For Long
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Slow, slower, and may be even stop. That's a quick summary of how Federal Reserve Board chairman Ben Bernanke sees the US economy. The economy grew at an annual rate of 2.5% last year, 1.9% in the first quarter of this year, "and available indicators point to a still-smaller gain in the second quarter" he advised congress last week. Household spending is slowing down because "confidence remains relatively low" (at its lowest level since December); numerous factors (a supply overhang, unavailability of credit) "impede growth" in the housing sector; manufacturing production has slowed; business investment has "decelerated"; there is "further weakness ahead" for investment demand; and "reduction in the unemployment rate seems likely to be frustratingly slow."
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, and Financial Crisis
- Political Geography:
- United States
42879. Fear Athens Less and Washington More
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 05-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- There comes a tide in the affairs of men And the one sweeping from Greece, across Europe and into the United States is washing away support for austerity, in some cases reinforcing opposition to it, largely from the Left. President Obama is delighted at this support for his refusal to cut spending in the face of mounting deficits, and the Republicans are feeling beleaguered at what they see as the disinterment of the body of works of John Maynard Keynes. No longer must the President sit at G8 meetings (in this weekend's case, G7 since Vladimir Putin finds it necessary to stay at home to deal with an unpleasant spate of dissent) and hear only the voice of Germany's iron Chancellor, Angela Merkel, extolling the virtues of thrift, austerity and balanced budgets. Now he has France's new socialist President, François Hollande, to preach the virtues of spending, "the indispensable stimulation of the economy", and, even better, high taxes-- up to 75% on incomes in excess of $1.35 million per year, which makes the team of Buffett and Obama mere pikers at the soak-the-rich game. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed the administration's delight at Hollande's "different political approach Different voices may be louder on growth than they have been It's been our view that there needed to be adjustments to austerity, so that there could be growth, both for economic reasons and for political reasons President Obama and our economic team have been saying for some time that growth had to factor into a European recovery." Take that, Mrs. Merkel and all you Republicans who want to cut entitlement spending and retain the Bush tax cuts that benefit "millionaires and billionaires", Obama shorthand for families earning more than $250,000 per year.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Monetary Policy, and Budget
- Political Geography:
- United States, Europe, Washington, Greece, and France
42880. Thinking About a Korean Denuclearization Treaty
- Author:
- Christopher Ford
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Even while officials of the United States and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) reportedly remain engaged in attempting to work out an arrangement pursuant to which the DPRK would return to the long-moribund Six-Party Talks process, there has been no shortage of commentators—including this author—who feel these negotiations are likely to founder on the rocks of Pyongyang's unwillingness, under essentially any conditions, to relinquish its nuclear weapons and associated infrastructure. Nevertheless, the DPRK claims that it remains genuinely interested in negotiations, making it at least theoretically possible that whatever their outcome, some kind of nuclear negotiations may recommence.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Nuclear Weapons, and Treaties and Agreements
- Political Geography:
- United States and Korea
42881. Future Marketplace: Free and Fair
- Author:
- Hanns Kuttner
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- In any market, buyers seek out the seller who offers the lowest prices and best terms. Government can distort markets by decreasing or increasing prices through subsidies, taxes or regulation. Compared to a free market, distortion means different sellers get the sale and at different prices.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Science and Technology
42882. How Safe Is the U.S. Safe Haven?
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- This version of the glorious sonnet composed by Emma Lazarus in 1883, and later engraved on a bronze plaque installed on the Statue of Liberty, calling the world's huddled masses to our shores, captures what it means these days to be a safe haven. Just as America proved to be such a safe haven for immigrants in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, it is now seen as a safe haven for wealth attempting to escape Europe's tax collectors and financial chaos and recession in Europe, and for foreign central banks newly enamored of the dollar.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Immigration, and Monetary Policy
- Political Geography:
- United States, Europe, and Germany
42883. A Rapidly Changing Energy World, Or Perhaps Not
- Author:
- Irwin M. Stelzer
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Slow growth here and in China, and recession in Europe are reducing demand for oil. Inventories in the U.S. are at a 22-year high. The Federal Reserve Board's QEs that pumped paper money into the economy and drove up the nominal price of oil have come to an end. And the twelve OPEC oil cartelists, who between them supply 40% of the world's oil, are producing 1.6 million barrels in excess of the agreed daily quota of 30 million barrels. As a result, U.S. benchmark crude oil prices are now closer to $80 per barrel than to the $110 they reached only four months ago.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Markets, and Oil
- Political Geography:
- United States, China, and Europe
42884. Inheriting Recessions
- Author:
- Tim Kane
- Publication Date:
- 07-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Three of the last six U.S. presidents have inherited a recessionary economy: Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. Let's define "inheriting a recession" as meaning that on the date a president is sworn into office, the economy is technically still in recession or enters one within a few months. Most economists would agree that presidents have little short-term control over the economy, but that their fiscal policies can be implemented quickly and affect macroeconomic performance after the first year. Reagan, inaugurated in January 1981, actually endured a double-dip recession-one that had been raging since early 1980 and a second that hit in July 1981-but the economy experienced a strong and sustained recovery that began in November 1982 during his second year in the White House. Bush was inaugurated in January 2001, and the economy entered recession just weeks later. Obama entered office in January 2009, like Reagan, after the United States had been in recession for a full year.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Trade and Finance, Monetary Policy, Financial Crisis, and Governance
- Political Geography:
- United States
42885. The China Model and U.S. Energy Policy
- Author:
- Lee Lane
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Hudson Institute
- Abstract:
- Americans are right to be dismayed with U.S. energy policy. For forty years, presidents of both parties have backed a series of fanciful "breakthrough technologies." From synfuels to Solyndra, these schemes have turned out to be costly disappointments and the source of a recurring political drama. After failures become clear, Congress sometimes conducts oversight hearings. But it welcomes each new scheme as a pretext for pork barrel politics. Neither the executive nor the legislature ever learns from past failures.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States, China, and Germany
42886. Kazakhstan and the United States: Twenty Years of Ambiguous Partnership
- Author:
- Sean R. Roberts
- Publication Date:
- 01-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- In looking at twenty years of independence in the former Soviet region of Central Asia, Kazakhstan stands out in most respects as a stable oasis in a desert of uncertainty. It is the wealthiest country in Central Asia. It has not suffered any serious conflict since gaining independence, and the development of its economy, financial sector, and private sector has been steadily moving forward as has its engagement with the global economy. It is little wonder, therefore, that the most stable and fruitful bilateral partnership for the United States in the region over the past twenty years has been with the Republic of Kazakhstan. US-Kazakhstan relations have never experienced a significant crisis, and there has been ongoing cooperation between the two countries in a variety of areas, including nuclear non-proliferation, economic development, and energy extraction.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Diplomacy, Economics, and Bilateral Relations
- Political Geography:
- United States, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan
42887. Kazakhstan's Energy Sector Since Independence: Two Decades of Growth and Challenges Ahead?
- Author:
- Katherine Hardin
- Publication Date:
- 01-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- Since its independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has tripled its oil production, taking its place among the top twenty oil producers globally. The country currently produces more than 1.7 million barrels per day (mbd), an amount roughly equal to Libya's 2010 production. Over the past decade, Kazakhstan's oil reserves estimates have nearly doubled, placing it among the top five countries that will account for more than half of the global liquids capacity growth to 2020. Kazakhstan's considerable resource base has been a critical factor in this success, but the government of Kazakhstan under President Nursultan Nazarbayev has also made strategic choices to attract investment into the energy sector and has successfully crafted a "multivectoral" energy policy with its neighbors, particularly in the case of energy transportation. This paper highlights key stages in Kazakhstan's emergence as a major energy producer, but points to challenges that lie ahead as the country continues to increase oil and gas production and exports.
- Topic:
- Economics, Energy Policy, International Trade and Finance, and Oil
- Political Geography:
- Central Asia and Libya
42888. The Path Towards Kazakhstan's Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy: Convergence of US-Kazakh Interests
- Author:
- Douglas Townsend
- Publication Date:
- 01-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- Upon its conclusion in December 2011, the main part of the sixty-sixth United Nations General Assembly (UNGA 66) session adopted forty-seven resolutions and five decisions in its continuing effort to encourage a more flexible approach to revitalizing the multilateral disarmament process.
- Topic:
- Security, Arms Control and Proliferation, International Trade and Finance, Nuclear Weapons, Bilateral Relations, and Nuclear Power
- Political Geography:
- United States and Central Asia
42889. Beyond Attribution: Seeking National Responsibility in Cyber Attacks
- Author:
- Jason Healey
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- For more than two decades, cyber defenders, intelligence analysts, and policymakers have struggled to determine the source of the most damaging attacks. This "attribution problem" will only become more critical as we move into a new era of cyber conflict with even more attacks ignored, encouraged, supported, or conducted by national governments.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Science and Technology, Terrorism, International Security, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- China
42890. NATO's Cyber Capabilities: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
- Author:
- Jason Healey and Leendert van Bochoven
- Publication Date:
- 02-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- NATO's central missions of collective defense and cooperative security must be as effective in cyberspace as in the other domains of air, land, sea, and space.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, International Cooperation, Science and Technology, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42891. The United States and the Global Future
- Author:
- Banning Garrett, James B. Steinberg, David Ignatius, and Uri Dadush
- Publication Date:
- 03-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- How will the US economy evolve over the next twenty years and what might be the impact of various US economic scenarios on the global system? Will the United States have a Japan-like decade or two of anemic growth? If so, would this lead the United States to reduce its foreign involvement and commitments, become more protectionist, and focus on its internal problems? Or will the United States solve its fiscal and debt problems, reinvigorate growth and innovation, and return to sustainable economic growth? Would this underpin a renewed commitment to active US global leadership in mobilizing international cooperation to manage security, economic growth, and global challenges?
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Debt, Economics, International Trade and Finance, and Hegemony
- Political Geography:
- United States and North America
42892. Iran's Internal Politics: The Supreme Leader Grows Ever Lonelier at the Top
- Author:
- Barbara Slavin and Yasmin Alem
- Publication Date:
- 03-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- As the nuclear standoff between Iran and much of the rest of the world deepens, Iranian domestic politics are in turmoil. Trying to reduce endemic conflict within the system, the country's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has succeeded in recent years in expelling discordant voices and closing off institutional loopholes for dissent.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, Nuclear Weapons, Bilateral Relations, and Nuclear Power
- Political Geography:
- Iran
42893. Rethinking US Relations with a Changing Egypt
- Author:
- Michele Dunne
- Publication Date:
- 03-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- With Egypt in the midst of a political transition, this is a crucial time to rethink the US's relationship with Egypt, argues Atlantic Council Director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East Michele Dunne in this policy brief for the Project on Middle East Democracy.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Diplomacy, Economics, and Bilateral Relations
- Political Geography:
- Middle East
42894. The Transatlantic Bargain After "the Pivot"
- Author:
- Barry Pavel and Jeffrey Lightfoot
- Publication Date:
- 03-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- The "tough love" farewell speech of former US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates last June was more than a major policy speech on the state of NATO. His remarks were also highly symbolic, coming from a legendary Cold Warrior whose forty-year career had been oriented around the transatlantic relationship. Secretary Gates used his final appearance at the bully pulpit not only to warn Europeans that declining defense budgets risked undermining the credibility of the Alliance among US policymakers, but also that a new wave of American decision-makers would not necessarily share his generation's knowledge of, concern for, or sentimental attachment to the transatlantic alliance.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, NATO, International Cooperation, and International Security
- Political Geography:
- United States, America, Europe, Middle East, and North America
42895. The Strategic Rationale for Promoting Transatlantic Values in a Globalized World
- Author:
- Jeffrey Lightfoot and Simona Kordosova
- Publication Date:
- 03-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- Imagine for a moment if in the autumn of 1945 the great leaders of the transatlantic community had let the ravages and cynicism of war strip them of their vision, ambition, and hope for a better future for mankind. Who could have blamed Jean Monnet, Harry Truman, Robert Schumann, George Marshall, and others if they had decided that the idea of forging an enduring Atlantic community of shared security, prosperity, and values was just too difficult to achieve and too hard to explain to their embittered and weary citizens? Yet without their sheer will to overcome Europe's history of chauvinistic bloodshed and America's instincts for insularity, the world would be far less safe and free.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Defense Policy, Democratization, and Globalization
- Political Geography:
- Europe
42896. Rethinking the Russia Reset
- Author:
- Svante Cornell and Frances Burwell
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- The first phase of the US "Reset" of its relations with Russia has concluded. Launching a second phase will not be easy: with the Russian presidential elections in March, there will be only a brief window for moving US-Russia relations forward before the US presidential contest moves into full gear. Although the result of the Russian election was widely seen as pre-ordained, the protests following the parliamentary and presidential contests have added uncertainty. A new Putin administration will be challenged by many reformers, but the external impact of that growing internal divide is unclear.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, Economics, Government, Human Rights, and Bilateral Relations
- Political Geography:
- Russia
42897. The US Cyber Policy Reboot
- Author:
- Jason Healey
- Publication Date:
- 04-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- Over the course of 2011, the United States government released a coordinated set of policies that represents the most energetic cyber statecraft in nearly a decade.
- Topic:
- Security, Defense Policy, and Science and Technology
- Political Geography:
- United States and North America
42898. It's Time to Put the Nuclear Issue Behind Us: The Chicago Summit Has More Urgent Priorities than Nuclear Theology
- Author:
- Kori Schake, Lord Robertson, and Franklin C. Miller
- Publication Date:
- 05-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- Slightly over two years ago, NATO was embroiled in an internal controversy of its own creation which bore within it the seeds of a deep crisis within the Alliance. Several governments, impelled by a heady mix of domestic politics and a newly fashionable interest in nuclear disarmament among certain elites, actively sought the removal of US nuclear weapons from the European portion of the Alliance. In doing so, they raised serious questions about their adherence to the central core of the Alliance: the Article 5 guarantee.
- Topic:
- Security, Foreign Policy, NATO, and Nuclear Weapons
- Political Geography:
- United States, Europe, and North America
42899. Security Challenges to Libya's Quest for Democracy
- Author:
- Karim Mezran and Fadel Lamen
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- The fragile progress towards a more pluralistic, if not yet democratic, Libya is threatened by several serious security problems. Car bombings, political assassinations of high ranking officials, attacks on foreign diplomatic staff and NGOs, and violent quarrels between armed militiamen have become daily events. It is in the interests of the United States and other members of the international community to aid Libya's nascent government in achieving national reconciliation to avoid an otherwise inevitable descent into anarchy.
- Topic:
- Arms Control and Proliferation, Democratization, Diplomacy, and Armed Struggle
- Political Geography:
- United States, Libya, and North Africa
42900. When "Not My Problem" Isn't Enough: Political Neutrality and National Responsibility in Cyber Conflict
- Author:
- Jason Healey
- Publication Date:
- 09-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- Since the Internet makes us all neighbors, more nations are likely to be affected by conflicts in cyberspace than in the air, land, or sea. Nations are increasingly looking to limit potential cyber conflicts using the same devices that have limited more traditional wars: treaties, conventions, and norms.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, International Cooperation, Science and Technology, and Reform
- Political Geography:
- United States