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11021. Identity Crisis and Rights in Trouble: Transgenders in Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Author:
Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
Transgenders have been facing grim situations since ages and in Pakistan since its inception. They have been murdered, raped, sexually abused, physically victimized, and discriminated in all fields of life. In wake of their grievances Supreme Court of Pakistan has laid down a milestone whereby they are recognised as subduct of human rights and allowed them to be a part of mainstream of society. However, at institutional level in Pakistan, whether it relates to education, health, or any other domain, it needs severe scrutiny for the implementation of the rights given to transgenders. Moreover, society as a whole, needs a big transition and drastic change of behaviours to be receptive and inclusive, so that the complexes faced by the transgenders through centuries be redressed and cured.
Topic:
Human Rights, Constitution, Transgender, and Gender Minorities
Political Geography:
Pakistan and South Asia

11022. Path Dependency and Implementation of Administrative Reforms: Case of Civil Services of Pakistan

Author:
Labiba Sheikh and Aisha Rizwan
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and characteristics of the civil services in Pakistan and determine the extent of application of path dependency principles to the civil services in Pakistan. The paper also aims to discuss the factors that have led to the path dependency in civil services of Pakistan. More specifically, this study will try to identify the set of initial conditions that triggered the events that led to path dependency in civil services of Pakistan and debate on the nature of the mechanisms that have kept the civil services of Pakistan on the same track, making it path dependent. Also in the context of path dependency, what have been the critical junctures in the path dependent model of civil services of Pakistan? This paper also explores the various attempts of reforming civil service since the creation of Pakistan and argues that path dependency has acted as a barrier to the civil service reforms in Pakistan. The study also proposes a theoretical model for conducting empirical research on the implementation of civil service reforms in Pakistan.
Topic:
Reform, Civil Services, and Path Dependency
Political Geography:
Pakistan and South Asia

11023. Issues of Shia Hazara Community of Quetta, Balochistan: An Overview

Author:
Gulshan Majeed
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The issue of Hazara community living in Quetta has become vulnerable in the contemporary era. It has been observed that a major number of people from Shia Hazara community have been killed in different suicide attacks, particularly in Quetta and generally in other areas of the province. The contribution of Hazara community has remained positive in the development of Balochistan particularly and overall in the development of country. They did contribute in Bureaucracy, military, education, health and in different other administrative departments. Economically this community is perceived as a prosperous community but during past many years they have faced different sectarian incidents which have created a negative impact on the development of this community. They have been facing different problems in the field of education, health and in earning their livelihood. In this article researcher will critically evaluate various problems of this community and provide recommendations to address their actual grievances.
Topic:
Security, Minorities, Shia, Hazara People, and Vulnerability
Political Geography:
Pakistan and Balochistan

11024. Political Dynamics of Biraderi Politics An Empirical Analysis of District Toba Tek Singh

Author:
Nabila Akhtar and Qamar Fatima
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The political behaviours of individuals towards the process of democratization of Punjab depend on the basic institutions of the society, i.e. family lineage, caste, clan and biraderies, etc. Being foremost institutions for political socialization of the individual, these have great impact on his/her political behaviour influencing his/her choice to elect a representative in electoral politics. Thus the individual does not fully enjoy his/her rational choice indeed. The aim of the study is to probe through applying the theory of rational choice, what are the political dynamics that strengthen and weaken the emancipating power of the individuals? To what extent these dynamics are significant predictors of biraderism in the process of democratization. For this empirical, descriptive and analytical research District Toba Tek Singh is selected for a case study with a minimum respondent 220 for the set of questionnaire scale PDBPQ* has made.
Topic:
Democratization, Politics, and Data
Political Geography:
Pakistan, South Asia, and Punjab

11025. De-Radicalization through Education Reforms: Comparative Analysis of Closed-Book and Open Book Examination Regime

Author:
Farhan Akhtar
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The education system in Pakistan, especially its closed-book examination regime, is the legacy of the British Raj dating back to 1857. The examination style of the University of London was introduced in the subcontinent for native students at the high school level to promote English and with an incentive of preference in government jobs. Since the creation of Pakistan, the closed-book examination system, instead of evolving with the changing requirements, got further strengthened where it was also introduced in the higher education in the country. A closed-book examination system promotes rote learning and memorization among the students to fetch good grades. The entire purpose of education becomes questionable when student's efficacy and intellect are assessed in the light of marks attained. The GAP culture of educational institutions is detrimental to the students and society alike. Education in itself has shrunk to passing the exams for promotion to the next level or attaining jobs rather than developing the personalities and transforming the youth into thinking minds and effective, contributing members of the society. Education in Pakistan is merely a test of memory where those with good memory skills who can reproduce the textbooks as verbatim attain good marks and are considered educated and knowledgeable, and failures are discarded from the society. Closed-book examinations are at a tangent to critical, reflective, and creative thinking skills. The analytical abilities of the students of this exam regime are at its lowest ebb. In order to address the menace of extremism, violence, increasing intolerance, and exclusivity in the society, there is a need to find an alternate in the shape of an open-book examination regime that will promote critical, reflective, and problem-solving skills among the youth. Open-book exams assess the true analytical skills of the students, and since this type of examination can only be attempted by students with conceptual clarity and enhanced understanding instead of parroting and rote learning.
Topic:
Education, Pedagogy, Political Extremism, Critical Thinking, and Intolerance
Political Geography:
Pakistan and South Asia

11026. Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Effects of Promotional Posts on Purchasing Behavior of Consumers

Author:
Muhammad Rashid Khan, Maryam Iqbal, and Ayesha Jahan Lodhi
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
Celebrities around the world have huge followers who trust their words and experiences. Marketing with the involvement of celebrities act as aristocracy in increase consumers behavior of buying product. Given study was intent to found the effects of promotional posts with influencer marketing through Instagram on purchasing behavior of cosumers. Experiemental research design was use to experiment the phenomenon for patterns of behavior, livingness and rate of buying increase with influencer marketing on Instagram. Instagram users were selected as sample of the study and 203 participants were selected as sample using convenient sampling technique. Self-Constructed questionnaire was used to collect responses of the participants after checking reliability and validity of the questionnaire through piloting. Participants demographic characteristic were measured for getting standard deviation, mean, frequency and percentages. Product Moment Correlation analysis of association between two variables was followed to found relationship between influencer marketing on Instagram and purchasing behavior of consumers. Univariate analysis of variance within group for the effects of promotional marketing with influencer on Instagram was carried out. Results of the study revealed that there was significant positive correlation between consumers purchasing behavior and influencer marketing on Instagram. There was also found significant differences in mean and variance between two groups on the effects of influencer marketing through Instagram professional posts.
Topic:
Social Media, Consumer Behavior, and Instagram
Political Geography:
Global Focus

11027. Contemporary Ecological Paradigms and Emerging Challenges of Water Security Nexus for Pakistan

Author:
Asma Siddique
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
Water Securitization is key hindrance to socio-economic and human development for a water-based economy. The trajectory relations among states, hydrological vulnerabilities, multi-faced water meagerness with crucial water sharing challenges are prompting geo-strategic and geo-political arduousness in South Asia. The chief intension of research is to elaborate the eminence of extreme water belligerences related with traditional state security concerns predominantly in case of Pakistan and India which are co-basin rival states of Indus Rivers System. Pakistan being single basin and lower riparian is profoundly reliant on Indus Basin (a lifeline for the country) due to its agrarian economy. The ever-increasing gap between demand and supply is instigating water scarceness, possessing numerous domestic aspects, political and climatic factors, Indian hydro-hegemonic intensions, etc. The ideology of water securitization along with national security is toxic in body politics, ensuing hydrological security complexes, security dilemmas and sufferer anxiety syndrome for Pakistan, elaborated by Securitization Theory paradigms. The research is based on descriptive and deductive reasoning approaches, mixed research methodology and utilization of secondary data resources. There is a dire need of dynamic responses, establishment of operative institutions, mutual cooperation at all levels, with de-securitization of riparian and hydrological security discourses can be valued, if not then it could intensify the human, national and hydro-security challenges for concerning states.
Topic:
Water, Human Security, Ecology, Securitization, and Rivers
Political Geography:
Pakistan and South Asia

11028. China’s Economic Diplomacy in South Asia: Emerging Dynamics and Regional Implications

Author:
Usman Qais
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
China is assertively developing its relations with South Asian states. Constructions of huge projects and massive economic investments demonstrate China’s intentions for long term presence in the region. Apart from seeking lucrative trade opportunities, the regional seaport facilities initiated by China primarily for economic purposes have also been brought secure and easy access of China into Indian Ocean via South Asia region. Interestingly most of these regional projects are being financed by Chinese state owned enterprises which seem to be a reflection of China’s global intentions of dramatic economic expansion in different regions. However, China’s true concerns in South Asia can possibly be explored only by identifying the dynamics of its economic integrations with regional states. Certainly it would assist further to anticipate about regional implications escalating by China’s regional integrations. That is the foremost purpose of this study to understand the dynamics of China’s economic diplomacy in South Asia and identifying its possible implications for the region.
Topic:
Regional Integration, Trade, Integration, and Economic Diplomacy
Political Geography:
China, South Asia, and Asia

11029. Thinking beyond Democracy and Freedom: A Post 9/11 War on Terrorism Scenario

Author:
Rana Eijaz Ahmad and Muhammad Sajid
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
This paper is going to explore the world beyond democracy and the shrouded concept of freedom. In the world of 'globalution' where revolution comes through Multinational Corporations and any specific form of government does not work but tolerance. Tolerance for this paper is all about respect for each other’s' ideology, opinion, and status. It makes us wise enough to make our surroundings a harmonized and liveable place. The dichotomous nature of societies demands space for each other. However, we humans are supposed to respect each other's existence without any specifications. We are just human beings instead of Confucianists, Communists, Capitalists, Hindus, Christians, and Muslims. Humans are born free but their specifications have made them intolerant towards each other. Tolerance is a basic ingredient of democracy, which is a means to an end, not an end itself. Freedom can only be observed with impositions and impositions are against the concept of freedom. Thus, this paper will conclude the outcome of the nature of the modern sovereign state system. It is teemed with liberalism (a mixture of liberalism and realism) and liberacantilism (a mixture of liberalism and mercantilism). Misinterpretations of the West have made certain errors during the post 9/11 socalled war against terrorism. These errors cumulatively transform terrorism into 'errorism'. This 'errorism' is bringing home the world that inequality and imbalances are occurring horizontally and vertically making this world disorder. Industrialization is going on in the West and the population is increasing in the rest, breaking the "iron cage of liberalism." It demands a glocal system of governance that could sustain people's co-existence at home and abroad. The triangulation method with primary and secondary sources would be used in the process of this research.
Topic:
Globalization, Democracy, 9/11, War on Terror, and Freedom
Political Geography:
Global Focus

11030. Can and “should” Qualitative Research Be ValueFree? Understanding the Epistemological Tussle between Positivists and Interpretivists

Author:
Dayyab Gillani
Publication Date:
07-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Political Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
This paper seeks to address the question of value-free research in qualitative methods. The primary argument of the paper is that qualitative research is not value-free because it is not intended to be as such. It analyzes this question by tracing the roots of qualitative research at the ontological and epistemological level. It argues that qualitative research tradition has evolved out of constructivism and interpretivism both of which prioritize people’s interpretation and discount objectivity in social science research. Furthermore, the paper argues that social science research cannot be value-free because of strong ethical considerations. All the cases presented in the paper will fundamentally try to show that all qualitative research is essentially subjective not just because of the impediments but because it is not designed to be value-free.
Topic:
Ethics, Constructivism, Ontology, Social Science, Qualitative Research, Subjectivity, Epistemology, Interpretivism, and Objectivity
Political Geography:
Global Focus