Publishing Institution: - CIAO Search Results

39151. Migrations africaines et nouveaux enjeux de la frontière israélo-égyptienne

Author:: Lisa Anteby-Yemeni
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Israël, souvent présenté comme un pays aux frontières hermétiques, en particulier médiatisées par la construction du Mur de séparation avec les Territoires palestiniens, possède également une frontière longue de 220 km avec l'Egypte, qui semble, quant à elle, fort poreuse à bien des égards. Il existe encore peu de travaux sur cette frontière, bien que cette dernière suscite un intérêt croissant depuis quelques années, avec le passage clandestin de migrants économiques et de demandeurs d'asile, mais aussi en raison de l'intensification de trafics d'êtres humains.
Political Geography:: Israel and Egypt

39152. Vivre sur fond de frontières. Les migrants du Mozambique à Johannesburg

Author:: Dominique Vidal
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: L'étude des migrations contemporaines rencontre la question des frontières sous au moins trois angles. Celui, en premier lieu, des frontières étatiques dont la mise en place et le développement ont été analysés comme l'élément politique permettant de distinguer l'immigration moderne d'autres formes de migrations, lorsqu'un migrant franchit une frontière juridique etdevient un étranger. Celui, en deuxième lieu, de la recherche urbaine quimontre que les grandes métropoles, tout en constituant plus que jamais desdestinations pour les migrants, voient se développer des frontières sociospatiales résultant de l'action de ceux qui cherchent à se protéger de l'altérité. Celui, enfin, des travaux sur l'ethnicité soulignant que des frontières ethniques se construisent dans les relations entre immigrés et populations plusanciennement installées.
Topic:: Development
Political Geography:: Africa

39153. A propos des "disparus" de la guerre civile espagnole (suite)

Author:: Antonio Garcia Castro
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Nous publions ici trois documents étroitement liés au dossier consacré à la question des « disparus » de la guerre civile espagnole, paru dans notre précédent numéro. Ces documents, conçus comme des annexes dudit dossier, entendent introduire, pour ainsi dire fugacement, d'autres regards sur ce qu'engagent les actuelles exhumations des fosses communes de la période franquiste.
Political Geography:: America

39154. Au sujet de Santa Cruz, por ejemplo,un film de Günter Schwaiger

Author:: Günter Schwaiger
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Ce film se structure autour d'une fouille dans le village de Santa Cruz, où, comme dans d'autres villages espagnols (d'où le nom du film « Santa Cruz, par exemple »), on a découvert une fosse commune datant de la période franquiste. Outre l'expérience même de l'exhumation, Günter Schwaiger a filmé les réactions des villageois et les témoignages de plusieurs personnes dont les proches ont été enterrés là, puis déterrés. Ce film a par ailleurs été l'une des pièces essentielles de la vidéo-installation « Fosse commune » réalisée en partenariat avec Tomás Ruiz-Rivas.

39155. Au sujet de Los Nietos, un film de Marie-Paule Jeunehomme

Author:: Marie-Paul Jeunehomme
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: La réalisatrice belge Marie-Paule Jeunehomme a récemment consacré un documentaire à la question des exhumations en Espagne. Le film appelé Los Nietos (les petits-enfants) se passe à San Pedro Mallo, un petit village du Bierzo où il existe une fosse clandestine, renfermant un corps, celui de Leonides Rodríguez. C'est lui que l'on cherche et, ce faisant, la réalisatrice recueille la parole de ceux qui, à un titre ou à un autre, se sentent concernés par ce travail. Nous reproduisons ci-après un bref entretien ainsi que quelques extraits de dialogues issus du film.

39156. Échange avec Montserrat Sans sur la dimension judiciaire de la question des disparus en Espagne

Author:: Montserrat Sans
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: C : En 2002, vous avez présenté un texte devant le groupe de travail de l'ONU sur les disparitions forcées de personnes. Quel était l'enjeu d'une éventuelle intervention de l'ONU dans ce cas précis, en relation au cas des disparitions perpétrées en Espagne ? Montserrat Sans : Ce n'est qu'en 2001 que les nouvelles générations, nées après la transition espagnole, prennent conscience de l'ampleur des atrocités de la guerre civile (1936-1939), des milliers de corps anonymes sans sépulture, de la chape de plomb sur la répression franquiste. Le silence sur l'horreur de cette guerre a continué à peser dans le quotidien de la transition à la démocratie (1976-1978). Les manuels scolaires ne parlaient ni des milliers de fusillés, ni des dizaines de camps de prisonniers politiques, mais insistaient seulement sur les aspects militaires des grandes batailles. Avec l'irruption sur la scène publique du journaliste Emilio Silva recherchant son grand-père fusillé par les troupes franquistes, et retrouvant à ses côtés les treize corps des conseillers municipaux du Bierzo, la presse espagnole a commencé à se faire l'écho d'un phénomène jusqu'alors inavouable : des milliers de disparus jonchent les terres d'Espagne ! Comment justifier que, après pratiquement trois décennies, la démocratie n'ait pas eu un geste institutionnel à l'égard des familles de ces instituteurs, travailleurs agricoles, ouvriers « paseados » par les troupes du général Franco ? L'action devant le Groupe de travail sur les disparitions forcées de l'ONU se situe dans un double contexte national : le second mandat du président Aznar, chantre de la droite catholico- nationaliste qui établit que la démocratie est née par génération spontanée au moment de la transition espagnole, niant donc toute légitimité à la République espagnole ; et le verrouillage systématique du pouvoir judiciaire, à savoir : L'impossibilité d'obtenir un mécanisme institutionnel donnant aux familles des victimes antifranquistes la possibilité de récupérer leurs corps (droit à exhumer) ou d'obtenir des informations sur les circonstances et le lieu de leur mort (identification des restes, transfert des corps vers des cimetières municipaux, etc.). L'attitude des juges déboutant à coups de loi d'amnistie (voir ci-après) toutes les demandes des familles clamant leur droit à donner une digne sépulture aux restes d'un père, allant même, dans certains cas, à nier l'existence même de la victime par manque de preuves. L'urgence de trouver une solution pour des dizaines de veuves dont le dernier désir était de reposer auprès de leur mari. Face à ce blindage légal et judiciaire, l'internationalisation du phénomène, l'appel à l'aide de l'ONU étaient incontournables pour mettre en évidence le manque de protection juridique des familles de disparus, le maintien du deuil suspendu qu'implique toute disparition, et l'impunité gérée par les autorités en place. Toutes ces conditions sont conformes à ce que la communauté internationale qualifie comme un affront à l'humanité.
Political Geography:: Spain

39157. Chronique bibliographique. Lectures et usages de Foucault

Author:: Rémi Guittet
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Aen croire ses propres mots, Foucault rêverait de disparaître et de ne plus faire office que de point absent d'un discours qui puisse se passer de lui et le laisser hors-champ. Si tout discours, et éminemment un discours de professeur au Collège de France, est en effet un discours de pouvoir, on comprend que la position critique soit contrainte de tendre vers l'anonymat, nom transitoire de la disparition. Disparaître, se laisser traverser par le discours, et non l'investir d'un pouvoir, en faire le lieu de la critique sans en faire le lieu d'un nouvel ordre, voilà le but idéal, au sens fort (il est régulateur et non atteignable en tant que tel), vers lequel tend dans la pratique la critique foucaldienne. En quoi consiste-t-elle ? Refuser les discours qui utilisent des essences universelles comme principes régulateurs. Refuser l'insistance du pouvoir qu'ils représentent. Les contourner pour en extirper la position archéologique, l'implicite normativité qu'ils véhiculent et construisent tout à la fois. Contre eux, privilégier le « spécifique », ce qui dans un endroit donné se réalise et touche les acteurs qui y prennent part, et qui n'est pas à penser en référence à un système d'interprétation préétabli, autrement dit une norme, ou des universaux, mais au contraire comme l'inédit qui ne s'y laisse pas réduire.
Political Geography:: France

39158. Chronique bibliographique. Violences universelles et guerres multiformes

Author:: Louis-Jean Duclos
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: A en croire l'historien Robert Muchembled, la violence est en voie constante de régression. Ce n'est en tout cas pas l'avis du philosophe Georges Labica, ni de son collègue Frédéric Gros qui, sous des intitulés respectivement ambitieux et ambigu, ont labouré le même champ mais pas vraiment traité le même le sujet.

39159. Logiques de marquage : murs et disputes frontalières

Author:: Didier Bigo, Riccardo Bocco, and Jean-Luc Piermay
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Dans le registre des frontières, le thème des marquages et des disputes fait référence à des situations chaudes, sinon brûlantes, souvent fortement médiatisées. Il évoque Israël et la Palestine, le Moyen-Orient, Berlin, l'Irlande du Nord, les ruptures entre le Nord et le Sud de la planète auxquelles se heurtent les migrants internationaux et toutes les frontières qu'Evelyne Ritaine liste dans sa contribution. Le Mur (sous-entendu, c'était une évidence, celui de Berlin) fut l'archétype de ces frontières vives. Peut-être n'a t-il été que le précurseur d'une forme spatiale renouvelée s'inscrivant de manière très novatrice dans la vie des sociétés. Les enjeux terminologiques et taxinomiques, souvent de véritables « appellations contrôlées », sont en tout cas multiples, à la fois juridiques et symboliques, comme l'ont bien révélé le débat sémantique entre « mur » et « barrière » dans les Territoires palestiniens occupés, ou celui sur les softening strategies à Belfast–formes de banalisation des dispositifs de separation–qui a finalement permis d'étiqueter ces derniers comme « peacelines ».
Political Geography:: Israel and Palestine

39160. La barrière et le checkpoint : mise enpolitique de l'asymétrie

Author:: Evelyne Ritaine
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Paradoxe : dans notre univers de mobilité généralisée, l'érection de murs de séparation est devenue une pratique fréquent, visant à empêcher la circulation des personnes. La multiplication de ces murs de séparation ne peut que laisser perplexe dans un monde défini comme un espace de flux et de risques globaux ; dans un monde qui est aussi une société de contrôle, dominée par la logique des nouvelles technologies d'information, où « ce qui compte n'est pas la barrière, mais l'ordinateur qui repère la position de chacun, licite ou illicite, et opère une modulation universelle ».

39161. L'externalisation des frontières des « Nordsanbsp;» dans les eaux des « Suds »

Author:: Cedric Audebert and Nelly Robin
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Au début de l'année 2006, l'opinion internationale s'est émue du naufrage, aux frontières de l'Europe, de milliers d'émigrants clandestins subsahariens, dont le destin tragique rappelle celui des boat people antillais ayant tenté de rejoindre les Etats-Unis au cours des trois dernières décennies. Quoique la dimension politique ait joué un rôle majeur dans la genèse des premiers flux massifs de boat people haïtiens et cubains dans les années 1960, les migrations maritimes subsahariennes et caribéennes répondent à des déterminants similaires. Elles expriment l'acuité de la crise économique sévissant dans les pays d'origine et correspondent à une demande sociale, dans un contexte où la migration de l'individu est perçue comme un préalable nécessaire à l'ascension sociale du collectif familial.
Political Geography:: United States, America, and Europe

39162. Après le mur : les représentations israéliennes de la séparation avec les Palestiniens

Author:: Cedric Parizot
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: A'été 2002, le gouvernement d'Ariel Sharon lance la construction d'une« barrière de sécurité » (gader bitahon) autour de la Cisjordanie. Prévuepour s'étendre sur près de 723 km de long, cette structure vient consoliderphysiquement le régime de séparation que les Israéliens ont imposé auxPalestiniens depuis la période d'Oslo (1993-2000). Elle est alors présentéecomme une solution radicale au conflit. L'érection de murs de bétons et degrillages doit fournir une parade décisive contre les attentats-suicides palestiniens en territoire israélien. Elle doit, ensuite, restaurer les limites souverainesde l'Etat d'Israël. En 2005, trois ans après son lancement, les attentats ontconsidérablement diminué et les ouvriers palestiniens qui travaillaient enIsraël semblent avoir complètement disparu. Dans l'esprit d'une grande partiede la population israélienne, la construction de cet édifice a atteint son but, leconflit a été déplacé « de l'autre côté du mur ».
Political Geography:: Israel and Palestine

39163. Les peacelines de Belfast, entre maintien de l'ordre et gestion urbaine

Author:: Florine Ballif
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Presque vingt ans après la chute du mur de Berlin, la recrudescence de la fer- meture des territoires et la prolifération des murs est un trait caractéristique du monde contemporain. De nouveaux systèmes de fermeture et de contrôle des frontières sont édifiés en de nombreux points de la planète : sur la frontière Etats-Unis - Mexique, la barrière de sécurité entre Israël et Palestine à proximité de la « ligne verte », à la périphérie des presidios espagnols de Ceuta et Melilla au Maroc, pour les plus connus. Les murs séparant des frontières territoriales coupent parfois des villes en deux, comme c'était le cas à Berlin et désormais à Chypre. Dans les espaces urbains ordinaires, les barrières aux formes variées se multiplient. Les gated communities, quartiers fermés, transforment et cloison- nent le tissu urbain des grandes métropoles du Nord comme du Sud.
Political Geography:: United States, Israel, and Berlin

39164. Un conflit d'appropriation de la terre,révélateur et producteur de frontières :le cas d'Anjar (Liban, plaine de la Békaa)

Author:: Karine Bennafla
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Cet article est consacré à l'étude d'un conflit local au Liban, un pays du Proche-Orient abritant officiellement dix-sept « communautés » confessionnelles. Cet enchevêtrement de frontières intérieures sur un territoire restreint alimente des troubles récurrents, comme en témoignent les affrontements intercommunautaires de mai 2007 ou la guerre civile qui a meurtri le pays durant quinze ans (1975-1990), transformée au fil du temps en guerre de clans et de factions. De nombreux écrits sont consacrés à ces déchirements libanais, surtout de la part d'historiens, de politologues ou de sociologues. Notre étude de cas revient sur ces tensions politico-confessionnelles libanaises non pas d'un point de vue sociologique mais géographique, en les abordant à une échelle micro et en privilégiant une entrée spatiale. Le conflit d'appropriation foncière qui secoue la bourgade d'Anjar (qui compte environ 5000 résidents) montre la transcription au sol des frictions communautaires et des stratégies identitaires avec, pour corollaires, l'élaboration d'une frontière – entendue comme limite politique transcrite dans l'espace – et un conflitde mémoire, celle du lieu disputé.
Topic:: Sociology
Political Geography:: Middle East and Lebanon

39165. Cercueils fluides

Author:: Alessandro Dal Lago
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Ils ont quitté l'Afrique la veille de Noël pour partir à la recherche d'une vie meilleure en Europe. Au lieu de cela, le bateau à bord duquel ils se trouvaient a conduit les migrants à la mort, allant à la dérive sur 2000 miles à travers l'Océan Atlantique jusqu'à l'île Barbade dans les Caraïbes.
Political Geography:: Europe and Atlantic Ocean

39166. Populisme et politique

Author:: Rada Ivekovic
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Cultures & Conflits
Institution:: Cultures & Conflits
Abstract:: Nous entrevoyons plus rapidement que nous ne le pensions les limites de la civilisation occidentale moderne, dont avait si magistralement parlé Radomir Konstantinovic dans son livre prophétique La Philosophie de bourg. Selon lui, à vouloir épargner à tout le monde la politique et la subjectivation, on se dirige tout droit vers la dépolitisation et la violence (il a rédigé son ouvrage durant la Guerre froide, mais ses propos sont valables au-delà du grand partage de l'époque et de la modernité). Selon lui, on se dirige également vers ce que l'on appelle ailleurs le « populisme ». Nous verrons dans cette chronique, avec Ernesto Laclau, qu'il existe une autre lecture de ce terme. Lors de la rédaction du livre de Konstantinovic, nous n'étions pas encore sous le règne de la gouvernance. Le mur de Berlin tomberait des deux côtés et, après l'écroulement instantané des régimes communistes, s'effondrent à leur tour, à retardement, les libertés en Occident. La gouvernance capitaliste reproduit les pires des effets de la pensée unique que le « monde libre » reprochait autrefois au camp adverse.

39167. Strategic Recalibration: Framework for a 21st-Century National Security Strategy'

Author:: Bruce W. Jentleson
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: The release of the Obama administration's 2014 National Security Strategy comes amidst increasing criticism of its strategic savvy. Some are rank partisan, some Monday-morning quarterbacking. Some, though, reflect the intensifying debate over the optimal U.S. foreign policy strategy for our contemporary era.
Topic:: Economics
Political Geography:: United States

39168. A Strategy of Discriminate Power: A Global Posture for Sustained Leadership

Author:: Michael J. Mazarr
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: The United States does not need a new grand strategy, but a new concept for developing more innovative and economical ways to achieve its long-standing, and widely accepted, existing one. The best candidate for such a concept could be called ''discriminate power,'' outlined here.
Political Geography:: United States

39169. Sizing U.S. Ground Forces: From ''2 Wars'' to ''1 War + 2 Missions''

Author:: Michael O'Hanlon
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: During the Cold War, the United States varied between a "1 ½ war" and a "2 ½ war" framework for sizing its main combat forces. This framework prepared forces for one or two large wars, and then a smaller "half-war." Capacity for a major conflict in Europe, against the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, represented the enduring big war potential. This period saw simultaneous conflict against China as a second possible big war, until Nixon's Guam doctrine placed a greater burden on regional allies rather than U.S. forces to address such a specter, and until his subsequent opening to the PRC made such a war seem less likely in any event. The half-wars were seen as relatively more modest but still quite significant operations such as in Korea or Vietnam.
Topic:: Cold War
Political Geography:: United States, China, Europe, Vietnam, and Korea

39170. Military Humanitarianism: Syria Hasn't Killed It

Author:: Thomas G. Weiss
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: Pundits claim that the war in Syria has sounded the death knell for humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)— resquiescat in pace , according to David Rieff. By failing to intercede in that country's brutal civil war, many believe the international community effectively turned its back on an important emerging international norm, one that over 150 heads of state endorsed at the UN's 2005 World Summit.
Political Geography:: Paris, Libya, London, and Syria

39171. The Myth of Petroleum Independence and Foreign Policy Isolation

Author:: Sarah A. Emerson and Andrew C. Winner
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: U.S. politicians often work the topic of oil import independence into their campaign rhetoric as an ideal that would help separate U.S. economic prosperity and military responsibility from the volatility of Middle Eastern politics. In theory, oil independence would mean that events such as the Iranian revolution or internal political unrest in key Arab oil producers would have much less direct impact on the flow of oil to the United States, and thus U.S. prosperity (even if, in a global market for oil, the price impact of any supply disruption is shared by all consuming countries). More importantly, intra-state conflicts such as the Iraq-Iran war or the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait would not necessarily require large-scale U.S. military involvement to ensure oil production and exports to the United States and its allies. This linkage between U.S. oil import dependence and military commitment to the Gulf region has given rise to a myth favored by policymakers, markets, and the public that if the United States could attain oil independence, we could also reduce our military responsibilities around the world. Recent and ongoing changes in both the oil sector and in political-military strategy are for the first time in forty years combining in a manner that is leading some to believe this story could come true.
Topic:: Military Strategy
Political Geography:: United States, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait

39172. How Autocracies Fall

Author:: Erica Frantz and Andre Kendall-Taylor
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: Because autocrats can rarely be voted out of power, most find themselves exiting office in far less conventional ways. Since the 1950s, the coup d'état—or the illegal seizure of power by the military—has been by far the most common. During the 1960s and '70s, for example, about half of all autocrats who lost power did so through a coup. But fast-forward to the 2010s, and a different picture is emerging. The chain of protests during the Arab Awakening, which toppled four of the world's longest-standing rulers—Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, Muammar Qaddafi of Libya, and Ali Abdullah Saleh of Yemen—led many political observers to rejoice in the masses' ability to unseat autocratic strongmen. But are these revolts evidence that autocrats are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the masses? Or are they short-term exceptions to a longer-standing rule of autocratic ouster?
Topic:: Foreign Policy
Political Geography:: Libya, Yemen, and Egypt

39173. Identifying Truly Fragile States

Author:: Seth Kaplan
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: That the Arab Spring caught the world off guard is hardly surprising. Interpreting overt stability as a reflection of fundamental strength or resiliency has often set the international community up for surprise. Few forecast the dissolution of the Soviet Union, for example; far too few in Washington anticipated what would follow the invasion of Iraq. These are reminders that apparent stability can be little more than an illusion.
Political Geography:: Iraq, Washington, and Arabia

39174. Agenda for a New Great Power Relationship

Author:: Wu Xinbo
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: "Well begun is half done," Aristotle once said, meaning that beginning a project well makes it easier to do the rest. Yet, this may not be true of China–U.S. relations during Obama's presidency. Although the Obama administration secured a smooth transition from the George W. Bush years and attached high priority to relations with China during its first year in office, bilateral relations turned downward over the rest of Obama's first term, leaving a legacy of growing mutual suspicion and rising competition between the two countries, especially in the Asia–Pacific region. In spite of the November 2009 bilateral agreement to build a "positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship," the two sides missed opportunities for more cooperation while mishandling and even misguiding bilateral ties on some points.
Topic:: Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: United States, China, and Asia-Pacific

39175. East Asia's Maritime Disputes: Fishing in Troubled Waters

Author:: Alan Dupont and Christopher G. Baker
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: Few doubt that China's rise is this era's principal driver of strategic change, just as the United States' equally influential ascendancy shaped the last. But earlier optimism that the Middle Kingdom's re-emergence as a major power would be largely benign is fading as evidence mounts that Beijing is determined to press its territorial and resource claims in the vitally important seas of the Western Pacific. In barely the blink of a geopolitical eye, China's once lauded charm offensive has given way to exactly the kind of coercive behavior its critics have long predicted. In a 3,000-mile maritime arc running from the East China Sea to the southern reaches of the South China Sea, Beijing is at loggerheads with many of its neighbors, including erstwhile friends, over several linked territorial and resource disputes. If not wisely managed, these disputes could bring East Asia's long peace to a premature and bloody end.
Political Geography:: China and East Asia

39176. The South China Sea is Not a Flashpoint

Author:: Brendan Taylor
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: The Washington Quarterly
Institution:: Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract:: Two important anniversaries arrive in 2014 for protracted South China Sea disputes. January 19 marked 40 years since Chinese and Vietnamese forces clashed over the Paracel Islands, resulting in the deaths of more than 50 Vietnamese personnel and an undisclosed number on the Chinese side-at least the second — largest loss of life to have occurred in any single incident involving these disputed waters. Late 2014 will also mark 20 years since China controversially built structures on the aptly named Mischief Reef in the Spratly Islands, prompting a further series of incidents at sea. Recent reports that China has moved large concrete blocks to Scarborough Shoal—yet another disputed reef that was the scene of an April 2012 standoff between Chinese and Philippines vessels—have sparked concerns in Manila that history is repeating.
Political Geography:: China and Philippines

39177. United Nations Sanctions on Iran and North Korea: An Implementation Manual

Author:: Enrico Carisch and Loraine Rickard-Martin
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: International Peace Institute
Abstract:: This manual is intended as a tool for officials of UN member states, international organizations, companies, and corporations to support sanctions implementation. The manual delivers to frontline actors in the public and private sectors specific guidance to enable more effective compliance with UN non-proliferation sanctions on Iran and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
Topic:: Nuclear Weapons, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and Sanctions
Political Geography:: Iran, Middle East, North Korea, and United Nations

39178. Sanctions Implementation and the UN Security Council: The Case for Greater Transparency

Author:: Astrid Forberg Ryan
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: International Peace Institute
Abstract:: While it is the responsibility of member states to ensure that sanctions adopted by the United Nations Security Council are implemented, the council plays an equally important role in facilitating and promoting effective implementation. This paper discusses the role of the Security Council with a view to providing guidance for those involved in the council's work, making the case for greater transparency. It briefly reviews current council practices and procedures relating to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and Iran sanctions regimes, including the working methods of the 1718 and 1737 Committees, and it identifies possible options for the council aimed at enhancing sanctions implementation through transparency-related measures.
Topic:: Human Rights, International Cooperation, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and Sanctions
Political Geography:: Iran and United Nations

39179. Flexible Implementation: A Key to Asia's Transformation

Author:: Luke Simon Jordan and Katerina Koinis
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: Despite the region's economic growth over the last few decades, countries across Asia still face the complex challenge of structural transformation. Low-income economies must build formal industrial and service sectors from agricultural and informal bases; middle-income economies must move up the value chain; and high-income economies must continually generate new capabilities at the frontier of innovation.
Topic:: Development, Economics, Industrial Policy, and International Trade and Finance
Political Geography:: Asia

39180. Boxing with Elephants: Can Canada Punch above Its Weight in Global Financial Governance?

Author:: James M. Boughton
Publication Date:: 03-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Centre for International Governance Innovation
Abstract:: Canadians have long harboured a desire to "punch above their weight" in international diplomacy, an aspiration justified by Canada's position in the world both geographically and culturally. This paper examines one aspect of that effort: Canada's role in international financial governance, particularly within the International Monetary Fund. The key issue for the future is whether Canada will continue to have the capacity and the will to take leading positions and actions in the face of increasing competition from the rapidly growing emerging market countries.
Topic:: Economics, Emerging Markets, International Trade and Finance, International Monetary Fund, and Governance
Political Geography:: United States and Canada

39181. Institutional Arrangements for Climate Finance

Author:: David Runnalls, Jessica Boyle, and Dave Sawyer
Publication Date:: 03-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Centre for International Governance Innovation
Abstract:: The most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) is unequivocal about the magnitude of the challenge posed by man-made climate change. If the world is to avoid exceeding the 2°C average increase in temperature agreed by governments in Copenhagen as the maximum safe level, it needs to move quickly to facilitate the transition to a lower-carbon economy.
Topic:: Climate Change, Economics, International Cooperation, and Governance
Political Geography:: United Nations

39182. The IMF's Preferred Creditor Status: Does It Still Make Sense After the Euro Crisis?

Author:: Susan Schadler
Publication Date:: 03-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Centre for International Governance Innovation
Abstract:: Throughout the history of IMF lending, the institution has had PCS — that is, distressed countries borrowing from the IMF are expected to give priority to meeting their obligations to the IMF over those to other (private or official) creditors. This status is a defining characteristic of the IMF's role in financial crises: it provides a high degree of confidence that IMF resources are safe even when other creditors of the distressed country face substantial uncertainty about whether they will be repaid in full. In other words, the IMF, which lends to some of the riskiest countries in the world, faces minimal risk that its resources could be compromised by a debtor country's difficulties in servicing its debt. It does so, however, with the confidence that comes from its role in helping to formulate and monitor a program of policies that are strongly expected to return the country to stability.
Topic:: Debt, Economics, International Monetary Fund, Monetary Policy, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Europe

39183. Central Bank Independence in North Africa

Author:: Bessma Momani and Samantha St. Amand
Publication Date:: 03-2014
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Centre for International Governance Innovation
Abstract:: Securing CBI has become best practice in global governance. Both the political and economic literatures suggest that CBI facilitates price stability, promotes transparency to citizens and provides accountability toward the public good. CBI is also credited with protecting the economic and financial system from the trappings of regulatory capture. In addition, a number of scholars have argued that CBI is correlated with positive policy outcomes, including balanced long- term economic growth, stable financial markets and a reduced likelihood of publicly funded financial institution bailouts. Moreover, some have suggested that CBI is important for fostering a healthy liberal democracy. As global markets have become increasingly integrated and interdependent, securing CBI is also considered a domestic, regional and global public good.
Topic:: Development, Economics, Globalization, Monetary Policy, Governance, and Reform
Political Geography:: Africa and North Africa

39184. "Grounds for War: The Evolution of Territorial Conflict"

Author:: Monica Duffy Toft and Dominic D.P. Johnson
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: The Badme region in the Horn of Africa is claimed by both Ethiopia and Eritrea. It contains few natural resources, and neither state considers it to have strategic value. As one local merchant put it, however, "It's territory, you know. We'll die for our country."
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Africa, Iran, Ethiopia, and Eritrea

39185. "Expert Knowledge in Intelligence Assessments: Bird Flu and Bioterrorism"

Author:: Kathleen M. Vogel
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: In September 2011, scientists in the Netherlands announced new experimental findings that would not only threaten the conduct and publication of influenza research, but would have significant policy and intelligence implications. Ron Fouchier, an influenza virologist at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, declared at the Fourth European Scientific Working Group on Influenza in Malta that his research group had created a modified variant of the H5N1 avian influenza virus (hereafter the H5N1 virus) that was transmissible via aerosol between ferrets. Until that point, the H5N1 virus, which can be lethal to humans, was known to be transmissible only through direct, physical contact with infected animals.
Political Geography:: Europe and Netherlands

39186. "The Structure of Success: How the Internal Distribution of Power Drives Armed Group Behavior and National Movement Effectiveness"

Author:: Peter Krause
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: When do national movements succeed? Specifically, when and why does the use of violence by armed groups within such movements help to achieve their strategic objectives, such as international recognition, territorial control, and the creation of new states? Two recent struggles shed light on the debate among policymakers and scholars.

39187. "Strong Armies, Slow Adaptation: Civil-Military Relations and the Diffusion of Military Power"

Author:: Burak Kadercan
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: Why are some states more willing to adopt military innovations than others? Why, for example, were the great powers of Europe able to successfully reform their military practices to better adapt to and participate in the so-called military revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries while their most important extra- European competitor, the Ottoman Empire, failed to do so? The conventional wisdom suggests that cultural factors, including religious beliefs and a misplaced sense of superiority, blinded Ottoman rulers to the utility of innovations stemming from this military revolution, which involved radical changes in military strategy and tactics. The implication is that these rulers were almost suicidal, resisting military reforms until the early nineteenth century despite suffering continuous defeats for more than two hundred years. Such thinking follows not from a close reading of the historical and sociological literature on the Ottoman Empire, but from an Orientalist view of non-Western political organizations that plagues not only international relations theory but also military history.
Political Geography:: Europe

39188. Primacy or World Order? The United States and China's Rise-A Review Essay

Author:: Yuen Foong Khong
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: One of the early exhibits of the 2010 Shanghai Expo that greeted the visitor was a display of the Chinese living room through time. What made the otherwise prosaic display rise above the ordinary was its point of departure: the year 1978. The 1978 room was dim, dowdy, and equipped with the most basic furniture, reflecting a poor household. The 1988 living room offered visible improvements, while the 1998 living room had many, but not all, of the accoutrements of the middleclass living room. The 2008 living room—whether aspiration or reality—had it all: ambient lighting, leather sofas, and a plasma television screen. The message was clear: China today would prefer not to dwell on the past; the focus needs to be on economic modernization and its payoffs that began with Deng Xiaoping's opening up of China's economy in 1978.
Political Geography:: United States and China

39189. "Debating China's Assertiveness"

Author:: Alastair Iain Johnston, Xiaoyu Pu, and Dingding Chen
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: In "How New and Assertive Is China's New Assertiveness?" Iain Johnston argues that China's recent foreign policy is not as assertive as many scholars and pundits contend. Johnston's study is a welcome addition to the literature on Chinese foreign policy in three respects. First, it is the most comprehensive study by a leading China scholar on China's new assertiveness. Second, it challenges the conventional understanding that this assertiveness is both unprecedented and aggressive by design. Third, it addresses potential problems of overestimating the threat from China.
Political Geography:: China

39190. "Correspondence: Reevaluating Foreign-Imposed Regime Change"

Author:: Alexander B. Downes, Jonathan Monten, and William G. Nomikos
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: International Security
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: Alexander Downes and Jonathan Monten's article "Forced to Be Free? Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization" offers important contributions to the study of foreign-imposed regime change (FIRC). The authors should be commended for their use of advanced empirical methods to tackle such an important substantive question. According to Downes and Monten, past research on the democratizing effect of foreign-imposed regime change has overemphasized the characteristics of the intervener and underemphasized the existing preconditions for democracy in the state targeted for intervention. Rather than the FIRC itself, it is these preconditions, Downes and Monten suggest, that explain whether a given state will or will not democratize. That is, their argument posits that targets of FIRC that democratize would have done so independently of the foreign intervention.
Topic:: Regime Change

39191. What's in Your Smartphone?

Author:: Wilda Escarfiller and Leani García
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: Think that your mobile phone is a modern device? Hardly. While the components and circuitry may be highly technical, the materials that go into it are as old as the earth. And the conditions under which they are extracted—often in remote areas high in the mountains or the desert—are the roots of an industry that has driven the global economy for millennia, and will continue to do so. When you're standing at the edge of an open-pit copper mine, you couldn't feel more removed from the digital world, yet you're just at the beginning of it. What you're holding in your hand is simply the most modern creation from some of the oldest materials in the world, and a lot of history in getting them there. Here are some of the more basic elements that go into our mobile phones, and where they are found in our hemisphere. Data is from 2010 and measured in short tons.

39192. The Geopolitics of the Modern Resource Boom

Author:: Bernice Lee
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: The specter of resource insecurity is back. Intensified resource stress, driven in part by the booming demand from emerging economies and a decade of tight commodity markets, is reshaping the global economy. Whether the resources are actually diminishing is a matter of debate, but one thing is clear: the resources sector is increasingly characterized by supply disruptions, volatile prices and rising political tensions over access. In many places, myopic government policies have exacerbated the challenges.

39193. Resource Nationalism: Beyond Ideology

Author:: Hal Weitzman
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: Latin America's political Left has displayed symptoms of bipolarity for much of the past decade. An early purveyor of this diagnosis was Jorge Castañeda, former Mexican foreign secretary (2001-2003), who in 2004 identified what he called "two Lefts" in a piece for Project Syndicate. One Left had "truly socialist and progressive roots" that was "following pragmatic, sensible and realistic paths." The other stemmed from "a populist, purely nationalist past" that had "proven much less responsive to modernizing influences."
Political Geography:: Latin America

39194. Prisons: In Jail, But Not Sentenced

Author:: Richard M. Abord and Ashley D. Cannon
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: Each year, millions of people across the world find themselves in jail without being convicted of anything-often for months at a time-as they await trial. Alarmingly, although the rights to liberty, security and equal justice under the law are cornerstones of justice systems throughout the Americas, pretrial detention is being employed at rates two to five times greater than the international average, and its use continues to grow unabated.
Political Geography:: America

39195. Crossing Boundaries

Author:: Anthony Bebbington
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: The extraction of oil, natural gas and minerals is transforming Latin America. The conflicts that accompany this extraction have become part of the social and political landscape in much of the region. Some of this conflict has been violent. In June 2009, a confrontation between protestors and police in Bagua, Peru left at least 43 people dead, including 33 policemen. In September 2011, the Bolivian government cracked down on protestors who marched from Trinidad to La Paz in opposition to a highway designed to pass through the Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park-TIPNIS) that, among other things, would have facilitated hydrocarbon extraction. Mining Watch reports that since 2008, four activists have been murdered in Cabañas, El Salvador, where Canada's Pacific Rim Mining Corporation hopes to open a new gold mine; local organizations believe these deaths are linked to the mining project. In the Cajamarca region of Peru, site of the Yanacocha gold mine, many activists and protestors have been harassed and some killed for over a decade.
Political Geography:: Latin America

39196. Repression, Resistance, and Indigenous Rights in Guatemala

Author:: Anita Isaacs and Rachel Schwartz
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: The imposing statue of Anastasio Tzul, the nineteenth-century Guatemalan Indigenous intellectual and resistance leader, has presided over the tree-lined square in the town of Totonicapán in western Guatemala for as long as anyone can remember. But on a recent visit, it stood in mourning. Tzul, gripping the wooden cane carried by traditional Mayan authorities, was shrouded in a cape of black cloth, and the Guatemalan flag behind him was replaced with a sheet of black plastic, flying at half-staff. Scraps of paper carrying words of remembrance, of sorrow and fury, were haphazardly taped to the statue's base, and passersby—men and women, young and old—circled the figure reading each of the hand-scrawled messages. Although they said little, their faces made their feelings clear: pain, stoicism and defiance.

39197. Illegal Mining

Author:: Mari Hayman
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: Propelled by the skyrocketing global price of minerals, illegal mining has recently come into focus as a major environmental and social concern. Images of pristine rainforest scarred by clear-cuts, toxic mercury released into rivers and the air, and accounts of human trafficking, child labor and prostitution in remote mining encampments all point to the need for Latin American governments to rein in the practice.

39198. Avoiding the Resource Curse

Author:: Rosemary Thorp, Jose Carlos Orihuela, and Maritza Paredes
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: A country's ownership of rich natural resources is not necessarily a blessing. It presents a set of extraordinary challenges for policy makers. Bonanzas in foreign exchange all too easily create overvaluation and undermine efforts at economic diversification. At the socio-political level, mineral exploitation provokes intractable social conflicts, while the prospect of environmental contamination is ever-present.
Political Geography:: Canada and Latin America

39199. Chile's Pragmatic Middle-Class Voter

Author:: Gregory Elacqua and Cristobal Aninat
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: Chile's middle class has always played a key role in the country's politics. In the first four presidential elections after the 1989 democratic transition, middle-class voters were a decisive factor in the victories of center-left Concertación candidates Patricio Aylwin, Eduardo Frei, Ricardo Lagos, and Michelle Bachelet. By 2009, however, Chile's middle class turned away from the Concertación and voted for Sebastián Piñera, a center-right businessman and former senator who became the country's first non-Concertación president since the return to democracy.
Political Geography:: Chile

39200. Ask the Experts: Mining

Author:: Francisco Panizza, Jon Samuel, Anthony Hodge, Lisa Sachs, and Edwin Julio Palomino Cadenas
Publication Date:: 04-2014
Content Type:: Journal Article
Journal:: Americas Quarterly
Institution:: Council of the Americas
Abstract:: To secure a positive development outcome from mining, governments first need to create the conditions that will attract investment in new mines. This starts with open and honest means of allocating mineral exploration and development rights, the rule of law, a stable regulatory and fiscal regime, and openness to foreign investment.
Topic:: Economics and Government
Political Geography:: America

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS