Content Type: Working Paper / Publishing Institution: European Centre for Minority Issues

1. Non-territorial indigenous self-governance in Canada and the United States

Author:: Raphaëlle Mathieu-Bédard
Publication Date:: 04-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Indigenous peoples and minorities throughout the world have endeavoured for centuries to rid themselves from colonialism and oppression, while governments struggle to recognize indigenous and minority rights and minorities’ rightful standing in society. Varied approaches have been adopted, with varying degrees of success – but much can be learned from past and current victories and mistakes. Both in Canada and in the United States, the federal governments have historically held exclusive and virtually unlimited authority over their indigenous populations. Yet, based on divergent interpretations of the ‘doctrine of discovery’, the two countries have long developed differing policies regarding the self-government of their indigenous[i] nations, inevitably influencing their respective indigenous self-determination movements and the emergence of indigenous, non-territorial institutions.
Topic:: Minorities and International Development
Political Geography:: America and Canada

2. Territorial-administrative decentralisation and ethno-cultural diversity in Ukraine : Addressing Hungarian autonomy claims in Zakarpattya

Author:: David Smith and Mariana Semenyshyn
Publication Date:: 11-2017
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The paper argues firstly that, since there is no obvious separatist movement within Zakarpattya, the Ukrainian state should seek as far as possible to accommodate Hungarian identity claims within the region (and those of other smaller minority communities living within the state) as part of a normative and instrumental strategy of promoting ‘unity in diversity’. Secondly, it argues that Ukraine’s current concept of decentralization offers space to realise the non-territorial vision of cultural autonomy, provided that sufficient attention is also given to maintaining pre-existing territorially-based provisions with regard to minority language use and political representation for Hungarians at both regional and national level.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Ukraine

3. Intercultural coexistence and cooperation : Is the model of Schleswig-Holstein transferrable?

Author:: Zora Popova, Inga Marken, and Lavinia Bâdulescu
Publication Date:: 09-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The current paper, developed in connection to an ECMI project implemented in Azerbaijan in 2014, explores the transferability of successful reconciliation and intercultural cohesion mechanisms from one region or a country to another. Analysing the positive example of Schleswig-Holstein and the conflict region of Nagorno-Karabakh, the paper aims at overcoming the specific context related issues and to look at the structural factors that need to be considered if a model is to be adapted to a historically, geographically, and culturally different case.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Global Focus

4. The notion of 'Institutional Completeness' in Canada:The contribution of the judiciary towards new avenues of non-territorial autonomy

Author:: Raphaëlle Mathieu-Bédard
Publication Date:: 06-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The concept of ‘institutional completeness’, which refers to the organizational influence of a minority group and the degree to which it can provide its members with all necessary services, has recently enjoyed renewed interest in Canada. ‘Institutional completeness’ could represent an interesting avenue of ‘non-territorial autonomy’ for European minorities, one that might curtail some of the issues associated to current arrangements delegating power and autonomy to minorities, which often remain more ornamental than substantial. This paper exposes the recent jurisprudential developments in Canada pertaining to the modernization and revival of the concept of ‘institutional completeness’, most notable in the sphere of education for Francophone minority groups living outside of the province of Quebec, and encourages an in-depth exploration of the concept and of its potential not only for the autonomy of minorities, but also as a means of compensation for past harms and injustices.
Topic:: International Affairs and Political and institutional effectiveness
Political Geography:: Canada

5. Sami languages in education in Sweden and Finland

Author:: Madoka Hammine
Publication Date:: 05-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The aim of this working paper is to compare the language policies of Finland and Sweden, especially in the field of education for the Sami population. The analysis is carried out on a macro level; firstly it investigates and examines how Finland and Sweden have intro-duced legislation to protect Sami languages, followed by a discussion of the current situa-tions in the field of education, according to each stage of education. A comparison of the two nations highlights their different outcomes due to the different policies of their governments.
Topic:: International Affairs
Political Geography:: Finland and Sweden

6. Estonian ethnic minorities: The right to health and the dangers of social exclusion

Author:: Vadim Poleshchuk
Publication Date:: 04-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Russian-speaking population of Estonia experienced serious problems on the labour market and in education in the years following the post-Soviet transition. The perception of inequality is typical among minority groups. Nowadays there are no significant disparities in terms of health conditions or access to the health care system for majority and minority groups; however, there are accumulated negative factors for the minority population, especially when we look closer at socially marginalised groups. In addition to their generally weaker socio-economic status, many Russophones face the problem of social exclusion, proven by higher rates of extreme poverty, incarceration, and homelessness, trafficking victimisation, drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. All these factors may have an adverse effect on the enjoyment by ethnic minorities of the right to health. Considering the demographic make-up of Estonia, a reduced use of the Russian language in the provision of health services has emerged as a new challenge to the national health care system.
Topic:: International Relations and International Affairs
Political Geography:: Estonia

7. Roma Participation in Mainstream Swedish and German Newspaper Discourse

Author:: Caitlin Boulter
Publication Date:: 12-2016
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This paper examines the prevalence of Roma voices in Swedish and German newspaper articles. It explores the importance of discursive self-representation for minority and marginalised groups, and evaluates the degree to which a voice is afforded to the Roma in three of the largest newspapers in each country, across a varied political spectrum. Sweden and Germany are leaders in minority protection and both profess to be seeking solutions to the widespread discrimination against Roma within their own countries and across Europe, and therefore provide interesting comparative case studies, both due to their historical relationship with Roma communities and in light of contemporary events. This paper uses quantitative analysis to determine the percentage of newspaper articles about Roma that include a Roma voice, and the findings are analysed using theories regarding European identity-building, Orientalism, and media discourse.
Topic:: International Affairs and Minorities
Political Geography:: Germany and Sweden

8. Political Rhetoric and the Challenges to Diversity in Russia

Author:: Viktoria Martovskaya
Publication Date:: 11-2015
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The author of this publication argues that negative societal trends - namely, raising the levels of inter-ethnic tensions, intolerance to diversity and hostility to the ‘others’ – can be predicted through the analysis of political rhetoric. The method of reconstruction of society through the analysis of rhetoric can serve as an early-warning system detecting the approach of an ethnic crisis.
Topic:: Political Theory
Political Geography:: Russia

9. Dissatisfied Voters and No Alternative: The Unchallenged Position of Political Elites in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author:: Ashley W. Hooper
Publication Date:: 11-2015
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In February 2014, violent protests erupted in Tuzla and quickly spread to multiple other Bosnian cities, including Mostar and Sarajevo. Initially, the protests were labeled as the “Bosnian Spring,” a term used to describe a state that is undergoing revolutionary change; however, this term was used prematurely in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina and by April the protest movement had completely lost momentum. The cause for dissatisfaction among citizens was driven by nearly a decade of political stagnation. The lack of political progression can largely be attributed to the legacy of the Dayton Peace Agreement, which brought an end to the ethnically driven atrocities. However, the agreement also formed a uniquely complicated governmental structure based on ethnicity—providing a political framework in which elites are able to evade accountability. Political competition has been greatly decreased by the continued presence of wartime-ethno parties, which dominate the political discourse—perpetuating fear and mistrust among the electorate. I argue that there is a crisis of democratization halting the political progression and European integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina caused by a lack of both political accountability and competition.
Topic:: Political Theory, Elections, and Democracy
Political Geography:: Global Focus

10. Ethnic Minority Women in Georgia - Facing a Double Burden?

Author:: Andrea Peinhopf
Publication Date:: 02-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In this paper I explore the situation of ethnic minority women in Georgia, focusing on gender -based violence, economic empowerment and political participation. Importantly these are not distinct topics, but interrelated phenomena: domestic decision-making structures and violence are the main obstacles to increased female participation in the political and economic spheres. Conversely, women's second-rate role here has diminished their ability to become financially independent and publicly recognized, which could strengthen their domestic position. Over the past years the Georgian government has introduced several legal measures directed at alleviating some of the problems Georgian women encounter and strengthening their position in society, including the National Action Plan on Gender Equality (2011-2013), the National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security (2012-2015), as well as action plans on domestic violence (2011-2012), and trafficking in human beings (2011-2012). However, according to the UN Gender Thematic Group, consisting of domestic and international organizations with a gender focus, implementation of the national action plans has been uneven, with the National Action Plan on Gender Equality significantly lagging behind.
Topic:: Gender Issues, Human Rights, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Georgia

11. Roma Inclusion: A Feasible EU Project

Author:: Zora Popova
Publication Date:: 03-2014
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Dispersed all over the territory of the continent, Roma constitute the largest ethnic minority in Europe, which according to the estimates consists of 10-12 million people. Present in almost every country in Europe and sharing some similar cultural features, Roma are often referred to as 'transnational'. The heterogeneity of the group even within the different national states and the lack of structural ties among the communities at national and international levels, challenges the appropriateness of any generalization of issues and large scale approaches to addressing them. At the same time, Roma communities all over Europe share low social status and identical challenges to their integration in mainstream societies, which constitutes them as a transnational marginalised group.
Topic:: Globalization, Human Rights, Regional Cooperation, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Romania

12. Challenges facing Researchers on Roma Minorities in contemporary Europe: Notes towards a Research Program

Author:: Aidan McGarry and Annabel Tremlett
Publication Date:: 01-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: European institutions are now developing two new initiatives that are significant in their scope and outlook. First, a common 'EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies' is underway for 2020, aimed at creating a set of common policy aims and outcomes for all member states. This Framework is attempting to place the responsibility for Roma integration in the hands of member state governments, who have been hitherto unwilling or unable to address the socio-economic and political disadvantage of Roma. Second, the Council of Europe and the EU (in a joint action) have established a new; 'European Academic Network on Romani Studies' (2011-2013), recognizing the importance of quality research in understanding the complexities of such historically disadvantaged and heterogeneous communities. These initiatives provide the opportunity to draw on our experiences as researchers in this field and highlight the gaps in our knowledge along with methodological and theoretical caveats and challenges that still need to be addressed.
Topic:: Human Rights, International Law, Socialism/Marxism, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

13. The Dual Consequences of Politicization of Ethnicity in Romania

Author:: Monica Andriescu and Sergiu Gherghina
Publication Date:: 02-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The processes of nation and state formation have been challenged in specific ways by the transitions in post-Communist Europe. The number of ethnic minorities, their territorial concentration and strength generated situations in which either state division was imminent (e.g. former Yugoslavia) or secession threats were latent. Many political actors transformed these situations into (personal or own group) advantages. Among the new democracies in which ethnicity could be considered a relevant societal division, Romania is an appealing case due to its developments over time. The violent clashes between the majority population and the Hungarian minority in 1990, in the aftermath of regime change, appeared to set the pace of the inter-ethnic relations after the regime change. In this context, the politicization of ethnicity to spawn national and ethnic solidarity in Romania was the logical consequence. How did this process influence the evolution of inter-ethnic relations in post-communist Romania?
Topic:: Human Rights, Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Romania

14. Promoting Minority Rights through Education

Author:: Zora Popova
Publication Date:: 05-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education (EDC/HRE) was adopted in 2010 and signed by 47 member states. The endorsement of the Charter was recognized as a major achievement of almost 10 years of developing ideas and strategies, public and political debates, intensified discussions among institutions and stakeholders, international consultations, policy provisions and decision implementation.
Topic:: Education, Human Rights, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

15. Paternalistic versus participation oriented minority institutions in the Danish-German border region

Author:: Adrian Schaefer-Rolffs and Kai-Uwe Schnapp
Publication Date:: 05-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Democracy can, according to Robert Dahl, be understood as a political system in which those affected by a decision have a proper chance to take part in making this decision. Although it is accepted by political theorists as well as many men and women on the street, this norm is not easily implemented in all situations. One situation in which implementation might not be as straightforward is the proper political participation of any kind of minority, be it national, ethnic, religious, cultural or otherwise. This question of minority political participation has grown in importance in Europe over the last decades. This is the case, because European nations are beset by a total of more than 300 national and ethnic minority groups with over 100 million members. Awareness and appreciation of this fact has massively increased recently in terms of politics as well as with regard to discussion in the social sciences. While there are at least some explicit perceptions of the institutional quality of participatory rights and facilities across Europe, there is almost no empirical account of the role and the perception of political rights and/or institutions that foster minority political participation.
Topic:: Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe, Germany, and Denmark

16. Minority Participation in Kosovo Elections : Opportunities and Challenges

Author:: Zora Popova
Publication Date:: 06-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Voting is a fundamental democratic right that empowers people to exercise their civil control over the politics and politicians, over the different branches of power, over the development paths of their countries. Democratic electoral systems in Europe vary greatly. But the electoral systems alone, although contributing to the specific architectures of the national democracies, are not the only factors that determine the quality of the democracy in place. Focused on legislation, rules and procedures, policy analysts sometimes tend to look at voters as "beneficiaries" and not as the active subjects who in fact have the power to change the status quo or to contribute to deformities of the political system in place, by not exercising their political and civil rights.
Topic:: Democratization, Human Rights, Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

17. Minorities, Media and Intercultural Dialogue

Author:: Sabrina Colombo, Federica Prina, Alkistis Zavakou, and Fulvia Ghirardi
Publication Date:: 11-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: References to 'intercultural dialogue' are not uncommon in international documents. In particular, Article 6(1) of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (hereinafter FCNM) reads: The Parties shall encourage a spirit of tolerance and intercultural dialogue and take effective measures to promote mutual respect and understanding and co - operation among all persons living on their territory, irrespective of those persons' ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity, in particular in the fields of education, culture and the media.
Topic:: Regional Cooperation, Mass Media, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

18. Renewed Non-discrimination and Equality Promises for National Minorities in Europe

Author:: Liefke Dolmans and Elisabeth Kühn
Publication Date:: 11-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: One of the founding principles of the European Union is the recognition that every individual is of equal value. On top of this, the 2000 Race Directive reaffirms the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin. Discrimination and inequality are nevertheless still major problems for vulnerable ethnic and national minorities in Europe, as the results of the most recent EU MIDI-survey describes. Bearing in mind the principle of equality, it is not surprising that two new equality concepts arrived at the Council of Europe and EU level in the last years: 'The new commitment to equality and non-discrimination' and 'full and effective equality.' In a communication Note from July 2008, the European Commission expressed its desire for this 'renewed commitment to non-discrimination and equal opportunity,' which proposes a shift from formal equality to a more substantive equality approach. In this paper, we will consider whether this statement is an exemplary expression of an assumed development in the EU, namely that of broadening and strengthening equality and non-discrimination legislation and, furthermore, whether a possible development from formal to substantive equality is also effectively taking place. We analysed whether this trend is only visible in the European Commission or also present within other players in the non-discrimination and equality field. We then sought to understand whether this trend is visible in theory as well as practice. This paper furthermore analyzes whether this trend enlarges the protection scope against discrimination for national minorities, or if this equality manifestation truly supports national minorities to be recognized as equals with the majority.
Topic:: Human Rights, Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

19. Education in Member State Submissions under the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies

Author:: Eben Friedman
Publication Date:: 12-2013
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The European Union's (EU) strategy for recovery from the economic crisis that began at the end of the first decade of the 2000s is organized around three priorities: smart growth, sustainable growth, and inclusive growth (European Commission 2010: 9). While the three types of growth are presented as mutually reinforcing, explicit attention to minorities in general and to Roma in particular comes only under the heading of inclusive growth, defined as "empowering people through high levels of employment, investing in skills, fighting poverty and modernising labour markets, training and social protection systems so as to help people anticipate and manage change, and build a cohesive society" (European Commission 2010: 17). As part of the "European Platform against Poverty" planned in the area of inclusive growth, the European Commission (EC) calls on Member States "[t]o define and implement measures addressing the specific circumstances of groups at particular risk (such as one-parentamilies, elderly women, minorities, Roma, people with a disability and the homeless" as a means of "rais[ing] awareness and recognis[ing] the fundamental rights of people experiencing poverty and social exclusion, enabling them to live in dignity and take an active part in society" (European Commission 2010: 19).
Topic:: Economics, Education, Human Rights, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

20. National Minorities and the Media Situation in Georgia

Author:: Tobias Akerlund
Publication Date:: 01-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In recent years Georgia has seen positive developments on the policy level as well as on the ground concerning media. The Law on Broadcasting already obliged the Georgian Public Broadcaster to highlight the concerns and issues of relevance to minorities, in addition to airing programs in minority languages. To improve the situation for minorities in Georgia, The National Concept for Tolerance and Civil Integration was adopted in 2009 and contains provisions to remedy deficiencies with regard to media. Despite these positive developments, however, access to information remains an impediment to integration into wider society as Georgia‟s minority communities are largely distanced from mainstream media due to a lack of quality information in the languages they understand.
Topic:: Non-Governmental Organization, Mass Media, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Georgia

21. Chinese in Georgia

Author:: Jiayi Zhou
Publication Date:: 01-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In the two decades after independence, Georgia's open economy and lax immigration policies have engendered, for the first time, immigration from far outside of the region. On the streets of Tbilisi, the most conspicuous of these migrants are from India, China, and the countries of Africa. Of those from India, a substantial number are students of medicine, or enrolled in other professional courses. Africans in Georgia are mostly driven by work opportunity with a few students in higher education institutions. Chinese immigrants, on the other hand, are almost entirely driven by economic opportunities. A modern Chinese presence in Georgia began in the 1990s with the beginning of Chinese state-owned investment ventures in the region, as well as a burgeoning restaurant scene. In 2000s, this expanded to encompass a trickle and then an influx of Chinese migrant shop owners and market vendors. The third wave of migration occurred in 2010 as a result of contract construction workers. As of today, there are around 1,000 Chinese now divided into five groups: specialists, businessmen, shopkeepers, contract workers, and those in the restaurant and catering sector. This paper will focus on the history of Chinese migrants in Georgia, driving causes, their level of integration (or lack thereof), vulnerabilities, and their status in Georgian society. It will also cover increasingly large-scale economic ventures in the country, the status of Chinese as a foreign language in Georgia, and the role of the PRC Embassy in the Chinese community.
Topic:: Economics, Migration, Immigration, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Africa, China, Europe, Asia, and Georgia

22. National minority groups in post-Lisbon Europe: the presence of Europeanisation and transnational human rights in one policy field

Author:: Tamara Jovanovic
Publication Date:: 01-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This working paper explores the role of some recent components under the European Union legal and political aegis and its coexistence with the CoE, here approached as a potential advancement of the protection, promotion and preservation of national minority groups in European Union member states. Although the European Union has been slow in the development of clear competences on minority rights, several considerations pertinent to national minorities can be depicted across the European Union frameworks. The European Union treaty is committed to the safe guard of human rights and the respect for minorities in its 'values article' which are applicable under Community Action. This basis is further accompanied by other policy functions which stimulate action on the promotion and preservation of minority identities, in particular in the fields of language and culture. Such policies are prescribed in different degrees of European Union competences and modes of implementation, ranging between formal legal effects and informal political consequences, generating varied forms of Europeanization. At the same time, nearly all European Union member states are bound by additional transnational regulations on human and minority rights, such as those developed by the Council of Europe. This level of transnational human rights is gradually also becoming embodied into European Union structures, while already embodied by most European states' constitutions. By taking account of some developments under each process, their interaction, but also coexistence, this paper aims to identify how Europeanization and transnational forces can help to construct and sustain a policy field, namely a national minority policy.
Topic:: Human Rights, Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

23. Islam and Religious Transformation in Adjara

Author:: Thomas Liles
Publication Date:: 02-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: While Adjara's Islamic identity has been in decline, the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) has increased its presence in Adjara's capital Batumi and western lowlands since the 1990s. Today Islam retains a strong presence primarily in the republic's eastern highlands (upper Adjara), specifically in the Khulo district and to a lesser extent in the more rural areas of the Shuakhevi and Keda districts. With financial support from the state, the GOC maintains a growing presence in upper Adjara, and conversions to Christianity in the area are becoming more common. Simultaneously, certain segments of the region's Muslim population express dissatisfaction with perceived state discrimination, mainly resulting from the lack of state funding for local Islamic institutions and the difficulties of legally registering such institutions. With the creation of the new Administration of Georgian Muslims (AGM) in May 2011 and the passage of a new law on the registration of minority religious groups in July 2011, this discontent may well subside. However, it is still too early to tell whether these laws will have a significant effect in upper Adjara.
Topic:: Islam, Religion, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Georgia

24. Georgia's Muslim Community: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

Author:: Conor Prasad
Publication Date:: 02-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In early May 2011, an Administration of Georgian Muslims (AGM) was established. Although founded with government help and by government officials, it is officially a non-governmental organisation (NGO) whose aim is to manage and address problems and issues affecting Georgia's diverse Muslim population. The new administration replaces the semi-independent, Baku-based Caucasus Board of Muslims (CBM) which until recently was the governing body for Georgia's Muslims.
Topic:: Islam, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Georgia

25. Issues of Minority Rights in the Ethiopian Federation

Author:: Haileyesus Taye Chekole
Publication Date:: 04-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Ethiopia is an ancient country with a rich diversity of peoples and cultures. Paleontological studies identify Ethiopia as one of the cradles of humankind. ―Dinknesh or ―Lucy, one of the earliest and most complete hominoids discovered through archaeological excavations, dates back to 3.5 million years (Milkias, 2010). Ethiopia‟s geographical and historical factors have had a great influence on the distribution of its peoples and languages. Ethiopia embraces a complex variety of nations, nationalities and peoples, and linguistic groups. Altogether, its peoples speak more than 80 different languages, comprising 12 Semitic, 22 Cushitic, 18 Omotic and 18 Nilo-Saharan languages (Central Statistic Report, 2007). This makes Ethiopia a mosaic of languages and culture. The country has always maintained its independence, even during the colonial era in Africa. Ethiopia‟s membership in multilateral governmental organizations started as a member of the defunct League of Nations. Ethiopia was one of the founding members of the United Nations and has been playing an active role in African affairs. It specifically played a pioneering role in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). In fact, the capital city, Addis Ababa, has been a seat for the OAU since its establishment and continues serving as the seat for the African Union (AU) today.
Topic:: Human Rights, International Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Africa, United Nations, and Ethiopia

26. European Minority Rights Law: Unilateral Legislation in Favour of Kin-Minorities

Author:: Tove H. Malloy
Publication Date:: 07-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The international approach to unilateral legislation with extraterritorial reach is quite clear. General principles of customary international law entrust the state where national minorities reside with the task of securing the rights of all persons within its jurisdiction. Preferential treatment of national minorities by their kin-state is considered the exception unless it is established through bilateral treaties, or as a minimum agreed among the parties involved. The League of Nations system was the first European multilateral attempt to provide protection for minorities outside the mother state through bilateral treaties. After the collapse of the League of Nations system and the transfer of international protection of minorities to the United Nations system, bilateralism was not specifically promoted but nonetheless carried over as the main approach to kin-minority protection. This approach came under pressure after 1989 and the collapse of Communism when a number of countries adopted unilateral laws on kin-state minorities and compatriots living abroad. The bilateral approach received renewed attention, therefore, as part of the multilateral approach promoted by the international community after 1989.
Topic:: Human Rights, International Law, Governance, Sanctions, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and United Nations

27. Policy-to-Outcome Indicators and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Author:: Federica Prina
Publication Date:: 09-2012
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Indicators to measure the performance of international human rights treaties are increasingly a requirement in the assessment of the impact of legal standards. In the case of national minority standards, the Council of Europe's Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) began its work on indicators in 2008. A study to theorize and conceptualize political indicators describing the performance of the FCNM was produced in the areas of legal and political adaptation of provisions in the states parties to the instrument. The study concluded that further efforts should be made to encompass performance indicators assessing the direct impact of the FCNM on the lives of persons belonging to national minorities. Meanwhile, there has been no parallel process by the Council of Europe to compile indicators of impact for its other legally binding instrument that is of special relevance to national minorities: the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (the Charter). This paper provides a preliminary conceptual framework for the development of indicators to measure the impact of the Charter in the states parties to the instrument, using a policy-to-outcome approach.
Topic:: International Law, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe

28. The "Peoples' Congresses" in Russia: Failure or Success? Authenticity and Efficiency of Minority Representation

Author:: Alexander Osipov
Publication Date:: 08-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This paper addresses the phenomenon of public fora which are designed to represent certain ethnic groups and are set up through popular vote. The academic and practical interest in such "congresses" results from the fact that over time it has been shown that these endeavors have: (1)proven to be viable and durable organization structures for about two decades; (2)secured flexibility in their establishment and functioning;(3) provided for mass participation in public discussions and voting; (4) avoided "identity trap" and most complexities related to setting qualifications and the selection of eligibility criteria for the participants; (5) been a bridge between minority activists and public authorities. At the same time, the real practical outcomes, the ability to act independently and visibility of the "congresses" on the political landscape are far from being obvious, and this raises questions about the reasons for such doubtful achievements and the very meaning of "representation" in such a context.
Topic:: Human Rights, Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Asia

29. Minorities and Green Political Thought: Normative challenges to an ideal ethics?

Author:: Tove H. Malloy
Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: What does Green minority action do to our traditional views of minorities as conflict-prone, rights claiming entities that defy definition and pose constant tension in normative political theory? Normally concerned with justification of such issues as the right to existence, the right of self-determination, the protection of culture and language, and steeped in discourses of politics and struggles for recognition as well as of identity and difference, and multiculturalism versus egalitarianism, political theory has confined itself to addressing minority issues in terms of normative accommodation. The arrival on the scene of Green political thought has not c hanged this (as yet) but the empirical facts may force normative political theorists to engage with Green theory as well as impel Green political thought to address normative minority accommodation. It is the possibility of the latter that I will explore in this paper.
Topic:: Climate Change, Environment, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe, Germany, Denmark, Latin America, North America, and Mexico

30. Language Policies and Law in Education in Post-Soviet Belarus

Author:: Iryna Ulasiuk
Publication Date:: 09-2011
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought to the fore claims of linguistic minorities which had been ignored far too long. In almost all of the former Soviet republics language became an impetus to national revival and an important instrument in consolidating the newly independent states. At times excessively accentuated and overly politicized, the language issue demanded immediate reaction. It was not, therefore, surprising, that almost all of the former Soviet republics rejected to various degrees the legal dogmas which had been created in the Soviet Union and moved towards the weakening of the bonds within the former USSR, the lowering of the status of the Russian language as a symbol of long-term oppression and, as a consequence, the strengthening of the position of the titular language. Belarus has somewhat stood aloof in the process. With Russian being the de facto main language, and Belarusian playing largely a symbolic function, the position of other languages spoken by minority groups residing within the territory of Belarus seems indeed precarious. The present paper seeks to identify the main tendencies in the development of language legislation in the area of education, which has traditionally been considered as determinant for the survival of the language, in Belarus. It investigates the place of the Belarusian legislation in the field of education reserved for the language rights of the titular nation and those of national minorities.
Topic:: Education, Governance, Law, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Belarus

31. Ethnic or multi-ethnic parties? Party competition and legislative recruitment in Moldova

Author:: Oleh Protsyk and Ion Osoian
Publication Date:: 03-2010
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Securing adequate representation of minorities in institutions of the state is commonly described in the literature as an important mechanism for addressing issues of ethnic tensions in culturally diverse societies. A proportional electoral system is generally perceived as more friendly for representation of minority interests than a majoritarian single member district system. The introduction of the former system in a number of post-communist countries encouraged institutionalization of ethnic minority parties. These parties became a permanent part of the political landscape in South Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria and Romania.
Topic:: Democratization, Politics, Ethnic Government, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe, Moldova, Bulgaria, and Romania

32. The value of power, the power of values: a call for an EU Grand Strategy

Author:: Sven Biscop (ed.)
Publication Date:: 10-2009
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In its 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS), the EU has a grand strategy, embracing all instruments and resources at the disposal of the Union and the Member States, but a partial one. The ESS tells us how to do things – in a preventive, holistic and multilateral way – but it is much vaguer on what to do: what are the concrete objectives and priorities of the EU as a global actor?
Topic:: Economics, Emerging Markets, International Political Economy, International Trade and Finance, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

33. Institutions of Georgia for Governance on National Minorities: An Overview

Author:: Giorgi Sordia
Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Since the 'Rose Revolution' in November 2003, significant reform has taken place in Georgia. The new Georgian government led by Mikheil Saakashvili, eager to push forward the process of reform and enhance the pace of integration with Euro-Atlantic structures and institutions, has taken a range of important steps to develop the institutional arrangement of government. A number of key ministries have been radically reformed, including the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Education and Science. Structural reform is also ongoing in many other ministries and state bodies.
Topic:: Democratization, Politics, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Europe and Georgia

34. Georgia and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Author:: Jonathan Wheatley
Publication Date:: 06-2009
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Georgia is a multilingual and multi-ethnic society. A large number of minority languages are spoken in Georgia, including Abkhazian, Ossetian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, Ukrainian, Kurmanji (Kurdish), Chechen (Kist), Ottoman Turkish, Pontic Greek, Syriac, Avar, Tsova-Tush and Udi. In addition, four distinct languages are spoken by the majority Georgian population -- Georgian, Megrelian, Svan and Laz -- although these are basically vernacular languages that are not normally written. According to Article 8 of the Georgian constitution, the official state language is Georgian, and in Abkhazia, also Abkhazian. Most minority languages are spoken only in certain regions of the country.
Topic:: Politics, Multiculturalism, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Russia, America, Turkey, Ukraine, Georgia, and Syria

35. The Integration of National Minorities in the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli Provinces of Georgia: Five Years into the Presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili

Author:: Jonathan Wheatley
Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This paper aims to explore the extent to which national minorities in the Georgian provinces of Kvemo Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti are integrated into the economic and political life of Georgia and to investigate how government policy in the aftermath of the Rose Revolution of November 2003 has affected the relationship between the state and minority communities in these two regions. It is divided into eight parts. First I provide a general overview of the main characteristics of the population of the two provinces in terms of ethnicity and language use. The second part turns to the economy of the two regions, focusing on both agricultural and industrial production. The next section turns to state-society relations by showing how government policy in the fields of education, local government, infrastructure and economic development has impacted upon the integration of national minorities in the two provinces. The fourth section explores in greater depth the modes of local governance in the two municipalities of Samtskhe-Javakheti (Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda, collectively known as Javakheti) and the five municipalities of Kvemo Kartli (Gardabani, Marneuli, Bolnisi, Dmanisi and Tsalka) in which members of national minorities are concentrated, by identifying the main power brokers in these municipalities and by looking at how local power structures have changed in the last five years. The following part focuses on the process of migration and includes both permanent migration of Georgians and members of national minorities within Georgia and to destinations beyond the country's borders, as well as seasonal migration abroad. The sixth part deals with the issue of land distribution, which has been a contentious one in both provinces. The seventh section is the final substantive part of the paper; it takes the "view from below" by looking at the most salient issues from the point of view of members of national minorities that live in the two provinces. The paper then closes with a short conclusion.
Topic:: Politics, Governance, and Minorities
Political Geography:: Georgia

36. Ossetians in Georgia in the Wake of the 2008 War

Author:: Giorgi Sordia
Publication Date:: 09-2009
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: As a result of the August war of 2008, the demographic situation in South Ossetia has been entirely altered. After the Georgian authorities lost administrative-territorial control over the Didi and Patara Liakhvi gorges and Akhalgori district, the majority of the population of these territories, including the entire population of Didi and Patara Liakhvi, were forced to leave their homes. The demographic structure of districts adjoining the conflict zones was also affected. As of September 2008, internally displaced persons (IDPs) from the conflict zone (including districts of Shida Kartli) numbered more than 127,000 in total. After the ceasefire agreement between Russia and Georgia was signed and Russian troops removed from the region, a large number of those forcibly displaced outside the administrative borders of the former autonomous region of South Ossetia returned home. However, the entire ethnic Georgian population of Didi and Patara Liakhvi, as well as several thousand Georgians from Akhalgori districts, remain displaced. The Ministry of Refugees and Accommodation of Georgia has granted them the status of IDPs and housed them in 38 specially constructed cottage settlements. According to official figures from the Ministry of Refugees and Accommodation, the number of IDPs from the August war (excluding those displaced from Upper Abkhazia) currently stands at 24,729.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict and Minorities
Political Geography:: Georgia and South Ossetia

37. No Way Out: An Assessment of the Romani Community in Georgia

Author:: David Szakonyi
Publication Date:: 02-2008
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Romani community is the most marginalized and disadvantaged ethnic community in Georgia. Although accurate estimates are hard to establish, the population is thought to number up to 1,500 persons, living in multiple small settlements across Georgia. Extreme poverty, unemployment, lack of education and health care, and isolation from larger society comprise several of the major problems the community as a whole is facing. The overall situation for the Roms in Georgia has significantly deteriorated since the Soviet period, leaving the population practically devoid of any means to lift themselves out of their often devastating circumstances.
Topic:: Education, Ethnic Conflict, Health, and Poverty
Political Geography:: Europe, Asia, Soviet Union, and Georgia

38. Representation and Democracy in Eurasia's Unrecognized States: The Case of Transnistria

Author:: Oleh Protsyk
Publication Date:: 06-2008
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Like the majority of modern states, non-recognized or de facto states are governed indirectly through elected representatives who are entrusted with the task of carrying out most of the functions of government. Issues of representation are central to an understanding of modern polities and have therefore generated substantial academic interest with regard to the identity and performance of representatives. Non-recognized states have largely been spared such detailed scrutiny of their domestic politics and patterns of representation, even though requests by these states for recognition draw increasingly on claims to democratically-secured genuine representation.
Topic:: Democratization and Politics
Political Geography:: Europe, Eurasia, and Asia

39. Representational Consequences of Special Mechanisms for Ethnic Minority Inclusion: Evidence from Romania

Author:: Oleh Protsyk, Marius Matichescu, and Baptiste Chatre
Publication Date:: 09-2008
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Ensuring representation of ethnic minorities in national level decision making is one of the important challenges that ethnically diverse societies face. A number of alternative institutional arrangements aimed at securing minority representation has been discussed in the academic literature. This discussion is energized by the practical need to provide policy advice on how to craft institutions in ethnically plural states that go through the periods of democratization and/or post conflict reconciliation. While the relevance of this discussion is ensured by political developments in different parts of the world, the evidential base for judging the effectiveness of different institutional arrangements has remained somewhat limited. This is due partly to the newness of some institutional arrangements and partly to the lack of systematic inquiry into different type of consequences of choosing a specific mechanism of communal representation. For example, a recent review of reserved seat provisions, which constitute one type of targeted electoral mechanisms, suggests that reserved seats are much more common and much more understudied than it has usually been assumed.
Political Geography:: Romania

40. Javakheti after the Rose Revolution: Progress and Regress in the Pursuit of National Unity in Georgia

Author:: Hedvig Lohm
Publication Date:: 04-2007
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Javakheti is situated in the South-East of Georgia, and is densely inhabited by Georgia's second largest national minority, Armenians. In most respects, Javakheti has been more dependent on Russia (in socio-economic terms) and Armenia (in cultural terms) than on its proper state, Georgia, since Georgia gained independence in 1991. Throughout the 1990s the region was often described as a 'potential hot-spot', yet another possible breakaway region in the Caucasus. This working paper will look into whether the situation has started to change in terms of whether Javakheti is now closer to becoming an integrated part of Georgia, given that territorial unity has been one of the main priorities of the Georgian government since the 'Rose Revolution' of 2003. The aim of this paper is thus to create a better understanding of the challenges that Javakheti faces, in order to facilitate an informed debate on the current situation and the future development of the region.
Topic:: Government, Nationalism, and Politics
Political Geography:: Russia, Caucasus, Armenia, and Georgia

41. Addressing the Transnistrian Conflict: Competing Stances of Moldova's Political Parties and Expert Community

Author:: Oleh Protsyk, Andrei Volentir, and Igor Bucătaru
Publication Date:: 01-2007
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Transnistrian conflict continues to be one of the most important issues facing political parties and the expert community in Moldova. Since the start of the post-communist transition period, political parties have routinely felt the necessity to articulate their approaches to solving the conflict. During both electoral and inter-electoral periods, the Transnistrian issue has occupied a special position on the country's political agenda. This has required political parties to take a stance on the issue. Similarly, the country's expert community, which includes academics, political analysts, and media commentators, has struggled with the need to explain and interpret the conflict to their audiences. In presenting such interpretations for the general public, they could not avoid formulating their own positions on potential causes of and solutions to the conflict.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Government, and Politics
Political Geography:: Moldova and Eastern Europe

42. The Aspect of Culture in the Social Inclusion of Ethnic Minorities Evaluation of the Impact of Inclusion Policies under the Open Method of Co-ordination in the European Union: Assessing the Cultural Policies of Six Member States Final Report Czech Republic

Author:: Milada Horáková and Pavel Bareš
Publication Date:: 10-2006
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The social exclusion of members of ethnic minorities is viewed as a serious political problem that carries the potential danger of escalating ethnic violence. Consequently, EU member countries are looking for tools to help to prevent that happening. We understand social integration as a multi-dimensional process involving the integration of the individual into the broader social structures (social groups) of a given society and culture. Current social integration NAPs appraise differences in the populations of EU member countries using socio-economic indicators (gross domestic product, rates of employment and unemployment, poverty etc.) but they usually miss the cultural dimension. As far as the Czech Republic is concerned, cultural policy is a matter for the Ministry of Culture whereas social inclusion matters fall within the competence of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. This Ministry supports research into social integration including that of ethnic minorities, particularly, as far as this report is concerned, the Roma community. Other state institutions play a complementary role within the inclusion process. Every ministry has its own concepts and distributes financial resources to projects in respective areas. The aim of this report is to provide a description of the concepts and policies towards and the current situation of national minorities and the Roma and foreign communities as regards participation, education and mass media publicity. These relatively independent populations occupy different positions in society and, in some cases, have different legal status so that different policies are required to bring about their social inclusion. Cost effectiveness analysis was limited in our report to educational policies concerning the Roma only, an approach which was agreed at the workshop in Flensburg. The measurement of cost effectiveness in the areas of participation and media policy is extremely complex due to the multilevel influences of social processes. In addition, finding the relevant indicators for an evaluation of the success of various policies in designated areas is also not an easy task. The data available for the measurement of cost effectiveness is limited and insufficient. However, the data which was available on preparatory classes, education assistants and the support programme for higher education and university students showed that the approach adopted in these areas is generally effective. Moreover, education is a value in itself and any improvement in this area is, in today's modern knowledge society, generally desirable.
Topic:: Demographics, Ethnic Conflict, and Government
Political Geography:: Czech Republic

43. The Aspect of Culture in the Social Inclusion of Ethnic Minorities Evaluation of the Impact of Inclusion Policies under the Open Method of Co-ordination in the European Union: Assessing the Cultural Policies of Six Member States Final Report Estonia

Author:: Abel Kirsch, Tarmo Tuisk, and Mait Talts
Publication Date:: 10-2006
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Estonian National Report on Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2006-2008 has been prepared within the framework of EU Open Method of Coordination and in accordance with updated aims and principles adopted by the Council of Europe in March 2006.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Estonia

44. The Aspect of Culture in the Social Inclusion of Ethnic Minorities Evaluation of the Impact of Inclusion Policies under the Open Method of Co-ordination in the European Union: Assessing the Cultural Policies of Six Member States Final Report Slovakia

Author:: Michal VaÅ¡eÃ¨ka
Publication Date:: 10-2006
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The report of the Slovak team is divided into three parts. The first one describes social inclusion policies of Roma in Slovakia in general. The second evaluates inclusion policies of the National Action Plans on social inclusion by analyzing focus groups with experts, and the third one brings analysis of particular inclusion policies. The paper finally brings also rather theoretical input whether Roma have where to integrate and describes structural problems of social inclusion policies.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Slovakia

45. The Aspect of Culture in the Social Inclusion of Ethnic Minorities Evaluation of the Impact of Inclusion Policies under the Open Method of Co-ordination in the European Union: Assessing the Cultural Policies of Six Member States Final Report Slovenia

Author:: Mitja Žagar, Miran Komac, Mojca Medvešek, and Romana Bešter
Publication Date:: 10-2006
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The main purpose of this report is to evaluate the cultural policies introduced in the Slovenian National Action Plan (NAP) on Social Inclusion (2004-2006) in terms of their impact on promoting social inclusion of ethnic minorities. Cultural policies are here understood in a broad sense of the word – encompassing all policies that pay regard to any aspect of culture, be it culture in the sense of creative artistic activities (theatres, music, etc.) or in the sense of specific cultural/ethnic identity of the target groups.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Slovenia

46. The Aspect of Culture in the Social Inclusion of Ethnic Minorities Evaluation of the Impact of Inclusion Policies under the Open Method of Co-ordination in the European Union: Assessing the Cultural Policies of Six Member States Final Report Sweden

Author:: Antoinette Heltzer, Marcus Persson, and Elin Lundin
Publication Date:: 10-2006
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The position of ethnic minorities, their integration and assimilation into the society where they exist, along with ethnic majorities, has been an area of conflict, an area of discrimination, and an area of social tension. This report examines a policy of inclusion working next to a policy to fight exclusion as Sweden tries to establish a dual program including “soft” measures within culture and “hard” measures within the structuraleconomic sphere to counteract poverty and abuse as a means to promoting inclusion in a multicultural society.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Sweden

47. Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon (Samtskhe-Javakheti)

Author:: Hedvig Lohm
Publication Date:: 11-2006
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This working paper is the result of a fact-finding fieldwork mission conducted in August, September and October 2006 in the Ninotsminda rayon (district), in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia. It is based on 70 interviews with local inhabitants, authorities and other related parties as well as legal documents and analytical articles. The intention of the paper is to analyse the current situation in the multi-ethnic rayon of Ninotsminda. Special attention is given to the conditions of the Dukhobors, a Russian ethno-religious group that has inhabited the Ninotsminda rayon since the 1840s. Currently, the future existence of the Dukhobor community is in jeopardy. This paper will work to explain why. A background to Dukhoborian history in Georgia will be provided, as well as a short socio-economic overview for readers who are not familiar with Samtskhe-Javakheti in general and Ninotsminda in particular. In addition, a number of acute problems that have recently arisen for the Dukhobor community in the village of Gorelovka will be accounted for. The paper will also provide recommendations for future actions.
Topic:: Demographics, Ethnic Conflict, and Religion
Political Geography:: Caucasus

48. 'Towards Ratification': Conference on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

Author:: Tom Trier and Eleonora Sambasile
Publication Date:: 12-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: With resolution 1415 of January 2005, the Council of Europe encouraged Georgia to keep up with its commitments and obligations following the change of leadership with the 'Rose Revolution', inter alia, by recommending that the Georgian Parliament sign and/or ratify a number of pending European conventions, honouring the obligations made when Georgia joined the Council of Europe in 1999. In the resolution, the Council of Europe urges Georgia to: a. sign and ratify the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages and the European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities, before September 2005; and to b. ratify the revised European Social Charter and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, also before September 2005.
Topic:: International Relations, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

49. A Presentation of Preliminary Findings and a Roundtable Discussion with Government and Civil Society Actors in Georgia

Author:: Denika Blacklock
Publication Date:: 08-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Meskhetian Turks are one of the last of the national groups of the Soviet Union deported by Stalin in 1943–44, who have not yet been able to return to their native region (in southwest Georgia). Currently numbering some 370–400,000 people, the Meskhetian Turks, following pogroms and multiple displacements, find themselves scattered across vast territories of Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey and, most recently, the United States. In some of these countries, the Meskhetian Turks are exposed to ethnic persecution and discrimination, while Georgia, so far, has effectively blocked resettlement to their native region. International actors seeking to address these problems encounter severe difficulties in finding solutions, inter alia, due to a lack of consistent knowledge on the Meskhetian Turks' own perceptions of their displacement and their visions for future settlement.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Government
Political Geography:: Russia, United States, Turkey, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Soviet Union, Azerbaijan, and Georgia

50. Enhancing Minority Governance in Romania. The Romanian Draft Law on the Status of National Minorities: A Consultation with Civil Society

Author:: Christopher Decker and Roxana Ossain
Publication Date:: 07-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) and the Romanian Department of Inter-Ethnic Relations (DRI) organized the third event of the Improving Inter-Ethnic Relations through Enhanced Minority Governance Project on 16–17 March 2005 in Sinaia, Romania. The head and both deputy heads of the DRI attended the roundtable along with numerous members of the human rights/minority rights NGO community. Additionally, some members of national minority organizations attended. The fundamental purpose of the meeting was to provide civil society an opportunity to discuss the draft law with representatives of the Romanian Government and to offer suggestions to improve the draft. It was noted that this was the first time that civil society organizations national minorities have been able to have a forum to discuss a draft law before it was presented to parliament. This report seeks to provide an account of the discussions that took place during this meeting.
Topic:: Civil Society, Ethnic Conflict, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Europe and Romania

51. Enhancing Minority Governance in Romania. The Romanian Draft Law on the Status of National Minorities: Issues of Definition, NGO Status and Cultural Autonomy

Author:: Christopher Decker and Aidan McGarry
Publication Date:: 05-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: ECMI and the DRI organized the second event of the “Improving Inter-ethnic Relations through Enhanced Minority Governance” project on 17–19 March 2005 in Sinaia, Romania. The head and both deputy heads of the DRI attended the roundtable along with national minority members of the Romanian Parliament and representatives of the national minority organizations represented on the Council of National Minorities. There were two fundamental purposes for the meeting. One was to provide the group with background information on the three major issues that will feature in the draft law on the status of national minorities, namely: defining a national minority; the status of national minority organizations under Romanian law; and cultural autonomy. The second purpose was to facilitate dialogue between the national minorities and the government concerning these main issues to be addressed in the draft law, so as to allow the government to hear the concerns and wishes of the national minority groups. It was noted that this was the first time that national minorities have been able to have a forum to discuss a draft law before it was presented to parliament. This report seeks to provide an account of the presentations and discussions that took place during this meeting, including some of the theories and practicalities of differing forms of definition, laws concerning NGOs and political parties, and models of cultural autonomy used in European states.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict, Human Rights, and Non-Governmental Organization
Political Geography:: Europe

52. Enhancing Minority Governance in Romania. Report on the Presentation on Cultural Autonomy to the Romanian Government

Author:: Christopher Decker
Publication Date:: 03-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: ECMI organized the first event of the “Improving Inter-Ethnic Relations through Enhanced Minority Governance” project on 3 February 2005 in Bucharest, Romania. The deputy prime minister, the head of the Department for Inter-ethnic Relations and four members of parliament attended the meeting. ECMI and two experts met with the group in the Government Building to discuss the issues surrounding cultural autonomy and the draft law on the status of national minorities. The purpose of the meeting was to provide the government with information concerning the issue of cultural autonomy for the draft law on the status of national minorities, which is currently being drafted by the Hungarian Democratic Union from Romania (UDMR) and the other 18 national minority parties represented in the Chamber of Deputies. This report seeks to provide an account of the presentations and discussions that took place during this meeting, including the theory and practicalities of cultural autonomy and the model of cultural autonomy used in Estonia.
Topic:: Demographics, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Europe, Estonia, and Romania

53. National Minority 'Regions' in the Enlarged European Union: Mobilizing for Third Level Politics?

Author:: Tove H. Malloy
Publication Date:: 07-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Laeken Declaration adopted by the European Council in December 2001 recognized, for the first time in European Union (EU) history, regions as potential co-architects of a new and more democratic EU. The Laeken Declaration also initiated the Convention to draft a new Constitution for Europe. The Constitution was negotiated during the Intergovernmental Conference and presented to the citizens of Europe in June 2004. On 29 October 2004, it was signed by heads of states and governments and sent to parliaments for ratifications and referenda. The Constitution provisions an expansion of the principle of subsidiarity affording greater influence to European citizens residing in self-administering and self-governing regions. Article III-270 of the Constitution will empower the Committee of the Regions (CoR) to petition the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on policy matters violating the principle of subsidiarity as laid out in the Constitution. This could become a substantial empowerment of European regions. Although most national minorities do not constitute designated European regions and the Constitution may not be ratified anytime in the near future, the envisaged empowerment of the CoR may nevertheless contribute to a redefinition of the national minority political space. With some of the new members and accession states representing 'regions' of strong national minority identities, the EU may be facing new challenges of integrating diversity. The influence of national minorities in the decision-making processes may therefore assume relevance in the enlarged EU.
Topic:: Demographics, Human Rights, and Politics
Political Geography:: Europe

54. Obstacles Impeding the Regional Integration of the Kvemo Kartli Region of Georgia

Author:: Jonathan Wheatley
Publication Date:: 02-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This report is intended to provide an overview of the current social, economic and political situation in five rayons (districts) of Kvemo Kartli province in south-eastern Georgia: Gardabani rayon, Marneuli rayon, Bolnisi rayon, Dmanisi rayon and Tsalka rayon. By identifying and providing information about the current problems impeding the regional integration of those parts of Kvemo Kartli province in which national minorities are concentrated, this working paper will act as a guide for defining priorities and ensuring more informed intervention in the area.
Topic:: Civil Society, Economics, and Politics
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

55. Cyprus Settlement Initiative Project. Addressing the Settlement of Self-Determination Conflicts through Complex Power Sharing: The case of Cyprus. Antalya, Turkey.

Author:: Tove H. Malloy and Tankut Soykan
Publication Date:: 03-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: With negotiations on the basis of the Annan Plan, complex power-sharing mechanisms were again on the agenda for the re-unification of Cyprus. Complex power-sharing mechanisms constitute an alternative approach which seeks to go beyond the traditional juxtaposition of consociational or integrative models and provide a more open approach in terms of a matrix of tools. This matrix covers multilevel governance, political representation, autonomy regimes, special rights for communities, moderating conflicts of authority, executive representation and generating equal opportunities. However, complex power-sharing arrangements cannot be achieved, nor will they take root in a society, unless they are understood, supported, and most crucially, developed further by local constituents. Hence, the parties directly involved in an attempted settlement must be enabled to take ownership of their own process and settlement. Putting the Northern Cypriot negotiation teams in this position was the overall aim of the FIRST Technical Expert Seminar on Complex Power-Sharing Mechanisms in Cyprus.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution and Government
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Balochistan

56. Informal International Consultative Meeting in the Area of Minority Issues

Author:: Colleen French
Publication Date:: 10-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In September 2002, senior representatives of intergovernmental and major nongovernmental institutions addressing minority issues gathered in Flensburg for a consultative meeting which sought to facilitate an informal exchange between the different organizations on emerging issues and strategies. As a follow up measure, the European Centre of Minority Issues (ECMI) held a second 'Informal International Consultative Meeting of Major Actors in the Area of Minority Issues', at ECMI Headquarters, Flensburg, Germany on 17 and 18 September 2004.
Topic:: International Relations, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Europe

57. Obstacles Impeding the Regional Integration of the Javakheti Region of Georgia

Author:: Jonathan Wheatley
Publication Date:: 09-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This working paper is a consolidated and condensed analysis of a longer field report originally carried out as part of ECMI's action-oriented project “Defusing interethnic tension and promoting regional integration – the Javakheti Region of the Republic of Georgia”. Both the original field report, and this resulting analysis aim to provide an insightful overview of current the social, economic and political situation in two rayons (districts) of Georgia; Akhalkalaki rayon and Ninostminda rayon; which together combine to form a geographical area better known as the Javakheti Region in southern Georgia. By identifying and providing information about the current problems impeding the regional integration of Javakheti, this working paper will act as a guide for defining priorities and ensuring more informed intervention in the area.
Topic:: Economics, Ethnic Conflict, and Politics
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Georgia

58. Between Integration and Resettlement: The Meskhetian Turks

Author:: Tom Trier and Oskari Pentikäinen
Publication Date:: 08-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Meskhetian Turks is a population, which was deported to Central Asia, along with seven other ethnic groups in the Soviet Union during World War II. Whilst other deported people, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachais and Kalmyks were rehabilitated after Stalin's death and allowed to resettle in their pre-deportation territories, three groups were not permitted to return. These included the Crimean Tatars, who were only to be rehabilitated with the demise of the Soviet Union, and have subsequently returned in significant numbers to Crimea in Ukraine over the past 15 years. Another group, the Volga Germans, originally deported from the Soviet Volga German Republic, have largely emigrated to Germany in the post Soviet Era, and do not have territorial aspirations in the Volga region. Hence, the Meskhetian Turks are the last of the 8 deported peoples, for whom rehabilitation and resettlement remains unresolved.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution and Ethnic Conflict
Political Geography:: Europe and Central Asia

59. Russian-Speaking Minorities in Estonia and Latvia: Problems of Integration at the Threshold of th European Union

Author:: Peter Van Elsuwege
Publication Date:: 05-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The restoration of the Baltic states' independence, back in 1991, brought about a number of political and legal challenges. The presence of large nontitular communities in Estonia and Latvi has proven to be the most pressing of these. Notwithstanding the fact that the European Commission already in 1997 concluded that 'on the whole the rights of the Russian-speaking minorities are observed and safeguarded', the legal status of these living relics of the Soviet period remains controversial. A resolution of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, adopted on 13 June 2002, criticised the protection of national minorities in Estonia. In the lead-up to the December 2003 parliamentary elections, the Russian Duma adopted a resolution 'on gross violations of human and minority rights in the Republic of Latvia'. Dmitry Rogozin, chairman of the Parliamentarian Committee on International Relations, announced that Russia should consider the weapon of economic sanctions to put pressure on the Baltic state, which he described as 'a land of hooligans' where 'Nazis have come to power'. Whereas these statements have to be situated within the context of the ongoing election campaign, the remarks of Alvaro Gil-Robles, European Council Commissioner for Human Rights, are to be taken more serious. During his visit to Riga in October 2003, the High Commissioner criticized the lack of citizenship for more than twenty per cent of Latvia's population and recommended the granting of voting rights to non-citizens in municipal elections. On the other hand, Günter Verheugen, EU Commissioner responsible for enlargement, declared that Latvia fulfils all the criteria in the field of societal integration and has complied with all international requirements regarding its ethnic minorities.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution and Ethnic Conflict
Political Geography:: Russia and Europe

60. Institutionalizing Ethnicity in the Western Balkans: Managing Change in Deeply Divided Societies

Author:: Florian Bieber
Publication Date:: 02-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Ethnic politics continue to dominate political discourse and institutions in the post-conflict regions of former Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia). This has rendered these regions dependent on external intervention and blocked or delayed political and economic development, including the process of integration into European and Euroatlantic structures. Some of the post-conflict arrangements have rightfully come under criticism—both from within and outside the region—as obstacles in the normalization of ethnic relations. While the status quo needs revision and a different approach to institutional design is required, this paper argues against abandoning groupbased institutions altogether. Instead, it argues for a more dynamic and processoriented approach to accommodate ever-changing interethnic relations.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Ethnic Conflict, and War
Political Geography:: Europe, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedonia

61. Reading, Writing and Reconciliation: Educational Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 09-2003
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The post-war reconstruction and state-building process in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has been complex, with priorities changing as the country gradually normalizes and donor interests evolve. In mid-2002 the international community in BiH began a significant effort to modernize and reform BiH's education system to better prepare the country's youth to play productive social, economic and political roles in the future. Although educational reform gained significant attention in 2002, reforms efforts have been occurring at a variety of levels since 1996.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Development, Education, and Reform
Political Geography:: Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Eastern Europe

62. The Ethnopolitical Dynamics of Elections

Author:: Stefan Wolff
Publication Date:: 09-2003
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Elections are a key element in any political process because of their rule-legitimating function. They are, therefore, frequently used instruments at different levels of the political process (from local government to presidential elections) and in most types of political systems (from democracies to single-party totalitarian systems). In democratic and democratizing systems in particular, elections serve a variety of different purposes in addition to legitimating rule, including providing an institution for the expression of the popular will and providing mechanisms for peaceful change in government.
Topic:: Democratization, Government, and Politics
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

63. Minority Languages and Public Administration

Author:: Alexander H.E. Morawa
Publication Date:: 10-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In its views in the Diergaardt et al. v. Namibia case of 25 July 2000, the United Nations Human Rights Committee addressed a complex set of complaints relating to the rights of a small community of people residing in the Rehoboth Gebiet (area) in the vicinity of the Namibian capital Windhoeck. The case as such concerns a situation, shaped by unique historic events, that is not necessarily comparable to minority issues in Europe, and which was decided at the universal, as opposed to the regional, level of human rights protection. Nevertheless, it raises a number of issues that are of relevance beyond the given context.
Topic:: Civil Society, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

64. International Involvement in the South Caucasus

Author:: Natalie Sabanadze
Publication Date:: 02-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The South Caucasus represents one of the most diverse and conflict-ridden regions in the world. It includes the three former Soviet states Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as numerous ethnic minorities and small nations within these states. The term South Caucasus is relatively new and has been used to replace the older term Transcaucasia. According to Valery Tishkov, there is a strong drive of national elites to separate the region from Russia and dismantle old ties to the point of changing names. "It is noteworthy," wrote Tishkov, "that the historical name of the region Transcaucasus has been questioned by the proponents of new political correctness who wish to create a mantle distance from Russia. Consequently, the region is being renamed the South Caucasus" (Tishkov 1999:4). It is, however, worthy of mention that the earlier name Transcaucasus (Za Kavkazye in Russian) reflected the Russian geographical position and literally meant 'beyond or behind the Caucasus', as the three republics were seen from the northern perspective of Russia. Recently, the term South Caucasus has came into use in order to more accurately describe the region and as Tishkov rightly points out, to de-link it from Russia.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict, International Organization, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Russia, Eastern Europe, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia

65. Developing and Applying EU Crisis Management. Test Case Macedonia

Author:: Ulrich Schneckener
Publication Date:: 01-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Throughout the 1990s, the notion of conflict prevention had an impressive career. It reappeared on the international scene when UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali coined the term "preventive diplomacy" in this Agenda for Peace (1992). Since then, several international organizations or multilateral institutions, including the UN and its sub-organizations, the OSCE, the OAU, the OECD or the G-8, have published piles of papers and declarations committing themselves to the prevention of violent or armed conflicts, to change their policies accordingly (e.g. in the area of development or financial aid) and to develop new or to reform old tools, ranging from fact-finding or observer missions, special envoys, the use of sanctions, peace-building efforts, institution-building, reconciliation processes to humanitarian aid as well as long-term financial and economic assistance. Until now, however, many celebrated declarations hardly moved from rhetoric to substance, the "culture of prevention", as it has been called by UN Secretary-General Annan, is still to be developed.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution and Development
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and United Nations

66. The Role of the Interethnic Factor in the Development of the Kaliningrad Region

Author:: Vadim Martynuk
Publication Date:: 11-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: On 29-30 November 2002, the City of Kaliningrad hosted an international conference "The Role of the Interethnic Factor in the Development of the Kaliningrad Region" organized by the Regional Strategy Foundation and the regional office of Mediasojuz with the financial support of the Council of Europe, the Institute for Peace Research (Kiel, Germany) and the European Centre for Minority Issues, the principal organizer.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, Development, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

67. Towards Linguistic Diversity Management in the Baltic States

Author:: Vadim Poleshchuk
Publication Date:: 05-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Different foreign rulers have controlled Estonia and Latvia for 700 years. In 1920, both countries attained independence from Bolshevik Russia. However, the period of the countries' first independence was short: Estonia and Latvia were incorporated into the USSR in 1940.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Russia, Eastern Europe, Estonia, and Latvia

68. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Training Workshop: Regional Integration in the European Union and Western Balkans

Author:: Stefan Wolff
Publication Date:: 11-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: A training session organized by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) on 29 and 30 November 2002 brought together approximately twenty local experts from Kosovo and three academics from the United Kingdom. The aim of the session was to increase awareness of different dimensions of integration in the EU, discuss the applicability of the EU model for the Western Balkans and explore the implications of current EU approaches to regional integration in this area, especially for Kosovo.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, and Development
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Balkans

69. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Training Workshop and Study Visit - Council of Europe

Author:: Graham Holliday
Publication Date:: 11-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: A joint study visit and training workshop was organized by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) in collaboration with the Directorate General of Political Affairs at the Council of Europe (CoE). This workshop took place at the CoE headquarters in Strasbourg between 18 and 21 November 2002, and brought together approximately forty local experts from Kosovo and sixteen officials of the CoE. The general aim of the study visit/training workshop was to increase awareness of different dimensions of the CoE's work on standard setting and technical assistance in Europe, within the framework of building democratic and inclusive institutions. Special attention was paid in the training sessions of the workshop to raising awareness of international standards on minority and human rights legislation and protection, but provision was also made to cover other aspects of democracy building that were of particular interest to the project participants, such as evolving standards and good practice in local governance, social cohesion and education. The workshop further provided a forum for the participants to discuss the applicability of these standards to the Western Balkans, and to the future development of Kosovo in particular.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, and Development
Political Geography:: Europe

70. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Fourteenth Meeting: Kosovo's Health Care System: Invasive Procedure Needed

Author:: Robert Curis
Publication Date:: 07-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The 14th meeting of the Standing Technical Working Group (STWG) organized by the European Centre for Minority Issues, Kosovo, on 17 July 2003 brought together approximately 25 local and international experts on issues of health and social welfare in an open Civic Forum. The aim of the forum was to generate critical dialogue between party representatives and Assembly members, members of civil society, and a team of experts on key issues of health policy development, debating needs for reform and highlighting areas of particular attention.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Human Welfare
Political Geography:: Europe

71. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Thirteenth Meeting: Integration Returns

Author:: Robert Curis
Publication Date:: 06-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The International Community should concentrate its efforts on the process of returns rather than looking to the numbers of individual returnees. . The present authorities (Provisional Institutions of Self Government – PISG – and United Nations Mission In Kosovo) should be assisted in promoting the right of all Internally Displaced Persons to return to their homes or remain in their present domicile, through ensuring the necessary social, institutional and legal preconditions for minorities to remain in Kosovo. This will help in promoting confidence building and dialogue that work toward reconciliation and tolerance between communities. . Financial assistance should be given towards organizing a proper education system for young people – if the process of returns targets only older people the effectiveness of the process is at stake. Financial support for returns should continue to be provided. Financial and technical assistance should be provided to finish projects begun in the last few years (reconstruction of houses, etc.)
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Economics
Political Geography:: Europe

72. ECMI Montenegro Negotiation and Capacity-Building Project: EU Accession and Minority Rights in Serbia, Montenegro and Sandzak / Sandzak as Part of a Euro-Region?

Author:: Florian Bieber and Emilija Stefanov
Publication Date:: 12-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The purpose of this evaluation is to assess the success of the 4-day workshop under The ECMI Montenegro Negotiation and Capacity-Building Project organized by the European Centre for Minority Issues and funded by the Westminster Foundation for Democracy. The event took place in Kotor, Montenegro at the Sindikalno-Poslovno Obrazovni Centar from the 5th of December 2002 till 8th of December 2002.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, Human Rights, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

73. ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Supporting Annex 8 of the Dayton Peace Agreement: Development of a Cultural Heritage Association and a Education Programme

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 12-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Since the first implementation meeting in October, the Annex 8 project has moved forward through two complementary pillars of activity. One pillar is the development of a state-level cultural heritage association that can serve as a civil society link among government officials, cultural heritage experts, and BiH citizens interested in protecting and promoting BiH\'s culture. Participants initially proposed and have continually expressed their interest in the development of such an association since the constitutive meeting. Part III of this report reviews the progress made in this effort, and notes the goals for 2003.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Education
Political Geography:: Europe

74. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Twelfth Meeting: Review of Activities 2002

Author:: Graham Holliday
Publication Date:: 12-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Standing Technical Working Group (STWG) was established in March 2001 to address important issues of public policy in Kosovo/a at a technical level. It is composed of experts from Kosovo/a NGOs, the main political parties and other civil society representatives. Its membership is fully interethnic and it prides itself on being able to conduct debate in Kosovo/a in an interethnic way. The Group reviews technical aspects of current policy and formulates proposals and critical questions in relation to them. It then seeks to engage the relevant appointed local and international representatives on these issues. In response to the changed political environment in Kosovo/a following the Assembly elections in November 2001, the Group sought to enhance its role in public policy analysis and development through the establishment of four expert working groups.
Topic:: Civil Society and Development
Political Geography:: Europe

75. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Eleventh Meeting: Economic Development and Labour

Author:: Graham Holliday
Publication Date:: 12-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Standing Technical Working Group (STWG) was established in March 2001 to address important issues of public policy in Kosovo/a at a technical level. It is composed of experts from Kosovo/a NGOs, the political parties and other civil society representatives. Its membership is fully interethnic and it prides itself on being able to conduct debate in Kosovo/a in an interethnic way. The Group reviews technical aspects of current policy and formulates proposals and critical questions in relation to them. It then seeks to engage the relevant appointed local and international representatives on these issues. In response to the changed political environment in Kosovo/a following the Assembly elections in November 2001, the Group sought to enhance its role in public policy analysis and development through the establishment of four expert working groups. These Expert Committees (ECs) have devoted their activities in 2002 to monitoring policy developments in four areas considered most relevant to the needs of all communities in Kosovo/a. One of these is the Expert Committee on Economic Development and Labour.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Economics
Political Geography:: Europe

76. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group: Tenth Meeting Justice, Human Rights and Law and Order

Author:: Robert Curis
Publication Date:: 10-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Standing Technical Working Group (STWG) was established in March 2001 to address important issues of public policy in Kosovo/a at a technical level. It is composed of experts from Kosovo/a NGOs, the political parties and other civil society representatives. Its membership is fully interethnic and it prides itself on being able to conduct debate in Kosovo/a in an interethnic way. The Group reviews technical aspects of current policy and formulates proposals and critical questions in relation to them. It then seeks to engage the relevant appointed local and international representatives on these issues. In response to the changed political environment in Kosovo/a following the Assembly elections in November 2001, the Group sought to enhance its role in public policy analysis and development through the establishment of four expert working groups. These Expert Committees (ECs) have devoted their activities in 2002 to monitoring policy developments in four areas considered most relevant to the needs of all communities in Kosovo/a. One of these is the Expert Committee on Justice, Human Rights, and Law Order.
Topic:: Civil Society, Government, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Europe

77. ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina: National Minorities and Educational Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 11-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Educational reform efforts have been recommended, developed and implemented in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) by various small and large organizations for several years. One significant initiative was the Shared Modernization Strategy implemented by the European Commission in 2001 and 2002, which sought to integrate local actors and experts in the reform and modernization process. In the summer of 2002, a broader, widely supported, coordinated and dedicated reform effort was initiated by the OSCE, which raised the profile of the issue of education as a key element of peace building, economic growth and post-war reconstruction.
Topic:: Civil Society, Education, Peace Studies, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

78. Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro: Workshop on Education, Workshop 4: Education

Author:: Tobias K. Vogel
Publication Date:: 06-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI project “Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro” was launched with the aim to establish a Track II informal negotiation process providing a forum for interethnic dialogue between Serbian and Montenegrin communities, which includes minority communities from the Sandžak border region. Through a series of workshops, the project aims to help promote dialogue, identify issues of common concern and assist in delivering concrete benefits as well as building confidence between the communities involved. By focusing the debate on the concrete needs of these communities, the project seeks to facilitate thinking about future interethnic relations in a less charged atmosphere, irrespective of the deeper political questions on the future constitutional arrangements of the two republics.
Topic:: Civil Society, Education, Peace Studies, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

79. ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ensuring Effective Implementation of Annex 8 through the Establishment of a Cultural Heritage Association, Implementation Workshop 1

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 10-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) began its effort on the role of Annex 8 legislation and implementation in autumn 2001 in order to provide a forum for experts to discuss an issue that had been largely neglected since the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP, or the Dayton Peace Agreement) in 1995. Annex 8 of the GFAP established a Commission to Preserve National Monuments in the wake of the destruction that devastated the cultural heritage of BiH during the war 1992-1995. Through conversations with experts in BiH and from throughout the region, ECMI recognized the potential that this Annex could have on peace-building and reconciliation in BiH.
Topic:: Civil Society, Peace Studies, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

80. Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro, Workshop 5: Administration of Justice

Author:: Tobias K. Vogel
Publication Date:: 06-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI project “Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro” was launched with the aim to establish a Track II informal negotiation process providing a forum for interethnic dialogue between Serbian and Montenegrin communities, which includes minority communities from the Sandžak border region. Through a series of workshops, the project aims to help promote dialogue, identify issues of common concern and assist in delivering concrete benefits as well as building confidence between the communities involved. By focusing the debate on the concrete needs of these communities, the project seeks to facilitate thinking about future interethnic relations in a less charged atmosphere, irrespective of the deeper political questions on the future constitutional arrangements of the two republics.
Topic:: Civil Society, Peace Studies, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

81. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group: Ninth Meeting Health and Social Welfare

Author:: Robert Curis
Publication Date:: 07-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Standing Technical Working Group was established in March 2001 to address important issues of public policy in Kosovo/a at a technical level. It is composed of experts from Kosovo/a NGOs, the political parties and other civil society representatives. Its membership is fully interethnic and it prides itself on being able to conduct debate in Kosovo/a in an interethnic way. The Group reviews technical aspects of current policy and formulates proposals and critical questions in relation to them. It then seeks to engage the relevant appointed local and international representatives on these issues. In response to the changed political environment in Kosovo/a following the Assembly elections in November 2001, the Group sought to enhance its role in public policy analysis and development through the establishment of four expert working groups. These Expert Committees (ECs) would devote their activities in 2002 to monitoring policy developments in four areas considered most relevant to the needs of all communities in Kosovo/a. One of these is the Expert Committee on Health and Social Welfare.
Topic:: Civil Society and Human Welfare
Political Geography:: Europe

82. Legal Aspects of National Integration in Estonia and Latvia, Workshop of the ECMI Project Accession to the EU and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia

Author:: Vadim Poleshchuk
Publication Date:: 06-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In 2000, the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) initiated the Baltic Project “Accession to the EU and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia”. In the framework of the project, one international seminar and several regional workshops were organized in 2000 and – 2001. These events addressed different minority rightsrelated issues such as society integration and multiculturalism, state policies in the field of minority education and the use of minority languages, legislative reforms and the role of the third sector.
Topic:: Civil Society and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

83. National-Cultural Autonomies and Interethnic Relations in the Kaliningrad Oblast

Author:: Priit Järve
Publication Date:: 03-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This workshop was organized and fully sponsored by ECMI in collaboration with the Kaliningrad Oblast Duma as a follow-up of the ECMI Roundtable meeting “Migration and Forced Migration in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia”, which took place in Flensburg from 22 to 23 June 2001.
Topic:: Civil Society, Politics, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

84. ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace and the Role of the Preservation of National Monuments in Successful Peace Implementation

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 04-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: During the recent armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) the destruction of the cultural heritage of several communities was an undeclared aim of some of the parties to the conflict. Over 1,000 mosques were destroyed or damaged, and hundreds of Catholic and Orthodox churches were also damaged or destroyed. Non-sacred structures suffered as well, most famously the Ottoman era bridge in Mostar, and hundreds of other bridges, Roman ruins, and medieval sites have suffered from a combination of the damage of war and a decade of neglect.
Topic:: Civil Society, Non-Governmental Organization, and Peace Studies
Political Geography:: Europe

85. Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro, Workshop 3: Economic Development and Cooperation

Author:: Florian Bieber
Publication Date:: 03-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI project “Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro” was launched with the aim to establish a Track II informal negotiation process providing a forum for interethnic dialogue between the Serbian and Montenegrin communities which include minority communities from the Sandžak border region. Through a series of workshops, the project aims to help promote dialogue, identify issues of common concern and assist in delivering concrete benefits as well as building confidence between the communities involved. By focusing the debate on the concrete needs of these communities, the project seeks to facilitate discussions about future interethnic relations in a less charged atmosphere, irrespective of the deeper political questions on the future constitutional arrangements of the two republics.
Topic:: Civil Society, Education, and Migration
Political Geography:: Europe

86. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group: The Establishment of Expert Committees, Expert Committee Constitutive Session

Author:: Robert Curis, Marc Weller, and Camille Monteux
Publication Date:: 03-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This project was established in the second half of 2000 to strengthen the development of civil society in Kosovo/a. It seeks to generate dialogue among the different ethnic and political communities in Kosovo/a and to enhance the sense of local ownership and democratic accountability of the emerging political structures in the territory. In particular, it seeks to create space for the participation of civil society and civil society organizations (NGOs) in those structures on a fully inter-ethnic basis.
Topic:: Civil Society, Non-Governmental Organization, and Politics
Political Geography:: Europe

87. Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro, Workshop 2: Freedom of Movement

Author:: Florian Bieber
Publication Date:: 01-2002
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI project “Montenegro Negotiation and Capacity Building” was launched with the aim to establish a Track II informal negotiation process providing a forum for interethnic dialogue between the Serbian and Montenegrin communities, which includes minority communities from the Sandzak border region. Through a series of workshops, the project aims to help promote dialogue, identify issues of common concern and assist in delivering concrete benefits as well as building confidence between the communities involved. By focusing the debate on the concrete needs of these communities, the project seeks to facilitate thinking about future interethnic relations in a less charged atmosphere, irrespective of the deeper political questions on the future constitutional arrangements of the two republics.
Topic:: Civil Society, Education, Migration, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

88. The Model of Ethnic Democracy

Author:: Sammy Smooha
Publication Date:: 10-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The classical model of the liberal-democratic nation-state is on the decline in the West as a result of globalization, regionalization, multiculturalism, the institutionalization of universal minority rights and the rise of minority ethnonationalism. While western countries are decoupling the nation-state and slowly shifting toward multicultural democracy, some other countries are consolidating an alternative form of a democratic state that is identified with and subservient to a single ethnic nation. This type of political regime, "ethnic democracy," combines the extension of civil and political rights for all permanent residents with an institutionalized ethnic ascendancy of the majority group. The core ethnic nation controls the state and uses it to further its national interests and to grant its members a favored status. The non-core groups are accorded individual and collective rights and allowed to conduct a struggle for change, but treated as second-class citizens and placed under control.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, and Ethnic Conflict
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

89. The Effectiveness of the Exercise of Jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court: The Issue of Complementarity

Author:: Sammy Smooha and Susan Hannah Farbstein
Publication Date:: 10-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The prevalence of collective violence and the agony of mass atrocity may prove to be the twentieth century's most distressing and enduring legacies. From Germany to Uganda, from Cambodia to Sierra Leone, from the Former Yugoslavia to Rwanda, the past hundred years are replete with examples of terrifying violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed against diverse groups of people. Limited attempts to unveil the truth about past horrors, to hold individuals responsible, and to deter future offenses have repeatedly proven inadequate. A dearth of satisfactory moral and legal responses to these crimes often left victims suffering without any sense of reconciliation, while perpetrators routinely enjoyed impunity rather than facing justice.
Topic:: Civil Society, Democratization, Ethnic Conflict, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Aid
Political Geography:: Uganda, Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia, Germany, Cambodia, Sierra Leone, and Rwanda

90. The Situation of Minorities in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Towards an Implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

Author:: Matthias KÖNIG
Publication Date:: 06-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: On 11 May 2001 the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) acceded to the Council of Europe's FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (FRAMEWORK CONVENTION hereinafter). The new government in Belgrade, in power since the democratic revolution in October 2000, has thereby declared its political intention to improve the situation of minorities by revising its legislation in accordance with the normative standards of the FRAMEWORK CONVENTION. By identifying general patterns of minority treatment in both legal standard-setting and factual practice in the FRY over the past decade, this study contributes to an analysis of primary concerns to be considered in the implementation of the FRAMEWORK CONVENTION.
Topic:: Democratization, Development, Ethnic Conflict, International Law, and Nationalism
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia

91. ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Role of Annex 8 in Bridging Communities, Promoting Reconciliation, and Developing a Unique Identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 12-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: On Saturday, 15 December 2001, over 30 people gathered in Sarajevo to discuss the policy development and challenges of implementation related to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP). The participants came from a broad range of relevant backgrounds, including the museum, culture, preservation, history, archaeology, architecture, civil society, and academic, governmental, and diplomatic fields. While full representation of the relevant government officials from the Federation of BiH (FbiH), Republika Srpska (RS), and Brcko District was expected, on the day before the workshop the representatives from the RS cancelled, and the representatives from Brcko failed to appear the day of the meeting.
Topic:: Civil Society, International Law, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

92. ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Workshop on Media Issues Working Session on Media Issues

Author:: Valery Perry
Publication Date:: 11-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI Civil Society Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina aims to assist local actors in assuming responsibility for democratic governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They are being involved, with the assistance of international experts, in a process of reviewing existing policy on practical issues of concern to all communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and of developing specific policy recommendations to further governance and civil society development within the framework set out by the Dayton Peace Accords (DPA).
Topic:: Civil Society, Peace Studies, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

93. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group: 5th and 6th Session Economic Development and Reconstruction

Author:: Robert Curis and Camille Monteux
Publication Date:: 10-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The Standing Technical Working Group was established in March 2001 to address important issues of public policy in Kosovo/a at a technical level. It is composed of experts from Kosovo/a NGOs, from the parties and other civil society representatives. Its membership is fully interethnic and it prides itself on being able to conduct substantive debates about Kosovo/a in an interethnic way. In addition to reviewing technical aspects of policy, the group also formulates proposals and critical questions in relation to them. It then seeks to engage the international and Kosovo/a authorities on these issues. As the 5th and 6th session of the group were devoted to one common theme, it was found convenient to present the proceedings in one report.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Economics
Political Geography:: Europe

94. Negotiation and Capacity Building in Montenegro, Workshop 1: Education and Curriculum Development

Author:: Florian Bieber
Publication Date:: 11-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The ECMI project “Montenegro Negotiation and Capacity Building” was launched with the aim to establish a Track II informal negotiation process providing a forum for interethnic dialogue between the Serbian and Montenegrin communities, which includes minority communities from the Sandzak border region. Through a series of workshops, the project aims to help promote dialogue, identify issues of common concern and assist in delivering concrete benefits as well as building confidence between the communities involved. By focusing the debate on the concrete needs of these communities, the project seeks to facilitate thinking about future interethnic relations in a less charged atmosphere, irrespective of the deeper political questions on the future constitutional arrangements of the two republics.
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

95. Kosovo/a Standing Technical Working Group, Fourth Meeting: Review of Activities

Author:: Graham Holliday and Camille Monteux
Publication Date:: 09-2001
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: After a preliminary sketch of the overall aims of the project and the objective of the weekend's deliberations, the fourth meeting of the STWG was formally declared open. The first session was chaired by Dr Gylnaze Syla, who had also chaired an earlier plenary meeting of the Group and convened the Steering Committees on Health. The first session sought to re-examine questions pertaining to civil registration in Kosovo/a and, specifically, to address issue areas that had been highlighted by the Group in its constitutive session in March (identity documentation; registration of births, deaths and marriages; and vehicle registration).
Topic:: Civil Society, Development, Education, and Government
Political Geography:: Europe

96. Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Reassertion?

Author:: François Grin
Publication Date:: 10-2000
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This paper provides background information on Kalmykia, one of the least known constituent republics of the Russian Federation. It then assesses recent developments in the fields of culture and language, and presents the recently adopted (October 1999) Language Act of Kalmykia. The following discussion highlights the key features of the Act, and argues that it reflects a thoroughly modern approach to linguistic diversity, in particular in its handling of the respective position of the Russian and Kalmyk languages.
Topic:: Development, Economics, and Education
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe

97. Insular Autonomy: A Framework for Conflict Settlement? A Comparative Study of Corsica and the Åland Islands

Author:: Farimah Daftary
Publication Date:: 10-2000
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: The aim of this paper is to undertake a comparative evaluation of autonomy as a method of conflict settlement based on two case studies of insular regions in Western Europe: the Åland Islands and Corsica. It will highlight the factors which have contributed to the success of conflict settlement in the case of Åland and draw some lessons from the failure of conflict regulation thus far in Corsica. It then proceeds to analyse the "Matignon Process" (December 1999-July 2000) which culminated in a compromise document presented by French Government on 20 July 2000 to the Corsican representatives. Although its prospects for success are mixed, this is the most significant effort to date by the French Government to resolve the conflict in Corsica through an open and democratic political dialogue with elected representatives of the Corsican population. The measures proposed will result in a third statute and a limited form of autonomy for Corsica, pending constitutional revisions by 2004. This paper will also offer some thoughts on the potential impact of the Corsican reforms on other French regions and territories.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Demographics, Nationalism, and Population
Political Geography:: Europe

98. The New Slovak Language Law: Internal or External Politics?

Author:: Farimah Daftary and Kinga Gál
Publication Date:: 09-2000
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: In Central and Eastern Europe, where language is the central defining element of the ethnic group, language policy becomes the cornerstone of constructing the identity of new states. In the multiethnic state or plural democratic state, policies aimed at promoting the language of the titular nation become the primary means of validating the moral worth of one ethnic group over the others. The example of independent Slovakia illustrates the political importance of language in Central and Eastern Europe and the virulence of the conflicts which arise between majorities and minorities over language issues. The continuous disputes between the Slovak leadership and the Hungarian minority over minority issues in general, and language-related issues specifically, have shown how sensitive language demands are during the early phases of state-building. In Slovakia, where the emphasis was on the ethnic rather than the civic dimension of nationhood, language policy served a twofold purpose: by giving the Slovak language a dominant position in the state, it sought to foster Slovak ethnic identity as the identity of the Slovak nation-state; and it was at the same time a method for promoting the assimilation of non-ethnic Slovak citizens. In reality, anti-minority policies in Slovakia (or policies perceived as such) fell within a broader set of anti-opposition policies as the State attempted to extend control and establish moral monopoly over not only language but also the fields of culture, education, economy, etc.
Topic:: Development, Government, and Politics
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Slovakia

99. Ethnic Democracy and Estonia: Application of Smooha's Model

Author:: Priit Järve
Publication Date:: 07-2000
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: This paper applies a model of ethnic democracy elaborated by Professor Sammy Smooha of Haifa University, Israel, to Estonia, a case which is usually regarded as marginal in this regard. This application shows that Estonia can be characterised as a combination of a strongly-defined ethnic democracy (citizens of the core ethnic nation are dominating the other citizens) and a control system (citizens of the core ethnic nation are dominating the stateless individuals of non-core ethnic origin). As the number of stateless persons is diminishing, the system of control slowly disappears and ethnic democracy may prevail. The legal foundation of ethnic democracy in Estonia is in the Preamble of its Constitution.
Topic:: Democratization and Ethnic Conflict
Political Geography:: Israel, Eastern Europe, and Estonia

100. The Criterion of Citizenship for Minorities: The Example of Estonia

Author:: Carmen Thiele
Publication Date:: 08-1999
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Using the example of Estonia, the criterion of citizenship as a prerequisite for membership in a national minority and its legal consequences for persons belonging to these groups is discussed. While at the universal level minority protection is considered as a basic human right, at the European level it is still viewed as a right of citizens. The author pleads for a simplification of the naturalisation process and the renouncing of the citizenship criterion as a requirement for membership of a national minority.
Topic:: Ethnic Conflict, Human Rights, International Law, and Nationalism
Political Geography:: Eastern Europe and Estonia

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS