The following suggestions for citing sources found on CIAO are taken from The Columbia Guide to Online Style, by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor, Columbia University Press, 1998.

Working Papers and Policy Briefs

List the author's name, last name first; the full title of the work, in quotation marks; the title of the publication, in italics; the publisher; and the date of the document or last revision (if available). Next, list the protocol (e.g., "http") and the full URL, followed by the date of access in parentheses.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of paper." Title of Publication, Publisher. Date of document. Protocol and full URL (date of access).

For example:

Lantz, Matthew. "The Democratic Presumption: An Assessment of Democratization in Russia 1994-1998." Columbia International Affairs Online, Columbia University Press. September 1998. https://wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/lzm01/ (29 March 1999).

 

Books

List the author's name, last name first; the full title of the work, in italics; the location, the publisher and the year. Next, list the publication, in italics, and its publisher; then the protocol (e.g., "http") and the full URL (to the specific chapter), followed by the date of access in parentheses.

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of book. Location: Publisher, Year. Title of Publication, Publisher. Protocol and full URL (date of access).

For example:

Barnett, Michael N. Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1998. Columbia International Affairs Online, Columbia University Press. https://wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/book/barnett/barnett01.html (29 March 1999).

 

Journals

List the author's name, last name first; the full title of the work, in quotation marks; the title of the journal, in italics; the volume and issue numbers; and the publication date in parentheses. Next, list the publication, in italics, its publisher; and the protocol (e.g., "http") and full URL, followed by the date of access in parentheses.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title." Journal Volume: Issue (Date of Publication). Publication, Publisher. Protocol and full URL (date of access).

For example:

Feldstein, Martin. "A Self-Help Guide for Emerging Markets." Foreign Affairs 78:2 (March/April 1999). Columbia International Affairs Online, Columbia University Press. https://wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/olj/fa/fa_99fem01.html (29 March 1999).

 

Other Tips

Finding the URL

Each file on CIAO has its own static URL, but because CIAO uses frames you may initially find it difficult to discern the URL of a particular file. You can find the URL in one of two ways:

1. check the mouse-over window at the bottom of your browser as you mouse-over the link to a file; the full URL will be displayed there.
   
2. use the "mouse" commands in your browser. On a PC, right click over the link to the file and select Copy Link Location, then paste this link into a word processing document. On a Macintosh, click on the link once and hold the mouse down until a menu appears, then choose Copy this Link Location.

 

Citing electronic resources within the text

To cite electronic resources within the text, the author's last name is sufficient.

For example:

One fact that cannot be denied is that "We live in an age in which rapid change is certain" (Ambrose).

When the author's name is included in the text, omit the parenthetical reference:

According to Stephen Ambrose, the real technological revolution began in the nineteenth century, not the twentieth.

 

Subsequent references to the same work

In citations of print sources, subsequent references to the same work need not repeat the author's name, instead giving the different page number or location, if applicable. With electronic documents that are paginated or otherwise delineated, however, repeating the author's name may be the only way to acknowledge when information is being drawn from a given source. If there are multiple references to the same source within a paragraph, reserve the parenthetical material for the end of the paragraph.

 

Pagination

Pagination is an element of print publication that has little or no meaning in electronic documents or files. On CIAO, a given source is always one page, regardless of its length. CIAO does not embed page anchors, section numbers, or other navigational features within its electronic files because citations can usually be found by searching for keywords and phrases using the search or find protocols in most word-processing software and Internet browsers. What cannot be omitted from a citation, however, is the exact URL to the source.