Indonesia

Politics:

• Analysis

  Indonesia politics: Latest polling shows plunge in support for PD

  The latest opinion poll conducted by a reputable agency, the National Survey Institute (LSN), has confirmed the extent of the challenge faced by the Democratic Party (PD) of the president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, in remaining as a political force beyond the 2014 parliamentary election. It has also shown that the biggest single factor affecting the outcome of both the legislative and subsequent presidential election will be whether the hugely popular governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, chooses to run for high office, and, if so, which party is able to woo him.

  Over the past year, popular support for the PD has steadily declined as the involvement of senior party members in various corruption scandals has been revealed. In recent weeks, Mr Yudhoyono has taken a more active role in party affairs in a bid to reverse the momentum, which has included overseeing the removal of the PD chair, Anas Urbaningrum, after he was named by the Anti-Corruption Commission (KPK) as a suspect in a graft case. However, Mr Urbaningrum's successor has yet to be named, and so Mr Yudhoyono's greater involvement has yet to have a positive effect on the party's public standing. This feeling is reflected in the LSN poll, which sees support for the PD at a meagre 4.3%, which puts it behind five of its rival parties. At the previous parliamentary election in 2009, the party received 20.9% of the popular vote. Unless Mr Yudhoyono can oversee a dramatic rebound in support, the party faces the loss of its right to nominate a candidate in the subsequent presidential election, and its status as a mainstream political party. Although the threshold for 2014 has yet to be set, in 2009 parties needed to win 25% of the popular vote, or 20% of the seats in the House of People's Representatives (DPR, the legislature), in order to nominate a candidate.

  Elsewhere, the survey showed that the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) is picking up momentum, with support of 11.9% (compared with 4.5% in 2009). The party is likely to be benefiting from the higher profile sought by its chief patron, a former Special Forces commander, Prabowo Subianto. Another party, Hanura, under the leadership of a retired army general, Wiranto, and with the backing of a media tycoon, Hari Tanoesoedibjo, is also on course to improve its share of the vote. There was encouragement, too, for the sole new party granted entry into the parliamentary election, NasDem, which polled 5.3%, despite the departure of Mr Tanoesoedibjo earlier this year.

  However, the biggest beneficiary of the PD's slump in support has been the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P), led by a former president, Megawati Soekarnoputri, which polled 20.5% in the LSN survey. Much of the excitement surrounding the party has been generated not by the party itself, but by rumours linking it to a potential presidential run by the new governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo. Mr Widodo's outsider status, unconventional policies and unashamed populist stance have quickly made him the sole politician with any substantial support behind him. However, he was elected to the top job in the capital less than a year ago and so has yet to implement the reforms that he has outlined for the city.

  To run or not to run

  His decision will be a tricky one. If he jumps ship to run for the presidency, he will become vulnerable to accusations of inexperience. Prior to his role in Jakarta, his only previous public position was as governor of Surakarta, a regional city of 500,000 people. His success in the role is mitigated by the small size of the city. Yet, such is the thirst among the electorate for a face from outside of the current, overly familiar generation of political leaders, he may well be swept to power on a tide of public optimism. He can also be fairly sure that his popularity is unlikely ever to exceed its current level. The problems that he faces in improving Jakarta's infrastructure are decades-old, and forging ahead with expensive projects will necessitate confronting a formidable web of vested interests. It would be of little surprise if his ambitions plans, such as launching the city's first mass transport system, are derailed in the coming years, which in turn would see his reputation tarnished ahead of a potential presidential run in 2019.

  What is clear is that an imminent announcement from Mr Widodo is unlikely. With more than a year to go until the parliamentary election, should he decide to participate, he may delay for as long as possible-even until after the poll itself-before announcing with which party he is to align himself, in order to ensure that he does not back the wrong horse in the parliamentary vote. In the meantime, however, Indonesia's political parties, particularly the PDI-P and Gerindra, both of whom supported his run for governor of Jakarta, will court him, aware that the announcement of a formal alliance would boost their chances in the legislative election. It will be a tough game of brinkmanship.

  

  March 25, 2013

• Background

  Indonesia: Political and institutional effectiveness

  The entrenchment of Indonesia's democratic system and the strengthening of associated values, which have been clear trends since the fall of the dictator of 31 years, Soeharto, in 1998, will continue in the forecast period. The first step in this process was the separation of powers between the executive (in the form of the presidency) and the legislature, followed in 2002 by a constitutional amendment mandating direct presidential elections. The 2004 elections saw and high turnout by voters and markedly independent decision-making, in which patronage-based politics was rejected and there was a willingness to support newer parties. In 2005 direct elections commenced for regional posts, such that governors and district chiefs are increasingly accountable to the local population rather than to the influential elites in regional capitals. An election law passed in early 2009 improved the mechanism by which parties assigned seats to candidates for the legislature, improving accountability in parliament and reducing the influence of moneyed interests.

  The anti-corruption campaign has focused on the president's party

  Corruption is rife in Indonesia and extends to most levels of government and throughout the judiciary. Pervasive graft means that the legal system is unpredictable and frequently favours local interests. The Anti-Corruption Commission (KPK) was one of the successes of Mr Yudhoyono's first term, bringing corruption cases against former ministers, retired generals and senior civil servants, among others. However, in recent years the KPK has become a victim of its own success. Its investigative budget was cut in 2011, and the appointment of a relatively low-profile law professor, Busyro Muqoddas, as the commission's new head in 2010 suggested that Mr Yudhoyono was losing faith in its ability to tackle graft. Yet in the past 18 months the KPK has secured two high-profile convictions: of a middle-ranking tax official, Gayus Tambunan, and a former treasurer of the PD, Muhammad Nazaruddin. The exposure of graft in the bureaucracy, and more damagingly, the president's party has highlighted how much work has still to be done to reduce the incidence of corruption. Mr Nazaruddin was keen to blow the whistle on other PD members, and it is therefore possible that the KPK's focus on Mr Yudhoyono's party will continue in the forecast period. The commission will remain unpopular with many DPR members, some of whom have participated in a long-running campaign to strip it of many of its powers. Proposed amendments to the 2002 law that established the KPK would remove its authority to prosecute suspects, restrict its ability to collect evidence through wire taps and abolish a provision that prohibits the body from dropping a case once it has begun an investigation (this ensures that the KPK launches investigations only after it has gathered strong evidence, and prevents the judicial process from being halted by bribes paid to officers and judges). In May 2012 it was proposed in parliament that the commission be banned from investigating graft allegations altogether and forced to focus only on the prevention of corruption. The hostility of the legislature to the KPK is easy to understand, as the commission has so far prosecuted over 40 lawmakers. However, if the proposed amendments are passed, the KPK's powers and the wider campaign against corruption will be greatly weakened.

  The government's introduction of a 20% tax on exports of raw mineral ores by firms that are in possession of mining permits (IUPs, which are distributed by local governments) but which lack contracts of work (which are granted centrally) reflects a desire at central government level to reduce the power of local administrations. The number of IUPs granted has grown rapidly in recent years, and the majority of ore exporters now fail to pay royalties. The tax is a precursor to a moratorium on mineral ore exports in 2014, which the government hopes will force small mining firms to merge and invest in processing facilities. With regard to decentralisation, concerns persist about local financial management and inadequate skills among local officials. However, direct elections for the heads of regional and local administrations have noticeably improved the accountability and responsiveness of local government in many areas.

  June 11, 2012

• Structure

  Indonesia: Political structure

  Official name

  Republic of Indonesia

  Form of government

  Power has historically been concentrated in the hands of the president, but recent constitutional amendments have given the legislature an expanded role

  Executive

  The presidency is the highest executive office, with authority to appoint the cabinet

  Head of state

  The president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

  National legislature

  The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) consists of a 550-member House of People's Representatives (DPR) and a 128-member Regional Representatives' Council (DPD)

  National elections

  April 2009 (DPR); July 2009 (presidential). Next elections: 2014 (DPR and presidential)

  National government

  Mr Yudhoyono's second-term government contains representatives of the Democratic Party (PD), Golkar, the National Mandate Party (PAN), the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), the National Awakening Party (PKB) and the United Development Party (PPP)

  Main political organisations

  There are three nationalist secular parties: the PD, Golkar and the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P). The other main parties—the PPP, the PKB, the PAN and the PKS—have an Islamic orientation

  Key ministers

  President: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

  Vice-president: Boediono

  Agriculture: Suswono

  Co-ordinating minister for the economy: Hatta Rajasa

  Co-ordinating minister for people's welfare: Agung Laksono

  Co-ordinating minister for political, security & social affairs: Djoko Suyanto

  Culture & tourism: Mari Pangestu

  Defence: Purnomo Yusgiantoro

  Education: Muhammad Nuh

  Energy & mineral resources: Jero Wacik

  Finance: Agus Martowardojo

  Foreign affairs: Marty Natalegawa

  Forestry: Zulkifli Hasan

  Health: Nafsiah Mboi

  Home affairs: Gamawan Fauzi

  Industry: M S Hidayat

  Justice & human rights: Amir Syamsuddin

  Manpower & transmigration: Muhaimin Iskandar

  Public works: Djoko Kirmanto

  Religious affairs: Suryadharma Ali

  Social affairs: Salim Segaf Aljufri

  Trade: Gita Wirjawan

  Transport: Ernst Evert Mangindaan

  Central bank governor

  Darmin Nasution

  March 13, 2013

• Outlook

  Indonesia: Key developments

  Outlook for 2013-17

  • Ongoing corruption scandals involving his Democratic Party are contributing to a loss of faith in the reform capabilities of the president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, as he enters his final 18 months in office.
  • A requirement of the electoral law means that the next president is most likely to be the nominee of one of Indonesia's three main political parties, but it is possible that the candidate of a smaller party could secure the post.
  • Bank Indonesia (BI, the central bank) has left its main policy interest rate, the BI rate, at a record low of 5.75% since February 2012. The bank will be able to keep monetary policy loose until late 2013, thanks to moderate inflation.
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit forecasts that real GDP growth will pick up to 6.4% in 2013 and to an average of 6.6% a year in 2014-17, driven by an improvement in export growth as the global economy recovers.
  • The fiscal deficit was equivalent to an estimated 2.5% of GDP in 2012, but will narrow to 1.4% in 2013 and stand at 0.2% by 2017 as more Indonesians are brought into the tax net and the government starts to reduce fuel subsidies.
  • The current account has undergone a structural shift and will remain in deficit throughout the forecast period as imports rise and the repatriation of earnings by foreign firms remains high.

  Review

  • The chairman of the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) resigned on January 31st after being implicated in a graft scandal, damaging the party's electoral prospects but indicating the strength of the Anti-Corruption Commission (KPK).
  • The central bank held the BI rate at its record-low level of 5.75% following its latest meeting in March, despite a depreciating rupiah and the increasing cost of imported goods.
  • Fuel subsidies cost the government Rp360trn (US$38.4bn) in 2012, against a budgeted amount of Rp210trn. The subsidy regime continues to prevent the authorities from increasing spending on infrastructure, health and education.
  • The latest round of wrangling over the future of Bumi, an Anglo-Indonesian coal miner, has highlighted the difficulties experienced by foreign investors working in Indonesia's natural resources sector.
  • Real GDP growth slowed in the fourth quarter of 2012, to 6.1% year on year, from 6.2% in the third quarter.
  • According to figures released by BI in February, the current account posted a deficit of US$24.2bn in 2012, equivalent to 2.7% of GDP. This was the first shortfall recorded on the current account since 1997.

  March 13, 2013

Economy:

• Background

  Indonesia: Country fact sheet

  Fact sheet

  Annual data	2012a	Historical averages (%)	2008-12
  Population (m)	248.2	Population growth	1.1
  GDP (US$ bn; market exchange rate)	878.0b	Real GDP growth	5.9
  GDP (US$ bn; purchasing power parity)	1,218.8	Real domestic demand growth	6.5
  GDP per head (US$; market exchange rate)	3,537	Inflation	5.9
  GDP per head (US$; purchasing power parity)	4,910	Current-account balance (% of GDP)	0.1
  Exchange rate (av) Rp:US$	9,387b	FDI inflows (% of GDP)	1.8
  a The Economist Intelligence Unit estimates. b Actual.

  Download the numbers in Excel

  Background: Republican forces led by Soekarno declared independence from the Netherlands in 1945. Economic collapse and political conflict prompted the army, led by General Soeharto, to oust Soekarno and take power in 1967. Soeharto presided over three decades of authoritarian government, before being forced to resign in 1998 amid economic and social crisis. Indonesia then experienced a time of far-reaching political reform, known locally as the reformasi period, which ushered in more democratic government, including direct presidential elections. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected president in 2004, succeeding Megawati Soekarnoputri, the daughter of Soekarno. Mr Yudhoyono won a second term in July 2009; he must stand down in 2014.

  Political structure: In 2004 the president and vice-president were directly elected for the first time. Since that year the directly elected People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) has comprised the 550-member House of People's Representatives (DPR, the legislature) and the 128-member Regional Representatives' Council (DPD). In the period since the fall of Soeharto in 1998, the role of the DPR has been expanded and its power has increased.

  Policy issues: The government has emphasised the need to boost economic growth and investment and to create jobs. Its other stated priority is to stamp out corruption, which significantly raises producers' costs and deters investment. The government has expressed a desire to link local fuel prices to movements in global oil prices, but a switch to market pricing of fuel is unlikely. The government is growing increasingly nationalistic with regards to the extractive sector, limiting foreign ownership of local mines and preparing to impose a moratorium on exports of raw resources.

  Taxation: The rate of tax on annual taxable income up to Rp25m (US$2,800) is 10%, rising to 15% on income of Rp25m-50m and 30% on income above Rp50m. An 11% value-added tax (VAT) is levied on most goods and services, and a special sales tax of up to 35% is imposed on many luxury items. The corporate tax rate is 28%.

  Foreign trade: In 2011 merchandise exports (fob) rose by 27.5% to US$201.5bn. Import growth was faster, at 30.4%, but the merchandise trade surplus still expanded, reaching US$35.3bn, compared with US$30.6bn in 2010. Owing to a wide deficit on the income account, the current-account surplus was relatively small, at US$2.1bn in 2011.

  Major exports 2011	% of total	Major imports 2011	% of total
  Mineral fuels, lubricants & related materials	33.9	Machinery & transport equipment	31.6
  Machinery & transport equipment	12.5	Mineral fuels, lubricants & related materials	23.0
  Crude materials, inedible, except fuels	11.9	Manufactured goods	14.6
  Animal & vegetable oils, fats & waxes	10.8	Chemicals & related products	12.5
  Leading markets 2011	% of total	Leading suppliers 2011	% of total
  Japan	16.6	China	14.8
  China	11.3	Singapore	14.6
  Singapore	9.1	Japan	11.0
  US	8.1	South Korea	7.3

  Download the numbers in Excel

  Download text file (csv format)

  March 14, 2013

• Structure

  Indonesia: Economic structure

  Data and charts: Annual trends charts

  
  

  

  March 13, 2013

• Outlook

  Indonesia: Country outlook

  Indonesia: Country outlook

  FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

  POLITICAL STABILITY: As the first democratically elected president to be chosen for a second term, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is a totemic figure in Indonesia, but his final years in office are proving a disappointment. He has lost much of the support that saw him returned to office in 2009, as his Democratic Party (PD) has been beset by numerous corruption allegations. A graft scandal involving a former treasurer of the party, Muhammad Nazaruddin, who was sentenced to prison in April 2012, has proved particularly damaging, as Mr Yudhoyono twice campaigned for the presidency on an anti-corruption platform. In November the sports and youth minister, Andi Mallarangeng, became the first cabinet member to resign after being implicated in a graft scandal, while in January 2013 a prominent former PD member of parliament, Angelina Sondakh, was jailed after being found guilty of receiving bribes. There is a strong chance of further convictions of PD members as the work of the Anti-Corruption Commission (KPK) continues. But the PD is not the only party to face such scandals: the chairman of the fourth-largest party in parliament, the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), resigned in January after he was detained by the KPK.

  ELECTION WATCH: Indonesia will elect a new president to succeed Mr Yudhoyono in 2014. Parliamentary elections will be held earlier that year and will have a bearing on the outcome of the presidential poll. According to the 2009 presidential election law, only political parties (or groups of parties) that win at least 20% of parliamentary seats or 25% of the vote in the previous legislative election may nominate presidential candidates. Although the DPR is expected to relax the rules before 2014, the next president is still likely to be the nominee of one of the country's three main parties, namely the PD, Golkar and the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P).

  INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: Indonesia has become more prominent in international organisations in recent years, assisted by the increasing profile of the G20 group of major global economies. Given that the world's advanced economies are set to grow only slowly in 2013-17, Indonesia will rely increasingly on China as an export market. There will be opposition to closer economic ties with China, however, as demonstrated by the backlash from Indonesian manufacturers against the free­trade agreement between China and the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) that came fully into effect in 2010. Foreign policy will continue to be influenced by the principle of non-alignment, and the government will resist becoming too closely associated with either the US or China. This stance has been evident in its neutral position in recent regional disputes over territorial claims in the South China Sea.

  POLICY TRENDS: Since recovering from the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, Indonesia has achieved steady GDP growth of 5-6% a year, but legislation aimed at addressing the shortcomings of the country's business environment and moving the economy on to a faster growth path will move forward in a stop-start manner, reflecting conflicting views on reform within the governing coalition. The anti-corruption drive will continue, but the KPK will face political opposition. Several desirable changes, including reform of labour laws and the ending of energy subsidies, would prove hugely divisive if introduced in parliament.

  ECONOMIC GROWTH: As exports account for a relatively small proportion of its GDP, Indonesia should cope better than most of its neighbours with the still subdued global economy in 2013, when the Economist Intelligence Unit expects the country's real GDP to grow by 6.4%. As the external environment improves in 2014-17, Indonesia will achieve faster economic expansion, at an average of 6.6% a year. Private consumption will grow by 5.4% a year on average in 2013-17. After years of restructuring of the banking and corporate sectors following the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, the conditions finally appear to exist for sustained growth in gross fixed investment, which we expect to expand by 9.6% a year on average in 2013-17, supported by stronger private consumption and increased inflows of foreign investment. Firm investment and subdued exports meant that stockbuilding contributed 1.8 percentage points to GDP growth in 2012. We expect the growth contribution of stockbuilding to fall in 2013-17, but continued strong investment will see total stocks stay around their current level. Growth in exports of goods and services slumped to an estimated 2% in 2012, but export expansion will recover to 5.9% in 2013 and to an average of 9.3% a year in 2014-17. Growth in imports of goods and services will average 9.6% annually in the forecast period.

  INFLATION: We expect consumer price inflation to average 5.5% in 2013, up from 4.3% in 2012. The acceleration in price rises reflects the impact of extreme weather that struck Indonesia in January this year, which saw Jakarta under several feet of flood water, and crops ruined elsewhere on Java and Bali. Further agricultural damage in the remainder of the rainy season (which runs from October to March) could prompt a revision to our 2013 forecast.

  EXCHANGE RATES: The rupiah experienced one of the largest depreciations out of any Asian currency in 2012, losing an estimated 6.6% of its value in nominal terms against the US dollar owing to Indonesia's weaker balance-of-payments position last year, lower real interest rates and increased risk aversion on the part of foreign investors. The rupiah will depreciate by a further 4.2% against the dollar in 2013, before appreciating by 1.1% a year on average in 2014-17. Maintaining currency stability amid volatile flows of foreign capital will remain a priority for officials, but restrictions on short-term capital flows that were imposed in 2010-11 are unlikely to be tightened significantly.

  EXTERNAL SECTOR: Indonesia's merchandise trade surplus is estimated to have fallen substantially in 2012, to US$5.8bn, from US$35.3bn in 2011, owing to weak external demand and strong domestic appetite for imports. If the cost of freight and insurance is included for imports, the trade balance becomes negative. According to Statistics Indonesia, the smaller trade surplus fed through into the overall external balance, meaning that after 14 years of current-account surpluses Indonesia recorded a deficit equivalent to an estimated 2.7% of GDP in 2012. The trade surplus will remain small in 2013, at US$7.6bn, before rising to US$34.3bn by 2017. The current account will record deficits equivalent to 1.8% of GDP on average in 2013-17, mainly because of wide and expanding income deficits that will no longer be fully offset by a large trade surplus. Interest payments on foreign debt have declined in recent years, but foreign direct investment is rising rapidly, leading to an increase in the repatriation of profits and dividends by foreign-invested firms operating in the country. The services account will remain in deficit, but limited employment opportunities in the country will force more Indonesians-and particularly skilled workers-to seek jobs abroad, leading to a rise in the transfers surplus.

  March 03, 2013

• Forecast

  Indonesia: Country forecast summary

  Country forecast overview: Highlights

  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has lost some of the popular support that enabled him to win re-election as president in 2009. His promise to rid Indonesian politics of corruption has begun to sound hollow, following the conviction of a former treasurer of his Democratic Party (PD) for accepting a kickback. Although the president has not been implicated personally, his credibility as an anti-corruption campaigner has been damaged.
  • The chairman of the Golkar party, Aburizal Bakrie, is one of the contenders to succeed Mr Yudhoyono at the next presidential poll, in 2014. As one of the country's richest pribumi (ethnic-Indonesian) businessmen Mr Bakrie would be a controversial choice, given the risk of conflicts of interest. Other potential candidates include a former president, Megawati Soekarnoputri, and a former special forces (Kopassus) general, Prabowo Subianto.
  • Since the 2002 Bali bombings, Indonesia has waged a successful counter-terrorism campaign against groups such as Jemaah Islamiah, a once-extensive regional terrorist organisation. However, the bombing of two hotels in the capital, Jakarta, in 2009 underlined the continued threat from terrorism. There have recently been several attacks against targets in Indonesia, and in 2012 the police foiled apparent planned bombings on Bali and against the US and Australian embassies.
  • Relations with the US should improve in 2013-17. The US government appears to view Indonesia as a potential bridge between the developed and Islamic worlds. Diplomatic ties with neighbouring Singapore and Malaysia are likely to continue to be punctuated by spats. Links with China are expected to strengthen.
  • Bank Indonesia (BI, the central bank) has left its main policy interest rate, the BI rate, at a record low of 5.75% since February 2012. The Economist Intelligence Unit believes that it will continue to hold the rate steady until late 2013. Interest rates will subsequently carry on rising in 2014-15.
  • Real GDP is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 6.5% in 2013-17, up from 5.9% in 2007-11. Private consumption and fixed investment growth are expected to be the main contributors to expansion.
  • Consumer price inflation is forecast to average 5.5% in 2013, up from 4.3% in 2012, and to accelerate to 6.1% a year on average in 2014-17. The current account, which is estimated to have moved into deficit for the first time in 14 years in 2012, is expected to remain in the red throughout the forecast period.

  

  March 14, 2013

View detailed map

Country Briefing

Land area

1,904,443 sq km

Sea area (exclusive economic zone)

3,166,163 sq km (before deductions for sea area now under the control of Timor-Leste)

Total area

5,070,606 sq km

Population

238m (Statistics Indonesia, 2010 census)

Main towns

Population in '000 (2010 census):

 Jakarta (capital): 9,608

 Bandung: 3,179

 Surabaya: 2,765

 Medan: 2,098

 Semarang: 1,556

 Palembang: 1,445

Climate

Tropical

Weather in Jakarta (altitude 8 metres)

Hottest months, April-May, 24-31°C (average daily minimum and maximum); coldest months, January-February, 23-29°C; wettest months, January-February, 300 mm average rainfall

Languages

Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), as well as some 250 other regional languages and dialects. English has replaced Dutch as the main second language and is widely spoken in government and business circles

Measures

Metric system

Currency

Rupiah (Rp). Average exchange rate in 2011: Rp8,770:US$1

Time

Western Zone 7 hours ahead of GMT, Central Zone 8 hours ahead, Eastern Zone 9 hours ahead

Fiscal year

January 1st-December 31st (since 2001)

Public holidays

New Year, January 1st; Mouloud, January 24th; Chinese New Year, February 10th; Nyepi, March 12th; Good Friday, March 29th; Waisak Day, May 25th; Ascension Day, June 5th; Idul Fitri, August 8th; Independence Day, August 17th; Idul Adha, October 15th; Islamic New Year, November 5th; Christmas Day, December 25th

January 07, 2013