Content Type: Policy Brief / Publication Year: within 25 Years

6601. Issue Brief: Reaching the OSCE Summit in Astana

Author:: Walter Kemp
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: International Peace Institute
Abstract:: On December 1 and 2, 2010, Kazakhstan will host the heads of state or government of fifty-six countries for the first summit of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) since 1999. This is a major achievement for a country that was considered by some to be an inappropriate choice to lead the OSCE. Yet the Astana summit is not a test of Kazakhstan's leadership. It is about the future of Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian security, and the viability of the OSCE. At a time when the European Union, Russia, and the United States are redefining their relationships and looking for common ground, the Astana summit provides an opportunity to focus on issues that unite all stakeholders—finding a sense of common purpose to deal with common threats and challenges on the basis of common principles. This brief looks at what it will take to reach the “summit” at Astana, examines the main issues at stake, and considers the relevance and future direction of the OSCE.
Topic:: Security and International Cooperation
Political Geography:: Russia, United States, Europe, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and Asia

6602. Five Surprises of the Great Recession

Author:: Uri Dadush and Vera Eidelman
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Abstract:: The Great Recession included five major surprises: (1) the severity of the global trade and output collapse, (2) the United States suffered a milder than expected recession, (3) Europe saw the onset of a severe sovereign debt crisis, (4) China grew at an extraordinary rate even though it's greatly dependent on exports, and (5) Latin America showed remarkable resilience.
Topic:: Economics, Globalization, Global Recession, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: United States, China, Europe, and Latin America

6603. Hunger in the Sahel: A permanent emergency? Ensuring the next drought will not cause another humanitarian crisis

Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: In 2010, more than 10 million people, mainly women and children, were victims of the food crisis in the Sahel. Nearly 500,000 severely malnourished children were taken into care between January and November 2010 in Niger, Chad, Mali and Burkina Faso. Most livestock in the Sahel was decimated. The images and the stories of hunger harked back to the food crisis of 2005 and the famines in 1973-1974 and 1984-1985.
Topic:: Agriculture, Human Welfare, Humanitarian Aid, and Food
Political Geography:: Africa

6604. Ghosts of Christmas Past: Protecting civilians from the LRA

Author:: Ellie Kemp and Verity Johnson
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: On Christmas Eve 2008 and over the following three weeks, 865 women, men and children were savagely beaten to death and hundreds more abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in a remote corner in the north-east of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and in southern Sudan. The attack was a murderous backlash in response to Operation “Lightning Thunder”, a military offensive launched some 10 days before against the LRA by Uganda, DRC and southern Sudan. Less than a year later, between 14 and 17 December 2009, LRA commanders oversaw the killing of more than 300 people, again shattering communities in a remote corner of northern DRC.
Topic:: Terrorism, Armed Struggle, and Counterinsurgency
Political Geography:: Uganda, Africa, and Sudan

6605. Engaging with Communities: The next challenge for peacekeeping

Author:: Clea Kahn
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:: The protection of civilians from the worst ravages of war is a dilemma that international bodies have sought to address for decades. However, despite lessons learned from the atrocities of Rwanda and Srebrenica, among others, civilians are still not only adversely affected by armed conflict; they are too often directly targeted.
Topic:: Humanitarian Aid, Intelligence, United Nations, and Peacekeeping
Political Geography:: Sudan

6606. Mapping the Russian Blogosphere

Author:: Anand Varghese
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: United States Institute of Peace
Abstract:: Analysis of more than 11,000 Russian-language blogs reveals an active political blogosphere comprising internationally linking bloggers; Russian media-focused bloggers; nationalists; members of the democratic opposition; bloggers focused on business, economics, and finance; and social and environmental activists. Russian bloggers tend to be less politically polarized than their counterparts in the American blogosphere, and they prefer to blog about political issues from a nonpartisan position. Future research should focus on the offline outcomes of online political blogging, the effect of blogging platforms on polarization, the responses of the Russian government, and mapping the effects of newer social networking platforms.
Topic:: Globalization, Science and Technology, and Mass Media
Political Geography:: Russia and America

6607. Conflict and Post-Conflict Governance: The Stakeholder Perspective

Author:: Jacleen Mowery, Demis Yanco, and Ryan McClanahan
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: United States Institute of Peace
Abstract:: Post-conflict governance requires simultaneous and complementary action on three levels. national governance, local governance, and civil society. Norbert Mao, a parliamentary leader from Uganda, offered this progression for managing the trade-off between short-term stabilization and long-term capacity building: "In the emergency phase, you should do it for us. In the reconstruction phase, you should do it with us. And in the development phase, you should do it through us." Efforts to develop the capacity of local governments to deliver services may be more responsive to external assistance than programs aimed at overcoming systemic dysfunctions in the central government, in part because municipal officials are more accountable to their communities. Civil society should be a prominent player in transitioning to “local ownership,” which may erroneously be conceived in terms of ownership by national and perhaps local governments. Building the capacity of civil society entails connectivity with international partners and ideas, not just financing. There are trade-offs involved among the three stakeholders. Among the most salient, when a legacy of abuse of power by the national government and repression of opposition groups must be confronted, an active civil society is essential. An invigorated civil society can fundamentally challenge illicit structures of power that profited from conflict.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Civil Society, Government, Peace Studies, War, Governance, and Peacekeeping
Political Geography:: Uganda

6608. Transcending the Past to Build Haiti\'s Future

Author:: Robert Maguire
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: United States Institute of Peace
Abstract:: Efforts to build a better Haiti following the catastrophic earthquake of January 2010 are complicated by the challenges of addressing urgent needs, including elections and the cholera outbreak, that run parallel to the rebuilding process and that present an enormous challenge to Haiti\'s under-resourced and weakened government. Enactment of the Haitian government\'s internationally-endorsed and ambitious action recovery plan is hindered by the apparent lack of an over-riding operational framework that will help to ensure not only implementation, but also coherence. Donors and other international actors would be wise to embrace Haiti as a country that has highly propitious fundamentals for successful economic growth, and to build on them. Without important shifts in political, economic and social paradigms, the prospect for Haiti\'s future as a better country that can sustain and expand progress and can improve prospects for all its citizens is clouded.
Topic:: Humanitarian Aid, Migration, Poverty, and Natural Disasters
Political Geography:: Caribbean and Haiti

6609. Chad's 2007 Peace Agreement Plagued by Poor Implementation

Author:: Delphine Djiraibe
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: United States Institute of Peace
Abstract:: Political crises and armed opposition movements have plagued Chad for several years. After several failed peace initiatives, the August 13 Agreement was reached in 2007. The agreement is the most viable framework for bringing peace to Chad. It calls on the Chadian government to reform critical electoral institutions, undertake a credible electoral census and demilitarize politics in order to ensure fair and transparent elections. To date, the agreement has been poorly implemented. It jeopardizes the credibility of the upcoming legislative elections, currently scheduled for February 2011. Only comprehensive reform that addresses the development and governance challenges facing Chad will definitively end its political crisis.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Peace Studies, Treaties and Agreements, War, and Peacekeeping
Political Geography:: Africa

6610. Pakistan: dealing with peace in the tribal areas?

Author:: Laila Bokhari
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution
Abstract:: The six Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) along Pakistan's western border have long been seen as a hub for militants, some with sympathies to the Taliban and al-Qaeda. The region has increasingly come to the world's attention as a recruitment and training base for groups responsible for attacks on Pakistani soil and as a launch pad for attacks on US troops and their allies in Afghanistan. Even though the various groups comprising the Pakistani Taliban have been around for a number of years, it was only in December 2007 that they formally established themselves as a united force.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Islam, Terrorism, Armed Struggle, and Insurgency
Political Geography:: Pakistan, Afghanistan, United States, and Taliban

6611. International responses to Pakistan's water crisis: opportunities and challenges

Author:: Michael Kugelman
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution
Abstract:: Pakistan faces a multidimensional water crisis that claims hundreds of thousands of lives every year. The root causes of the crisis are twofold: circumstantial, which are linked to poor water-resource management policies (including water-wasting flood irrigation) structural, tied to factors deeply ingrained in politics and society such as the obsession with India, inequitable rural land-ownership and endemic water misgovernance (for example, exploitation of the rotational irrigation system to the detriment of the poor). To resolve the crisis, both types of cause will need to be tackled, and the international community can play an invaluable role.
Topic:: Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Water
Political Geography:: Pakistan and India

6612. The NBRIC Revolution and International Relations?

Author:: Dr Graeme P. Herd and Mr Dale A. Till
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: We live in the “Anthropocene” era – the Age of Humans: human activity impacts earth's at-mosphere, its climate system, and is the driver of one of the biggest mass extinctions in history.The rapid advancement and application of NBRIC technologies (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Robotics, and Information and Communications technology) both enable and exacerbate the global impact of human activity. The rise in speed and fall in the cost of computational analysis and the force multiplying convergence of NBRIC clusters have led revolutions in these inter-enabling technologies. Such technologies are located in biological systems where biotechnology and genetics, post-genomics, and epigenetics try and bridge the gulf between the genome and the or-ganism, and material systems, where advances in nanotechnology, robotics and information and communications technologies are ground-breaking.
Topic:: International Relations, Debt, Genocide, Politics, Science and Technology, and Power Politics

6613. The European External Action Service: Implications and Challenges

Author:: Gustav Lindstrom
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: The 2009 Lisbon Treaty is considered by many a turning point for the EU as it encourages a more coherent and effective use of existing civilian, military, economic, and military instruments. Among its better known innovations is the new post of President of the European Council (currently Mr. Herman van Rompuy) and modified post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission (presently Baroness Catherine Ashton).
Topic:: International Organization and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe

6614. The Kosovo Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice and its Political Consequences

Author:: Pál Dunay and Steven Haines
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: Ever since NATO's Operation Allied Force in 1999 resulted in a withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the establishment of governance arrangements for the province that included an important external presence (with UN, EU, NATO and OSCE missions) as well as Kosovo's own Provisional Institutions of Self Government, the precise future status of Kosovo has been in doubt. Two extreme options were favoured by Serbia and Kosovo, respectively: either for Kosovo to continue as a part of Serbia or for it to achieve independent status (most likely by attaining statehood). On 17 February 2008, a group of Kosovo leaders issued a Declaration of Independence. Serbia responded with a request that the UN General Assembly seek an opinion on the legality of Kosovo's action from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The Court delivered its Opinion on 22 July 2010. What did the Court say and what are the political consequences of its Opinion?
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, International Law, and Sovereignty
Political Geography:: Europe, Kosovo, United Nations, and Balkans

6615. Why Didn't the Global Economic and Financial Crisis Have More of an Impact on International Migration?

Author:: Khalid Koser
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: Economic and financial crises have always impacted on international migration patterns, processes, and policies. The Great Depression (1929- 33) resulted in massive repatriations of Latin Americans from the United States and the introduction of highly restrictive immigration policies in a number of industrialized countries, including France and Canada. The Oil Crisis (1973) resulted in severe restrictions on labour migration, a concomitant growth in asylum applications and irregular migration in Europe, and the emergence of new flows of labour migration to emerging industrial centres in Asia and Latin America. As a result of the Asian financial crisis (1997-99) several South-East Asian countries introduced policies of national preference and sought to expel migrant workers. The Russian financial crisis (1998) accelerated rates of emigration from Russia, in particular of Russian Jews and the highly-skilled. The gravity of the Latin American financial crisis (1998- 2002) also resulted in a significant exodus, in particular from Argentina.
Topic:: Economics, Migration, Global Recession, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Russia, Asia, and Latin America

6616. Not Beyond Limits: The Prospects of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

Author:: Pál Dunay
Publication Date:: 08-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was created in 2001, and it is the first regional integration attempt in the post - Soviet space that has spread beyond the boundaries of the former Soviet Union, and has included the People's Republic of China. Since its inception the organization has gone through breathtaking developments, simultaneously broadening and deepening its agenda. Its international surrounding has also changed fundamentally. Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 the strategic importance of the area where the SCO has been operating increased enormously, with particular reference to Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, the last two being SCO members. The organization's special relationship with Afghanistan is another factor that has contributed to the SCO's increasing stature. The importance of natural resources (primarily oil and gas) has steadily increased, and this is likely to be a prolonged point of contention between all the major powers, among others, in Central Asia.
Topic:: International Trade and Finance and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, China, and Israel

6617. Kyrgyzstan's Regime Change: Causes and Possible Consequences

Author:: Graeme P. Herd
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: On 10 June 2010 in the southern Kyrgyz city of Osh violence erupted, spreading to Jalalabad two days later, with reports of armed gangs, inter - ethnic violence, rape, and stampedes at border crossings into Uzbekistan. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), as well as Rosa Otunbayeva the acting interim government Prime Minister and President, stated that over 200 people had been killed, over 2000 wounded, with 400,000 (8% of the Kyrgyz population) displaced – 300,000 internally, 100,000 as refugees into Uzbekistan's neighbouring Andizhan province. China, India, Turkey, South Korea, Germany and Russia amongst others, airlifted their foreign nationals to Bishkek and beyond (see Map: Kyrgyzstan's Complex Emergency).
Topic:: Political Violence and Regime Change
Political Geography:: Central Asia and Kyrgyzstan

6618. A Bright Future for International Law?

Author:: Steven Haines
Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: During the period of the Bush presidency, from 2001-2009, there was much concern expressed, both domestically within the United States and internationally, about Washington's apparently cavalier attitude towards international law. 1 Much of this – though by no means all – was prompted by the US reaction to the 2001 attacks on New York and Washington (the so-called 'global war on terrorism'), and the decision in 2002/3 to opt for regime change in Iraq. For many commentators it seemed as though US policy in that period provided solid evidence that law within the international system was of little influence in the face of determined power. This perception reflects realist assumptions about the pre-eminence of national interest and power as determinants of policy. Of particular moment is the power of those states that fall within the category of 'great power' – and 'superpower' has a special quality all its own.
Topic:: Economics, International Law, International Affairs, and Power Politics
Political Geography:: United States

6619. Building Partnerships in Peace Operations: The Limits of the Global/Regional Approach

Author:: Thierry Tardy
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: A consensus seems to exist on the need to tackle contemporary intra-state conflicts through a multiplicity of actors who display different comparative advantages and levels of expertise. For the United Nations as well as for the regional organisations that, since the end of the Cold War, have emerged as crisis management actors, working together is the way forward. The UN and the EU run or have run simultaneous operations in Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo and Chad) and Kosovo and have largely institutionalised their cooperation; the UN took over operations initially deployed by the African Union in West Africa and in Burundi and the two institutions have created a hybrid UN-AU mission in Darfur; the EU is assisting the AU in the building-up of its Stand-by Force and finances AU operations; the EU, the OSCE and NATO have for some time shared the burden of security management in the Balkans. As noted in a UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) document, “reinforcing interoperability with key partners […] can enhance cooperation and ensure that we maximise finite global peacekeeping resources”. Indeed, given the scope of crisis management needs, not least the UN overstretch, burden-sharing has become an imperative and its corollary, inter-institutional partnerships, equally central. Yet, the establishment of partnerships among international institutions is facing important political and technical difficulties that make the prospect for an interlocking system unlikely.
Topic:: Conflict Prevention, Globalization, International Cooperation, Peace Studies, Regional Cooperation, and Peacekeeping
Political Geography:: Africa, Europe, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kosovo, and United Nations

6620. Russia's Strategic Choice

Author:: Graeme P. Herd
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Abstract:: In the wake of the global financial crisis, a debate over necessary policy responses morphed into something much more profound and fundamental – the sustainability of Russia's current governance model and its preferred longer-term modernization paradigm. On 10 September 2009 President Medvedev published a remarkably frank article entitled 'Russia, Forward!' This article noted that Russia's governance model appeared to be failing, proving vulnerable in the face of the global financial crisis. President Medvedev himself criticized Russia's 'humiliating' dependence on raw materials, as well as its 'inefficient economy, a semi-Soviet social sphere, an immature democracy, negative demographic trends, unstable Caucasus.' In his 12 November 2009 Message to the Federal Assembly, Medvedev elaborated further on this theme: Russia could either modernize or deteriorate; modernization would provide a touchstone for 'how we can overcome our chronic backwardness, dependence on raw materials exports, and corruption'. On 3 February 2010, the Institute for Contemporary Development (INSOR) published a report that received widespread coverage entitled 21st Century Russia: The Image of Tomorrow We Want. As President Medvedev had created INSOR in 2008 to give him independent advice on economic and foreign policy and sat as a trustee on its board, this report received widespread publicity. Such publicity was magnified as the report touched just about every exposed nerve by advocating that Russia should join NATO, end censorship, abolish the state security service, and adopt a Western-style democracy, entailing the separation of the courts from the state, of the legislative branch from the executive, horizontal modernization (characterized as the debureaucratization of the vertical top-down corrupt, over-regulated economic process)3. Without change, Russia faced a strategic cul de sac that leads to slow and steady strategic marginalization: 'In a few years, when it turns out that Russia has nothing to boast about except export supplies of raw materials at prices that are dictated to us, we will be exporting people. And, not only the cleverest like now, but any workers, who are in demand in Europe, as is happening today in Latvia, for example. I frankly do not know what Russia should do in this situation. This problem will be one of the main ones for the president who is elected in 2012
Topic:: Democratization, Global Recession, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Russia, Europe, and Latvia

6621. Ten Years of Women, Peace and Security: Gaps and Challenges in Implementing Resolution 1325

Author:: Nils Goede and Swen Dornig
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Institute for Development and Peace
Abstract:: On 26 October 2010, the UN Security Council (SC) marked the 10th anniversary of Security Council resolution (SCR) 1325. With the adoption of SCR 1325, the SC recognised the disproportionate impact of armed conflicts on women and girls for the first time and further emphasized the decisive role of women in preventing conflicts and consolidating peace. At the time of its adoption, SCR 1325 was recognized as a major breakthrough for greater gender equality in the area of peace and security and the acceptance of women as active agents in conflict management. Three further SCRs – 1820, 1888 and 1889 – now strengthen the women, peace and security (WPS) framework.
Topic:: Conflict Prevention, Security, Gender Issues, and War
Political Geography:: United Nations

6622. Energy Innovation Policy in Major Emerging Countries

Author:: Ruud Kempener
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: Over the past decade, the six BRIMCS countries— Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, China, and South Africa—have become important global players in political and economic domains. In 2007, they were collectively responsible for a third of the world's energy consumption, driven by China's growing energy use. Despite their increasing significance in the world's energy sector, very little systematic analysis of their energy investments, innovation institutions, and energy innovation policies has taken place. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is one of the few agencies that have been collecting data on ERD investments, but none of the BRIMCS countries are members.
Topic:: Emerging Markets, Energy Policy, Oil, and Natural Resources
Political Geography:: Russia, China, India, South Africa, Brazil, and Mexico

6623. Towards a Breakthrough for Deadlocked Climate Change Negotiations

Author:: Akihiro Sawa
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: With the gap between developed and developing nations remaining unclosed, post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations have run into rough waters: Developing countries insist that developed countries be committed to more ambitious targets for the second phase of the Kyoto Protocol and provide large amounts of financial or technological assistance to developing countries, while developed countries propose that financial and technological support be balanced with developing countries' mitigation actions and measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV).
Topic:: Climate Change, International Cooperation, and Treaties and Agreements

6624. The International Climate Change Regime: The Road from Copenhagen

Author:: Daniel Bodansky
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: The failure of the Copenhagen conference to adopt a new legal agreement on climate change is blamed by some on poor chairing or other transitory factors. But the problems with the UN climate-change negotiations are more fundamental and are unlikely to go away anytime soon. Rather than putting all of our eggs in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) basket or listening to the siren song of a new legal agreement, states should seek to address climate change in additional forums and through additional means.
Topic:: Climate Change, Energy Policy, Treaties and Agreements, and United Nations

6625. Addressing the UAE Natural Gas Crisis: Strategies for a Rational Energy Policy

Author:: Justin Dargin
Publication Date:: 08-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: Although it seems inconceivable, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is facing an enormous energy shortage. Much of the world views the UAE – and the rest of the Gulf countries by extension – as an inexhaustible reserve of hydrocarbons. However, as with many of the other Gulf countries, the UAE confronts a potentially far reaching energy crisis. Despite increased energy production and imported Qatari gas through the Dolphin natural gas pipeline, UAE domestic gas demand substantially exceeds available supply. This disparity created a shortfall met by an increasing use of fuel oil, natural gas liquids, and in certain circumstances, coal. But it is natural gas that continues to be the UAE's most important domestic energy source.
Topic:: Energy Policy and Natural Resources
Political Geography:: Middle East, Arabia, and Arab Countries

6626. The Carter Center News Spring 2010

Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Carter Center
Abstract:: In 1986, when The Carter Center decided to take on the challenge of eradicating Guinea worm disease, outside observers probably believed success to be impossible. After all, there were 3.5 million cases of the disease spread across 20 countries in impoverished areas and no vaccine or medicine to stop the scourge. Not to mention that The Carter Center was a four-year-old organization with just a handful of staff.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Development, Diplomacy, Human Rights, Humanitarian Aid, Poverty, and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:: Guinea

6627. Carter Center News Spring 2010

Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Carter Center
Abstract:: Men and women around the world, many of whom live on less than a dollar a day, volunteer their time to knock on a neighbor's door to distribute medicines that prevent horrible diseases or sit watchfully at a polling station to ensure each person's vote is counted. Networks like these of active citizens across the globe are vital to the Carter Center's impact and reach.
Topic:: Human Rights, Humanitarian Aid, Poverty, and Foreign Aid

6628. The pernicious institution of the party-appointed arbitrator

Author:: Hans Smit
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
Abstract:: As arbitration has grown by leaps and bounds, so has the role of the party-appointed arbitrator. Surprisingly, this has not led to increased inquiry into the appropriateness of having arbitrators appointed by the parties in general, or in arbitrations against states in particular. In my judgment, party-appointed arbitrators should be banned unless their role as advocates for the party that appointed them is fully disclosed and accepted. Until this is done, arbitration can never meet its aspiration of providing dispassionate adjudication by those with special skills and experience in a process designed to combine efficiency with expertise.
Topic:: Development, Politics, Foreign Direct Investment, and Law
Political Geography:: Colombia

6629. State-controlled entities as claimants in international investment arbitration: an early assessment

Author:: Michael D. Nolan and Frédéric Sourgens
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
Abstract:: State-controlled entities (SCEs) are increasingly important participants in international investment flows and international trade. Cumulative FDI by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) has reportedly reached US$100 billion. SWFs are significant equity investors in, and provide significant debt financing to, every kind of company, from professional sports franchises to container ports. In addition to the role of these funds, national oil companies are growing in regional and international importance. In many countries, other industries are also increasingly government-owned.
Topic:: Development, Government, Industrial Policy, International Trade and Finance, Political Economy, and Foreign Direct Investment
Political Geography:: United States

6630. U.S.-Japan-India Strategic Dialogue September 22-24, 2010

Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Japan Institute Of International Affairs (JIIA)
Abstract:: Recognizing the strategic potential for expanding cooperation on regional and global challenges and the shared values among the United States, Japan and India, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), and the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) initiated the U.S.-Japan-India Strategic Dialogue in June 2006.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Treaties and Agreements, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: United States, Japan, and India

6631. Iran's Youth, The Unintended Victims of Sanctions

Author:: Djavad Salehi-Isfahani
Publication Date:: 08-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
Abstract:: The effect of the international sanctions on Iran is to deepen its current economic recession and make recovery very difficult if not impossible. In doing so, it will inflict pain on the general population. By prolonging the recession, the sanctions will hurt Iran's youth (15-29 year olds) particularly harshly, as they will bear the brunt of the resulting unemployment. They account for 70 percent of unemployment, and any improvement in their condition depends on economic recovery.
Topic:: Economics and Sanctions
Political Geography:: United States and Iran

6632. Sudan: Fulfilling the Responsibility to Protect

Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect
Abstract:: Sudan stands today at a precipice. In 100 days the South will hold a referendum on self-determination with a vote for independence expected. Extensive early warnings exist indicating a real threat of the commission of mass atrocities surrounding the referendum, with those populations most at risk already identified. This threat looms while intertribal violence in the South is rising; conflict in Darfur persists; attacks by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in Central and Western Equatorial states continue unabated; and a return to war in the South is a possibility.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Ethnic Conflict, Genocide, and Religion
Political Geography:: Africa and Sudan

6633. Understanding Military Innovation: Chinese Defense S in Historical and Theoretical Perspective

Author:: Thomas G. Mahnken
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: Given the high stakes involved in China's rise, both in Asia and globally, understanding the scope and pace of Chinese military modernization is an important undertaking. This brief applies insights from the theory and history of military innovation to the task of understanding China's development of anti-access and area denial capabilities and provides recommendations on how the United States can improve its ability to detect and recognize Chinese military innovation.
Topic:: International Relations and Military Strategy
Political Geography:: United States, China, Asia, and North America

6634. The Chinese Defense Economy's Long March from Imitation to Innovation

Author:: Tai Ming Cheung
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China's defense science, technology, and innovation (DSTI) system has been vigorously developing a comprehensive set of innovation capabilities that will eventually allow it to join the world's top tier of military technological powers. Ample access to financial, human, and research resources; strong political support; inflows of foreign technologies and know-how; and the introduction of advanced modes of governance, market competition, and management are producing significant progress, although from a low base. But long-term success is far from assured as daunting structural bottlenecks stand in the way, not the least of which is the struggle to overcome a long history of debilitating Socialist central planning.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Economics, Markets, Science and Technology, and Governance
Political Geography:: China and Asia

6635. Does Doctrine Drive Technology or Does Technology Drive Doctrine?

Author:: Dennis Blasko
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: Within China's overall national strategy, priority goes to national economic development. How this fits with the PLA's needs to modernize and China's overall military strategy is driven by the concept of People's War that emphasizes strategy over technology and may hold some surprises for the United States.
Topic:: Military Strategy
Political Geography:: United States, China, and Asia

6636. China's Defense Electronics Industry: Innovation, Adaptation, and Espionage

Author:: James Mulvenon and Matthew Luce
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: Contrary to popular perceptions of China as either "technology thief" or "technology superpower," the success of the Chinese defense electronics sector can be attributed to a combination of indigenous innovation, adaptation of foreign technology, and large-scale technology espionage. Advanced defense electronics components and systems play a key role in this revolution in military capability, making it imperative to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese defense electronics industry and their implications for U.S. interests in the region.
Topic:: Economics, Science and Technology, and Military Strategy
Political Geography:: United States, China, and Asia

6637. The Changing Dynamics Behind China's Rise as a Military Technological Power

Author:: Tai Ming Cheung
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: The Minerva project on "The Evolving Relationship Between Technology and National Security in China" held a two-day workshop on the "Military and Geo-Strategic Implications of China's Rise as a Global Technological Power" in Washington, D.C., in November 2010. Presentations were given by academic experts Susan Shirk, Barry Naughton, Tai Ming Cheung and David Meyer (all from UC San Diego), Alice Miller (Stanford University), Bates Gill (Stockholm Peace Research Institute), and Thomas Mahnken (Naval War College). This brief provides a summary of the workshop findings.
Topic:: International Political Economy, Science and Technology, and Military Strategy
Political Geography:: China, Washington, and Asia

6638. The Slow Death of Japanese Techno-Nationalism? Comparative Lessons for China's Future Defense Production

Author:: Christopher W. Hughes
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: Japan's defense production model is often seen as a successful exemplar of "techno-nationalism," especially in the integration of the civilian and military sectors. Hence, Japan's model has been considered as offering possible lessons for China to emulate in the reform of its own defense industry. But Japan's defense production model, despite arguable past successes, is now experiencing what is often referred to by Japanese policymakers and industrialists as a "slow death" as its structural development limitations have been increasingly revealed over the past two decades. Japan's defense production model is encountering three major structural limitations: 1. Stagnation in defense budgets and long-term military demand.2. Flawed and failing procurement practices.3. Obstacles to expanded and more diverse international collaboration.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Science and Technology, and Military Strategy
Political Geography:: Japan, China, and Asia

6639. Spin-On for the Renaissance? The Current State of China's Nuclear Industry

Author:: Jing-dong Yuan
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: China's nuclear industry has undergone rapid growth in recent years and is projected to further expand in the coming decades. Accounting for almost 40 percent of all nuclear reactors either under construction or that have been approved globally, the expansion of China's nuclear capacities has largely been driven by increasing demands for energy to support continued economic growth. Constraints include human resources, fuel supply, and the extent to which China can develop indigenous nuclear power capacities. The role of civil-military integration in this industry is yet to be determined partly as a result of the deliberate decision by Beijing to keep its nuclear weapons segment separate from its civilian operations.
Topic:: Economics, Nuclear Weapons, and Nuclear Power
Political Geography:: China and Asia

6640. Defense Innovation and Industrialization in South Korea

Author:: Chung-in Moon and Jae-Ok Paek
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: South Korea's defense industrial transformation has been impressive by any standard. It was able to satisfy most of its basic weapons needs within a decade after launching its defense industry. Since the late 1990s, South Korea has been elevated from a third-tier arms producer to the second tier by moving from the stage of imitation and assembly to that of creative imitation and indigenization. It now competes with major arms-supplying countries. In addition, the South Korean defense industry has made remarkable progress in RMA-related areas mostly involving command, control, communication, intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance. In this policy brief, we first assess South Korea's defense industrial performance by examining the patterns of defense acquisition, rate of localization of defense materiel, and defense exports. We then briefly analyze the evolutionary dynamics of defense industrial upgrades in selected sectors by tracing the stages of innovation. We also delineate a set of institutional and policy arrangements that have contributed to this impressive transformation.
Topic:: Security, Defense Policy, Arms Control and Proliferation, and Economics
Political Geography:: Asia and South Korea

6641. The Current State of European Union-China High-Tech Cooperation

Author:: May-Britt U. Stumbaum and Oliver Bräuner
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Abstract:: In line with the European policy of supporting China\'s economic reform and development, research institutes and companies in the European Union (EU) have been the major sources for high-technology exports to the People\'s Republic of China in the past thirty years. Dual-use technologies ranging from aerospace to semiconductors play a central role for economic development as well as for modern military development, including network-centric warfare. Yet a comprehensive EU paradigm on China\'s military rise and the impact of these technology transfers has not evolved. The EU–China "strategic partnership" is still dominated by economic considerations. Lack of coordination between the national and the European level contribute to the risks accompanying EU–China collaboration in this field. The differences between EU and U.S. perceptions of China\'s military rise provide potential for further Transatlantic discord, as happened during the acrimonious debate on the intended lifting of the EU arms embargo on China in 2004–2005.
Topic:: Economics, International Cooperation, Science and Technology, and Military Strategy
Political Geography:: China, Europe, and Asia

6642. Revitalising Papua New Guinea's health system: the need for creative approaches

Author:: Katherine Lepani and Julienne McKay
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Lowy Institute for International Policy
Abstract:: There is significant potential for the PNG government to deliver better health services for all Papuan New Guineans. Major health problems are now preventable. Cost-effective options are available to Papua New Guineans to treat malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis and HIV as well as to reduce infant and maternal mortality. In this Policy Brief Julienne McKay and Dr Katherine Lepani explore how demand-responsive mechanisms (vouchers, micro-health insurance, social franchises and social businesses) can be a compelling addition to strengthening health systems in PNG. The research looks at the potential use of these instruments with a focus on HIV, maternal health, tuberculosis and malaria, and contains policy recommendations for government, the private sector and donors.
Topic:: Health and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:: Asia, Australia/Pacific, and Guinea

6643. Dropping the autopilot: improving Australia's defence diplomacy

Author:: Nicholas Floyd
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Lowy Institute for International Policy
Abstract:: WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? With Canberra's instruments of international policy under strain, the military offers much potential as a foreign policy force multiplier. The Australian Department of Defence has 92 defence advisory staff in diplomatic missions, and about 560 other staff overseas, not counting troops on deployment. There has been recent movement away from an old-fashioned defence diplomacy based more on habit and individual initiative than on strategic or whole-of-government guidance. This movement needs to be consolidated and built upon. The nation needs to drop any remnants of its autopilot approach to defence diplomacy.
Topic:: Defense Policy and Diplomacy
Political Geography:: Australia and Australia/Pacific

6644. A digital DFAT: joining the 21st century

Author:: Fergus Hanson
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Lowy Institute for International Policy
Abstract:: WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) needs to keep pace with technological advancements that could increase efficiency, improve internal and external communication, and facilitate information exchange and gathering. Without e-diplomacy DFAT will be cut off from important audiences and find it increasingly hard to communicate its messages and coordinate Australian foreign policy across government.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, and Science and Technology
Political Geography:: Australia/Pacific

6645. An Update on EU Financial Reforms

Author:: Nicolas Véron
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Peterson Institute for International Economics
Abstract:: In the context of a transatlantic comparison, the first thing to be mentioned is the difference between the time sequence of financial reforms in the European Union and its equivalent in the United States. The financial crisis started simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic, with the initial disruption of some financial market segments in August 2007 and the major panic episode of September through October 2008. But they are not at the same stage of policy reaction and especially regulatory reform now. At least four reasons can be identified for this difference.
Topic:: Economics, Global Recession, Monetary Policy, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: United States and Europe

6646. Strengthening IMF Surveillance: A Comprehensive Proposal

Author:: Edwin M. Truman
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Peterson Institute for International Economics
Abstract:: The central challenge facing the global economy and financial system today is the failure of countries to limit the negative effects of their policies on other countries and on global economic and financial stability. The most prominent manifestations of this challenge are the balance-of-payments adjustment process and the notorious asymmetry therein, spillovers from other countries' financial-sector policies such as those involved in the crisis of 2007–10, and the prospect of sustained unbalanced growth in the global economy with some countries overheating and others facing substantial excess capacity. Against this background, I propose an approach to strengthened IMF surveillance over the economic and financial policies of its member countries.
Topic:: Economics, Globalization, International Monetary Fund, Monetary Policy, and Financial Crisis

6647. KORUS FTA 2.0: Assessing the Changes

Author:: Jeffrey J. Schott
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Peterson Institute for International Economics
Abstract:: On December 3, 2010, the United States and South Korea agreed to incremental changes to the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) that was signed in June 2007 but not ratified by the US Congress or the Korean National Assembly. Most of the changes affect bilateral trade in autos and light trucks; other minor changes involve pharmaceutical patents, US pork exports, and US visas.
Topic:: International Trade and Finance, Treaties and Agreements, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: United States and South Korea

6648. How Europe Can Muddle Through Its Crisis

Author:: Jacob Funk Kirkegaard
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Peterson Institute for International Economics
Abstract:: As Europe's financial market contagion spreads to systemically important eurozone members, the region is echoing with "end-game scenarios" (Johnson and Boone 2010) and demands for major new steps by European policymakers (Financial Times 2010). Among these would be a European "fiscal transfer union," a new common eurozone bond, action by the European Central Bank (ECB) to monetize sovereign debts, and finally a eurozone breakup itself.
Topic:: Debt, Economics, Monetary Policy, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:: Europe

6649. NATO's Lisbon Summit: New Strategic Doctrine and the Missile Defence

Author:: Yalım Eralp
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Global Research in International Affairs Center, Interdisciplinary Center
Abstract:: The Lisbon Summit was important for two reasons. Firstly, the acceptance of a new strategic concept, the seventh since NATO was founded. The new concept comes after the Al Kaide attacks, the Afghan and Iraq wars and a greater threat of proliferation of nuclear weapons. In addition, relations with Russia were reset, making them of strategic importance. The second important aspect is the acceptance of a missile defence system whereby all populations, territory and forces will be protected.
Topic:: Security, NATO, Terrorism, and War
Political Geography:: Russia and Iraq

6650. The Present and Future of Turkey's Membership Negotiations with the EU

Author:: Cengiz Aktar
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Global Political Trends Center (GPoT)
Abstract:: This paper analyzes the present state of affairs regarding Turkey's European Union bid at the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the debut of the negotiations. At the first glance the tableau looks rather grim, the membership negotiations stalled, the political dialogue stuck and even the 15-years old customs union jeopardized by numerous political and administrative impediments. Parallel and due to this state of affairs, Turkey's modernization process once triggered by its aspirations to join the European Union is now fully Turkish driven. Despite this development, Turkey, the author argues, still benefits from the techniques, principles and standards of the Bloc and would need to do so in a foreseeable future.
Topic:: Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation
Political Geography:: Europe, Central Asia, and Turkey

6651. Individual Rights Versus Collective Rights

Author:: Yalım Eralp
Publication Date:: 08-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Global Political Trends Center (GPoT)
Abstract:: To what extent can the rights granted to minorities or ethnic groups lead those groups to integrate into the society they live in? Or do such rights lead to secession? Academicians alone do not debate such questions; politicians, too, are currently debating how to ensure both the rights of minorities and territorial integrity.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Ethnic Conflict, and Human Rights
Political Geography:: Europe

6652. The Bermuda Triangle: Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia

Author:: Yalım Eralp
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Global Political Trends Center (GPoT)
Abstract:: The Protocols signed between Armenia and Turkey constitute a significant threshold in the relationship between the two countries. The process of ratification has been stalled, especially due to issues in Turkish domestic politics, and the Protocols have been shelved for now. However, it is important to not completely kill the process. It would thus be helpful in terms of a soft transition into the future if both parties implement those clauses in the Protocols that do not require ratification.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Treaties and Agreements, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: Central Asia, Turkey, and Armenia

6653. Whistleblowing: an effective tool in the fight against corruption

Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Transparency International
Abstract:: Whistleblowing is increasingly recognised as an important tool in the prevention and detection of corruption and other malpractice. By disclosing wrongdoing in an organisation, whistleblowers can avert harm, protect human rights, help to save lives and safeguard the rule of law. The clandestine nature of corrupt behaviour means that it may never come to light unless cases are reported by people who discover them in the course of their work. But reporting can come at a high price: whistleblowers often expose themselves to great personal risks in order to protect the public interest. As a result of speaking out, they may lose their jobs, dampen their career prospects, and even put their own lives at risk. To provide a safe alternative to silence, TI recommends policy and legal measures to provide: Effective legal protection of whistleblowers against retaliation with full compensation in case of reprisals; Adequate mechanisms in public, private and not-for-profit organisations to ensure that disclosures are properly handled and thoroughly investigated; Public research, data collection, information and training to inform about the public benefit of whistleblowing.
Topic:: Civil Society, Corruption, Crime, Human Rights, and Law
Political Geography:: United States

6654. Safety of Navigation in the Straits of Malacca

Author:: Mansoureh Arshad and Mohd Arshad
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Maritime Institute of Malaysia
Abstract:: Well-recognized as a critical waterway in the world, the Straits of Malacca has seen a tremendous increase in traffic movements as ship operators seek the shortest route to destinations between Europe and the Far East. In 2009 alone there were over 76,000 ship movements in the Straits not including the 30,000 crisscrossing between the littoral states. These huge numbers require constant monitoring and management as any incident would have tremendous impact not only on international traffic and its economic implications to shipper states, but also to the lifelines of the communities straddling this key waterway.
Topic:: International Cooperation, International Trade and Finance, and Maritime Commerce
Political Geography:: Europe and Israel

6655. The Method behind the Mark: A Review of Firearm Marking Technologies

Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Small Arms Survey
Abstract:: Record-keeping is an essential prerequisite for limiting the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons. A robust record-keeping system provides the necessary means to trace small arms1 and investigate the illicit trade. The marking of small arms is a necessary component of the recordkeeping; it links a specific small arm to a unique record for that item.
Topic:: Arms Control and Proliferation, Crime, Terrorism, Insurgency, and Law Enforcement
Political Geography:: Africa and Europe

6656. Mental Health Responses for Victims of Sexual Violence and Rape in Resource-Poor Settings

Author:: Thomas Callender and Liz Dartnall.
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:: “Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited tohomeand work”. Sexual violence as defined by the World Report on Violence and Health (Jewkes, Sen , 2002)
Topic:: Gender Issues, Health, Human Rights, and Human Welfare

6657. Researcher Trauma, Safety and Sexual Violence Research

Author:: Elizabeth Dartnall, Jan Coles, Shazneen Limjerwala, and Jill Astbury
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:: "I remember well the initial physical sensation I experienced. It was deep bone chilling coldness, which came whenever the women told meabout the depths of their horror, terror and torture. [...] Whenever I am writing from that emotional place of horror I still experience deep seated coldness and my ears feel congested and I feel flu like. This lasts for the length of time that I am immersed in such [emotionally] deep writing." (SVRI discussion board 2009, female researcher, North America).
Topic:: Conflict Prevention, Security, Health, Human Rights, and Human Welfare
Political Geography:: North America

6658. Vicarious Trauma: Understanding and Managing the Impact of Doing Research on Sensitive Topics

Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:: We do research on sensitive topics because we care. We want to use our research findings to influence how society responds to an issue; to advocate for legislative change or policy improvements, or to strengthen prevention efforts through achieving a better understanding of why something occurs. We also do it because we enjoy learning about our world, and sharing experiences with like minded colleagues. Doing this work can be immensely rewarding. It can also be emotionally challenging. Listening to, reading about and analysing data on some of the most awful things human beings do to themselves and others can cause psychological distress and even physical health problems. By reading a particularly harrowing story; or after a long day in the field being an active empathic witness of trauma, or by analysing and re-analysing traumatic data, traumatic stories can gather in our mind, evoke strong feelings and result in distress and trauma related symptoms. Continuous exposure can result in vicarious trauma.
Topic:: Conflict Prevention, Health, Human Rights, and Human Welfare

6659. A Path Forward with Iran: Pressure through Engagement

Author:: Andy Johnson and Kyle Spector
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Third Way
Abstract:: If the Afghanistan-Pakistan region is the most dangerous place in the world at the moment, Afghanistan's neighbor to the West, Iran, is making a strong play for number two. It is alarming the world community, rattling its saber loudly at Israel and the West, and brutally suppressing internal dissent. Iran's regime, yet again, is showing why it remains a major threat to America n national security interests.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Defense Policy, and Military Strategy
Political Geography:: Pakistan, Afghanistan, United States, America, Iran, Middle East, and Israel

6660. Disrupting, Dismantling and Defeating Terrorism 2.0

Author:: Andy Johnson
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Third Way
Abstract:: Third Way's National Security Program is launching a Defeating Terrorism Initiative to help US policymakers better understand and confront the threat posed by al Qaeda and other violent extremist organizations. The Defeating Terrorism Initiative will analyze in a series of products what is fueling the continued recruitment and radicalization of terrorists, how the battlefield—both geographical and ideological—is fluid and shifting, and what tools should be brought to bear to attack the root causes of the threat and halt the spread of violent extremism. In doing so, Third Way will provide near- and long-term policy recommendations for defeating terrorism that cover the military-intelligence-diplomatic spectrum and bridge the foreign-domestic divide. The first of these products—"Disrupting, Dismantling and Defeating Terrorism 2.0"— offers a policy framework for how the US can build on and broaden the disrupt, dismantle and defeat strategy that President Obama has begun in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Defense Policy, and Terrorism
Political Geography:: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and United States

6661. Reforming Foreign Security Training to Help Defeat Terrorism

Author:: Andy Johnson and Scott Payne
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Third Way
Abstract:: A key component of US strategy to defeat global terrorist groups like al Qaeda is denying them the physical space to operate with impunity. The ability of the US and our allies to train foreign military and security forces can be an effective tool in both preventing terrorists from establishing a foothold in vulnerable states and empowering foreign partners to move against terrorists where they exist today. Yet the current array of US training programs is fragmented, ad hoc, and underfunded. Moreover, overreliance on contractors to provide large scale military and police training in Iraq and Afghanistan, at a collective cost of $48 billion, has led to findings of poor performance, wasteful spending, weak oversight and insufficient accountability.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Defense Policy, and Terrorism
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, United States, Iraq, and North America

6662. The Real Security Costs of Anti-Muslim Rhetoric

Author:: Andy Johnson and Kyle Spector
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Third Way
Abstract:: The proposed "Park51" Islamic center in lower Manhattan (universally and improperly dubbed the "Ground Zero Mosque") and a fringe Florida pastor's plan to burn copies of the Quran on September 11th dominated much of the public discourse in recent weeks, bouncing around the media and Internet echo chambers and serving as cable television catnip. Though the Florida story may have passed, the debate over the center in New York continues with some of the rhetoric and actions devolving into outright anti-Muslim bigotry. Furthermore, it's likely there will be more anti-Muslim incidents to come. Copycat bigots are sure to have noticed the attention that merely the threat of action by one unknown crank can generate in the sensationalism of the 24-hour news cycle and information age.
Topic:: Security, Islam, and Public Opinion
Political Geography:: United States, New York, and North America

6663. The Challenge: NATO Amidst Geopolitical Realities

Author:: Rob de Wijk
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Should NATO remain primarily a collective defense alliance or should it be transformed into a worldwide security provider? This question lies at the core of the debate in allied capitals as NATO develops its next Strategic Concept. New security challenges, as well as NATO's military operations in Afghanistan, suggest that the pressure for change has become irresistible.
Topic:: NATO, Climate Change, Economics, Politics, and International Security
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, Europe, and North America

6664. The United States, NATO and the European Union : Partnership in the Balance

Author:: Robert Hunter and Sven Biscop
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: The drafters of the new Strategic Concept for NATO must realize that the transatlantic context in which the Alliance operates has changed fundamentally. Accordingly, in addition to improving NATO-EU relations and streamlining the NATO apparatus, basic changes in the organization of transatlantic relations overall are required, taking into account two major developments.
Topic:: International Cooperation and International Security
Political Geography:: United States, Europe, and North America

6665. NATO Reform and Decision-Making

Author:: Kurt Volker and Edgar Buckley
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: How can an organization of 28 sovereign countries act together effi ciently to agree policies, invest in common capabilities, manage crises and conduct military operations based on consensus? Obviously, not at all – unless it is founded on strong fundamental principles and shared values, agreed strategies and a tradition of mutual trust. That has always been the assumption underlying NATO's constitutional approach.
Topic:: NATO, International Cooperation, and Reform
Political Geography:: Europe and North America

6666. NATO's Nuclear Policy in 2010

Author:: Annette Heuser and Walter Slocombe
Publication Date:: 03-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: A critical question for the new Strategic Concept is whether NATO's nuclear policy as outlined in 1999 needs to be altered and, if so, how. This issue brief outlines the questions that will need to be addressed and offers recommendations for addressing nuclear policy in the new Strategic Concept.
Topic:: Arms Control and Proliferation, International Cooperation, Nuclear Weapons, and Reform
Political Geography:: Europe and North America

6667. NATO Initiatives for an Era of Global Competition

Author:: Franklin D. Kramer
Publication Date:: 03-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: The transatlantic partnership has historically been at the heart of U.S. foreign policy, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has been at the heart of the partnership. But the factors that long made "transatlantic" the dominant foreign policy construct have fundamentally changed – and with it has come a need for concomitant strategic and operational changes to meet new requirements.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Economics, International Cooperation, and Reform
Political Geography:: Afghanistan, United States, Europe, and North America

6668. Bulgaria Energy Sector

Author:: Boyko Nitzov, Ruslan Stefanov, Valentina Nikolova, and Dobromir Hristov
Publication Date:: 04-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Energy security in Central-Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region is fraught with risks. By virtue of its geography, Bulgaria finds itself in a difficult nexus, drawn into Eurasia's contentious energy geopolitics and as a European Union member, involved in the Union's fragmented energy policy and complex regulatory, energy efficiency and climate change objectives. That position is challenging, but it also presents decision-makers in Sofia with opportunities.
Topic:: Economics, Energy Policy, and Reform
Political Geography:: Europe, Central Asia, and Bulgaria

6669. Afghanistan, Pakistan and NATO's Strategic Concept

Author:: Boyko Noev and Harlan Ullman
Publication Date:: 04-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen is overseeing the drafting of NATO's latest Strategic Concept, set to replace the current version approved in 1999. Even though only a decade has passed, changes across the globe have been stunning and in some cases revolutionary. For NATO, we believe the challenge of the Strategic Concept is to address the question of whether NATO is still relevant or whether it has become a relic. We strongly believe the former. However, that can no longer be taken for granted. Twenty years after the Soviet Union imploded, the Alliance must finally find a new strategic anchor for its raison d'être or deal with the implications of becoming a relic or an Alliance that may have served its purpose.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, NATO, and Terrorism
Political Geography:: Asia

6670. NATO, Terrorism and Irregular Threats

Author:: Julian Lindley-French and Sebastian Gorka
Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Today's NATO is not the NATO of the Cold War. Nor is it even the NATO of just a decade ago. If the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and then the USSR were not enough to fundamentally alter the geopolitical reality the Alliance found itself in, then the events of September 11, 2001 should be considered an evolutionary marker in the development of modern history's "most successful" alliance.
Topic:: Cold War, Terrorism, and Non State Actors
Political Geography:: Europe and North America

6671. International Maritime Safety and Security Exchange: A Promising Business Model for Global Maritime Safety and Security

Author:: Harry G. Ulrich
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: The United States Government experienced a remarkable rebirth in aviation security after 9/11. We have become familiar with air marshals, enhanced baggage screening, passenger information exchanges, no-fly lists, body scanning and travel document standardization. As our image of aviation security matures, we have become more accepting of previously objectionable government-authorized technological applications, routines and procedures. In fact, we are much more appreciative of the persistent dimension of aviation security, especially after the attempted hijacking or destruction of American Airlines Flight 63 by the "shoe bomber" Richard Reid on December 22, 2001 or more recently Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on December 25, 2009 by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab.
Topic:: Maritime Commerce and Reform
Political Geography:: United States and North America

6672. Deploying Knowledge: Reforming and Modernizing NATO Defense Education

Author:: Julian Lindley-French and Harlan Ullman
Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: NATO must do more with less. The only way this can work is to exercise our intellects and brainpower. That leads to the absolute need for a continuous learning process in which knowledge and understanding are the goals. The complexity of the strategic environment demands no less. This applies to all ranks and services.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Defense Policy, and Reform
Political Geography:: Europe and North America

6673. Uncertain Kyrgyzstan: Rebalancing U.S. Policy

Author:: Ross Wilson and Damon Wilson
Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Kyrgyzstan is lurching forward, its future uncertain. Eleven weeks after street protests forced the collapse of the regime of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and three weeks after the worst ethnic violence in the country's history, a measure of security-enforced calm has returned. The apparently successful June 27 referendum on a new constitution and mandate for Interim President Roza Otunbayeva will provide legitimacy and confidence to the government. But Otunbayeva and the group around her appear to underestimate the difficulties they face and to overestimate their ability to control events. They will have to work hard to overcome divisions among their ranks, staggering political and economic challenges, the risks of renewed violence in the south and antipathy toward Kyrgyzstan elsewhere in Central Asia.
Topic:: Foreign Policy and International Cooperation
Political Geography:: Russia, United States, and Central Asia

6674. It's Time to Ratify the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaties

Author:: Damon Wilson, Jonathan Ruemelin, and Jeff Lightfoot
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: This week, David Cameron will visit Washington for the first time as Prime Minister to reaffirm Great Britain's 'special relationship' with the United States. Cameron will look to build on his June meeting with President Obama in Toronto as well as the recent visit of UK defense secretary Liam Fox by returning to Great Britain with concrete deliverables in exchange for London's long-standing staunch support of U.S. foreign policy goals. Despite his criticism of former PMs Blair and Brown's handling of the relationship with Washington, Cameron has vowed early in his tenure as prime minister to continue the UK's strong engagement in Afghanistan and to put a priority on relations with Washington. His ministers have nonetheless cautioned that London would not "slavishly" follow Washington's lead. A successful visit, as judged by the British public and media, will help end the unhelpful debate in the UK on the health of the 'special relationship.'
Topic:: Defense Policy, Treaties and Agreements, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and North America

6675. Cyber Security: An Integrated Governmental Strategy for Progress

Author:: Franklin D. Kramer
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Cyber security has emerged as a critical challenge in an era defined by global interconnectedness and digital information. While there are multiple ongoing efforts that seek to enhance cyber security, an integrated governmental strategy to meet that challenge has only begun and has yet fully to take shape. All strategies demand recognition of risk and prioritization of resources, and cyber strategy will be no different.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Intelligence, Science and Technology, and Terrorism
Political Geography:: United States and North America

6676. Conflicting Policy Presumptions about Cyber security: Cyber–Prophets, –Priests, –Detectives, and –Designers, and Strategies for a Cybered World

Author:: Chris Demchak
Publication Date:: 08-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: A spate of attacks from both state and nonstate actors have provoked other Western nations to join the United States in emphasizing cyber security as a national security priority. As noted by Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn last July, any peer state, proxy organization, or skilled group of close friends anywhere in the world with unfettered internet access is able to attack in milliseconds due to the global, open, and easy nature of the world's now huge telecommunications systems. The world of "cybered conflict" is one in which even the part-time foreign attacker can to an unprecedented degree flexibly choose the scale, proximity, and precision of any attempted attack. They can at their leisure aim at any state's military, government or commercial networks, or those of any of our allies, or associates.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Science and Technology, and Terrorism
Political Geography:: United States

6677. The Iran Stalemate and the Need for Strategic Patience

Author:: Barbara Slavin
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Seventeen months after disputed presidential elections, the Iranian government has forced opposition protestors off the streets but continues to face an unprecedented crisis of legitimacy that is undermining its capacity to implement effective domestic and foreign policies.
Topic:: Foreign Policy
Political Geography:: United States, Iran, and Middle East

6678. Save NATO: Merge it with CSDP

Author:: Sarwar A. Kashmeri
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: General Brent Scowcroft, dean of the American foreign policy establishment, has proposed a deceptively simple test to determine whether NATO is still relevant. His test is a question: "What is NATO for? "
Topic:: Defense Policy and Reform
Political Geography:: United States, Europe, and North America

6679. Missile Defense in NATO: A French Perspective

Author:: Bruno Gruselle
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: In France, missile defense comes with a long and complicated history. When the U.S. Congress passed the "National Missile Defense Act of 1999," which called for the development and deployment of a U.S. national missile defense system, Paris reacted negatively. At that time, France still considered missile defense to be both unnecessary and destabilizing. French policy makers still considered the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction to be the cornerstones of strategic stability. French thinkers viewed missile defense as jeopardizing both the doctrine and the Treaty, as well as risking a new arms race with Russia.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Arms Control and Proliferation, and Nuclear Weapons
Political Geography:: Russia, United States, Europe, France, and North America

6680. NATO Missile Defense: Is Europe Ready?

Author:: Edgar Buckley
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: No wonder everyone looks forward to a positive decision on making territorial missile defense a NATO task at the upcoming Lisbon Summit. Allies will breathe a collective sigh of relief for two reasons. First, proliferation of missile technology has exposed Europe to real future risks and threats, which can only be countered defensively through early preparation and deployments. Second, absent such a decision, the United States' Phased Adaptive Approach (PAA) – to be deployed in Europe whatever the summit decides – is a fundamental challenge to NATO, detracting from its overall responsibility for collective defense and raising acutely uncomfortable issues, such as the prospect of U.S.-commanded defenses operating in parallel with Article 5 defense of NATO.
Topic:: Defense Policy, Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and International Security
Political Geography:: Europe

6681. Adapting the U.S.-EU Summit for a Globalized World

Author:: Annette Heuser and Frances G. Burwell
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: The U.S.-EU Summit has lost its moorings. The Obama administration's decision on January 31, 2010 to postpone the May 2010 U.S.-EU Summit was a tacit recognition that the Summit lacks clarity of purpose and strategic vision. Neither side had successfully articulated any particular reason to meet. While Obama's decision was largely based on domestic political calculus, the move prompted some deep soul-searching in Brussels. Confidence in Brussels about the new administration's commitment to the U.S.-EU Summit process, and to working with the EU in general, reached a low point when Anne-Marie Slaughter, the Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department, said that the Summit should take place “only when necessary.”
Topic:: NATO, Globalization, and International Cooperation
Political Geography:: United States, Europe, and North America

6682. Hitting the Reset Button on U.S.-Russia Cooperation

Author:: Stephan M. Minikes
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: For many years, I have been engaged in debate with other foreign policy practitioners over the question of whether the United States and Russia should work together. An improved U.S.-Russian relationship offers the prospect not only of improved cooperation on areas of mutual bilateral interest, but also enhanced cooperation within multilateral institutions such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) where I was the U.S. Ambassador between 2001 and 2005.
Topic:: Diplomacy, Economics, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: Russia and North America

6683. Central Europe and the Geopolitics of Energy

Author:: Franklin D. Kramer, John R. Lyman, and Mihaela Carstei
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: Energy security presents quintessential geopolitical challenges. In Central Europe, achieving energy security can be a critical element for a continent seeking to resolve vestigial Cold War complexities with Russia and toward meeting 21st century challenges including balanced economic development, energy diversity and climate change. Central Europe, utilizing both European Union support and Western European national assistance and enhanced by United States technical assistance, can take five key steps that will go far toward resolving energy security challenges and help to reframe the geopolitics of the continent.
Topic:: Security, Economics, Energy Policy, Oil, and Natural Resources
Political Geography:: Russia, United States, and Europe

6684. Creating the Demand Curve for Cybersecurity

Author:: Melissa Hathaway
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Atlantic Council
Abstract:: America's future economic and national security posture, enabled by the digital revolution, is at risk. If the Obama administration is serious about mitigating that risk by increasing the security of the nation's information and communications infrastructure, it should exercise every instrument of power at hand to move the United States toward a better place.
Topic:: Communications
Political Geography:: United States and America

6685. Human Rights Standards for Targeted Sanctions

Author:: David Cortright and Erika de Wet
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Fourth Freedom Forum
Abstract:: Support for human rights principles is essential for sustaining political support for the fight against global terrorism. Nothing erodes support for antiterrorism measures more than the perception that such programs are eroding basic individual freedoms. Disregard for the rule of law and an overreliance on repressive measures alienates many of the social groups and political constituencies whose cooperation is needed in the collective struggle against terrorism.
Topic:: Human Rights, Terrorism, Sanctions, and Rule of Law
Political Geography:: Global Focus

6686. US-Vietnam: New Strategic Partners Begin Tough Trade Talks

Author:: Raymond Burghardt
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: East-West Center
Abstract:: Vietnamese and Americans joined together in Hanoi last December for a happy celebration, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the entrance into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement signed in December, 2001. The gathering of current and former trade negotiators, diplomats, and business leaders exchanged witty anecdotes about who had been the toughest negotiator. However, the main focus for both American and Vietnamese participants was on the positive prospects for future US-Vietnam relations across the spectrum of trade and strategic common interests.
Topic:: Foreign Policy, Cold War, International Trade and Finance, and Bilateral Relations
Political Geography:: United States, America, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia

6687. Averting Crisis on the Mekong River

Author:: Prashanth Parameswaran
Publication Date:: 07-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Project 2049 Institute
Abstract:: The Mekong River faces challenges from hydropower, demographic and development pressures to climate change that threaten to alter the river. These trends have the potential to trigger a serious crisis characterized by water shortages, forced migration, food insecurity, and prolonged floods and droughts. Concerted efforts will be necessary to avert serious crisis along the Mekong.
Topic:: Climate Change, Demographics, Development, Energy Policy, Migration, and Food Security
Political Geography:: Cambodia, Laos, and Mekong River

6688. Capacity-Building Through Policymaking: Developing Afghanistan’s National Education Strategic Plan

Author:: Dana Holland
Publication Date:: 10-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: This briefing paper examines the capacity-building and policymaking nexus through an examination of the National Education Strategic Plan and its revision. It finds that while clear strides have been made in developing the capacity of the Ministry of Education to plan for itself, building all the necessary capacities across such a large and dispersed organisation is a daunting and complex task.
Topic:: Security, Education, Governance, and Bureaucracy
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6689. Poverty in Afghan Policy: Enhancing Solutions through Better Defining the Problem

Author:: Paula Kantor and Adam Pain
Publication Date:: 11-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: Over the past few years, Afghan policymakers have put aside strategies encouraging pro-poor growth in favour of solutions that focus on expanding GDP. In addition, existing solutions to poverty are becoming increasingly technically-oriented and fail to take local social realities and power structures into account. This briefing paper calls for policymakers and programmers to refocus on poverty and its social causes as a way to ensure that efforts to improve the lives of rural Afghans meet with lasting success.
Topic:: Poverty, Inequality, Economic Growth, and Rural
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6690. The Wolesi Jirga in Flux, 2010: Elections and Instability I

Author:: Anna Larson
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: This paper critically analyses the effects of elections in the current context of 2010, with a specific focus on the Wolesi Jirga, its members and new candidates. It is part of a series on elections in 2009-10. It draws on extensive research compiling over 200 interviews conducted with MPs, their constituents and new candidates, both at the centre in Kabul and in two case study provinces of Balkh and Paktia. It also exists as a parallel study to another discussion paper in the series, written on elections and instability with a focus on constituent perspectives at the local level.
Topic:: Elections, Democracy, Local, and Parliamentarism
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6691. Afghan Election 2010: Alternative Narratives

Author:: Noah Coburn
Publication Date:: 09-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: Released shortly before the 2010 parliamentary election, this brief examined the undiscussed stories surrounding the vote. It argued that while the media focused on fraud and insecurity, there were other significant narratives being missed by the coverage preceding the polls.
Topic:: Corruption, Elections, Democracy, Rigged Elections, and Parliamentarism
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6692. The Wolesi Jirga in 2010: Pre-Election Politics and the Appearance of Opposition

Author:: Mohammad Hassan Wafaey and Anna Larson
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: This brief provides some of the initial findings of AREU’s study on parliamentary functions and dynamics. It summarises initial findings based on data collected from semi-structured interviews with a sample of over 50 MPs comprising different backgrounds, provinces, genders, ethnicities, political relationships, and ideologies. In addition, the views of constituents in three provinces, collected for a complementary study, have been drawn upon here to triangulate the information given by MPs.
Topic:: Democracy, Domestic Politics, Community, and Parliamentarism
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6693. Where Have all the Flowers Gone? Assessing the Sustainability of Current Reductions in Opium Poppy Cultivation

Author:: David Mansfield
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: Levels of opium poppy cultivation have fallen in Afghanistan for two consecutive years and it now appears that cultivation will be maintained at this relatively low level for another year. This briefing paper examines the reasons behind the reductions and assesses their sustainability, with special emphasis on the key provinces of Nangarhar and Helmand. It identifies instability and drops in livelihood standards caused by coercive reductions in opium poppy cultivation, and finds that increasing levels of wheat production do not reflect a sustainable shift from opium production, but instead are a sign of market failure, growing concerns over food security, and coercion.
Topic:: Security, Agriculture, Food, Rural, Drugs, and Sustainability
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6694. Between Patronage and Rebellion: Student Politics in Afghanistan

Author:: Antonio Giustozzi
Publication Date:: 02-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: Student politics in Afghanistan has not been the object of much scholarly attention, but we know that student politics in the 1960-70s had an important influence on the development of political parties, which in turn shaped Afghanistan’s entry into mass politics in the late 1970-80s. The purpose of this study is therefore multiple: to fill a gap in the horizon of knowledge, to investigate the significance of changes in the student politics of today compared to several decades ago, And finally to detect trends that might give us a hint of the Afghan politics of tomorrow. The research is based on approximately 100 interviews with students and political activists in Kabul, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad, as well as approximately 12 interviews with former student activists of the 1960-70s.
Topic:: Education, Politics, Youth, Political Parties, and Participation
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6695. Building a Viable Microfinance Sector in Afghanistan

Author:: Paula Kantor and Erna Andersen
Publication Date:: 01-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
Abstract:: AREU research on the impact of microcredit on informal credit systems and rural livelihoods illustrated the viability challenges microfinance institutions (MFIs) and their clients were facing. This briefing paper examines the changes the microfinance sector is undertaking, such as the introduction of more reliable business plans, creating internal audit units to improve control systems and reduce opportunities for fraud, and institutionalising an MFI report card system, to improve performance.
Topic:: Finance, Business, Microcredit, and Credit
Political Geography:: Afghanistan and Middle East

6696. Counter-Cyclical Economic Policy

Author:: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Abstract:: The effects of the recent economic crisis have stretched policy frameworks in many OECD countries close to breaking point. Recent work by the OECD has examined how policies have interacted with the economic cycle over time and during the recent crisis. The main policy lessons are as follows: • Policy-makers should take into account uncertainties about the functioning of the economy, the nature of economic shocks or the effects of policy and take their decisions accordingly. • Policy in various areas will have to build in greater safety margins and to be more prudent during upswings. • Appropriate fiscal rules can help prepare fiscal policy for the next downturn by leading to swifter consolidation during the upturn. • The monetary and financial policy framework needs to achieve a better articulation between economic and financial stability. • Financial policy needs to strengthen micro-prudential regulation, regulatory interventions may need to target emerging credit-driven bubbles and macro-prudential policies should address systemic risks. • There may be a case for monetary policy leaning against the wind, if asset prices are driven by a credit boom and financial regulation is judged to be insufficiently robust. • Changes to structural policy settings can improve the resilience of the economy to shocks and affect the degree of leverage households and firms take on.
Topic:: Economics, Fiscal Policy, Economic Stability, and Economic Crisis
Political Geography:: Global Focus

6697. The Impact of Structural Reforms on Current Account Imbalance

Author:: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Publication Date:: 05-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Abstract:: Global current account imbalances widened markedly in the years preceding the global economic crisis. Although the crisis brought some reversal to this trend, imbalances remain large in many countries. New empirical analysis by the OECD has examined the potential contribution of structural reforms to reducing current account imbalances. The analysis shows that structural reforms aimed at boosting economic growth can have more or less persistent side effects on current accounts. These arise because structural policies influence saving and investment of households, firms and governments. In turn, the economy-wide gap between saving and investment equals the current account balance. Specifically, the following policy lessons emerge from the analysis:  More developed social welfare systems would reduce the need for precautionary saving among households, which would moderate current account surpluses in external surplus countries.  Pension reforms that increase the retirement age and thus the length of the working life would also reduce household saving and thereby reduce current account surpluses. Pension reforms that lead to cuts in replacement rates would have the opposite effect.  Financial market reforms that raise the sophistication or depth of financial markets may relax borrowing constraints in emerging economies, thus contributing to a fall in the saving rate. The associated weakening of the current account position might be reinforced if the reforms also boost investment.  Reforming competition-unfriendly product market regulation could encourage capital spending and thereby contribute to reduce imbalances in surplus countries.  Some policy settings introduce distortions that encourage consumption, such as tax deductibility of interest payments on mortgages in the absence of taxation of imputed rent. Reform in this area might help increase household saving and thereby improve a country’s current account position. Overall, for the policies investigated, surplus countries appear to have more scope for structural reforms that would both enhance economic growth and reduce external imbalances. A scenario analysis indicates that if Japan, Germany and China were to liberalise their product markets and China also increased public health spending and continued to liberalise its financial markets, global imbalances could decline by around one-fifth relative to a baseline scenario. Moreover, since external deficit countries tend to have larger fiscal consolidation needs than surplus countries, fiscal tightening should also contribute to reduce external imbalances over the coming decade.
Topic:: Markets, Reform, Welfare, and Economic Crisis
Political Geography:: Global Focus

6698. Convergence in European Policy Making: What do Article 15 (FCNM) and the EU Regional Policy Have in Common?

Author:: Tove H. Malloy
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: Minority protection is expanding its focus from protection-only to protectionand-empowerment, or from a politics of identity to a politics of identity related interests. To most, minority protection means the idea that there are compelling reasons why members of ethnic, cultural, national, racial and linguistic minorities require certain special protection rights in order not to suffer assimilation, suppression or persecution. However, in the European context, minority protection has also come to mean a right to attain a decent life. A decent life means a good life. The notion of the good life is of course essentially contested. The problem of protecting the right to a good life is not therefore what is a good life? – but how do minorities achieve and enjoy what they consider a good life?
Topic:: Regional Cooperation, Minorities, European Union, Identity, and Protected People
Political Geography:: Europe

6699. National Minorities in the 21st Century Europe: New Discourses, New Narratives?

Author:: Tove H. Malloy
Publication Date:: 12-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: European Centre for Minority Issues
Abstract:: For centuries national minorities in Europe have lived in the shadow of the historical events of the 19th and the 20t h centuries. Whether for humanitarian reasons or to protect the identity of national minorities, major European treaties settling inter-state wars have had to address minority issues to secure the peace. For this reason, national minorities have frequently been seen not only as obstacles to nation and state building but also as anomalies in international relations.1 At times labelled as troublemakers and war mongers, national minorities have seldom been afforded ethical standing in the writing of Europe’s history.2 While the settlement after the First World War might be called an ‘honourable’ settlement, the settlement after the Second World War basically erased some national minorities from the European map. The integration discourses of the 21st Century seem to bring changes to this scenario.
Topic:: Nationalism, Minorities, Ethnicity, and Regionalism
Political Geography:: Europe

6700. Parity—Expanding Equitable Insurance Coverage for Addiction and Mental Health Treatment

Publication Date:: 06-2010
Content Type:: Policy Brief
Institution:: Open Society Foundations
Abstract:: On January 1, 2010, the Wellstone-Domenici Parity Act went into effect, expanding access to mental health and addiction treatment coverage in many employer-sponsored group health plans. The new federal law applies to group health plans covering 50 or more employees that provide any level of coverage for treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. Those plans are now required to cover mental health and substance use disorders benefits at “parity,” or in the same way as they cover other medical and surgical services. Simply put, “parity” is the treatment of addiction and mental illness in insurance benefits in the same way as other medical conditions. When the law is fully implemented, it is estimated that 140 million Americans could have improved access to addiction and mental health treatment services should they need it.
Topic:: Health, Health Care Policy, Mental Health, Drugs, and Equality
Political Geography:: United States

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS